Detection and Characterization of Nanoparticles Released from Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants and Paints Using Single Particle Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry PDF Download
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Author: Arshath Abdul Rahim Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
"Engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) are being used extensively in a variety of industrial and consumer products due to their high specific surface area. A significant fraction of these ENPs used in products enter municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and get eventually discharged to the environment primarily with waste sludge from settling tanks and to a smaller extent with effluent waters. However, due to the limited quantitative data available on ENPs in wastewater (WW) effluent, sludge and biosolids, assessment of environmental risks and bio-uptake of ENPs is difficult. The overall objective of this thesis is to give a better understanding of the release of NPs from paints and presents newly developed techniques to detect and measure NPs in one of the major environmental sinks (WWTPs).The first objective of this study involved the development and optimization of methods to detect the size, particle size distribution and concentration of metal (Ag and Cu) ENPs in sludge and biosolids through the application of various extraction procedures and the subsequent analysis of aqueous extracts by single particle mode in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (spICP-MS). ENPs in aqueous extracts of biosolids were detected with an approximate mean size ranging from 16.0 ± 0.2 to 41.3 ± 0.5 nm for Ag, and 42.9 ± 0.3 to 142.8 ± 1.8 nm Cu with a concentration in the range of 107 to 1010 NPs/g of dry weight from 11 municipal WWTPs across Canada. The second objective of this thesis focused on the detection and the characterization of nAg and nCu using spICP-MS in WW effluent samples, by using sequential cycles of centrifugal ultrafiltration (CUF) to concentrate NPs into a smaller volume to improve detectability. WW effluent from 9 different Canadian municipal WWTPs were analysed for nAg and nCu using spICP-MS. Concentration of nCu varied from 0.1 ng/L to 12 ng/L (68.0 ± 0.3 nm ) and nAg ranged from 0.08 to 0.43 ng/L (19.3 ± 0.1 to 34.7 ± 7.2 nm) depending on the WWTP effluent .These measured concentrations of NPs in WW effluent are 103 to 107 folds lower than in WW biosolids. The third objective was to quantify the fraction of Ag released as ENPs or as dissolved species from painted surfaces over time due to contact with different pH solutions and/or direct exposure to sunlight; and to compare the colloidal stability and bacterial toxicity of the pristine nAg and released nAg from painted surface embedded in the paint matrix. The results showed that the release of nAg at acidic pH was 10-folds higher than with neutral pH and 5.6-folds higher than at basic pH. nAg released with acid pH was smaller in size, with mean diameter of 37.1 ± 2.1 nm compared to 64.6 ± 4.3 nm with neutral pH. The paint-released nAg was significantly more colloidally stable, resistant to dissolution and toxic compared to pristine nAg, at neutral pH. The fourth objective was to quantify the fraction of nTiO2 released from painted surfaces over time due to contact with different pH solutions and/or direct exposure to sunlight; and to compare the colloidal stability and bacterial toxicity of the pristine nTiO2 and released nTiO2 from painted surface embedded in the paint matrix. The release of nTiO2 from painted surface and its aggregation state differed depending on the pH conditions. Nano-enabled commercial paint with nTiO2 released lesser NPs (similar to custom made nTiO2) compared to other commercials paints with mixture nano-, micron- and larger particles of TiO2. nTiO2 released from painted surface behaved differently in stability, particle size distribution and toxicity compared to pristine nTiO2"--
Author: Arshath Abdul Rahim Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
"Engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) are being used extensively in a variety of industrial and consumer products due to their high specific surface area. A significant fraction of these ENPs used in products enter municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and get eventually discharged to the environment primarily with waste sludge from settling tanks and to a smaller extent with effluent waters. However, due to the limited quantitative data available on ENPs in wastewater (WW) effluent, sludge and biosolids, assessment of environmental risks and bio-uptake of ENPs is difficult. The overall objective of this thesis is to give a better understanding of the release of NPs from paints and presents newly developed techniques to detect and measure NPs in one of the major environmental sinks (WWTPs).The first objective of this study involved the development and optimization of methods to detect the size, particle size distribution and concentration of metal (Ag and Cu) ENPs in sludge and biosolids through the application of various extraction procedures and the subsequent analysis of aqueous extracts by single particle mode in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (spICP-MS). ENPs in aqueous extracts of biosolids were detected with an approximate mean size ranging from 16.0 ± 0.2 to 41.3 ± 0.5 nm for Ag, and 42.9 ± 0.3 to 142.8 ± 1.8 nm Cu with a concentration in the range of 107 to 1010 NPs/g of dry weight from 11 municipal WWTPs across Canada. The second objective of this thesis focused on the detection and the characterization of nAg and nCu using spICP-MS in WW effluent samples, by using sequential cycles of centrifugal ultrafiltration (CUF) to concentrate NPs into a smaller volume to improve detectability. WW effluent from 9 different Canadian municipal WWTPs were analysed for nAg and nCu using spICP-MS. Concentration of nCu varied from 0.1 ng/L to 12 ng/L (68.0 ± 0.3 nm ) and nAg ranged from 0.08 to 0.43 ng/L (19.3 ± 0.1 to 34.7 ± 7.2 nm) depending on the WWTP effluent .These measured concentrations of NPs in WW effluent are 103 to 107 folds lower than in WW biosolids. The third objective was to quantify the fraction of Ag released as ENPs or as dissolved species from painted surfaces over time due to contact with different pH solutions and/or direct exposure to sunlight; and to compare the colloidal stability and bacterial toxicity of the pristine nAg and released nAg from painted surface embedded in the paint matrix. The results showed that the release of nAg at acidic pH was 10-folds higher than with neutral pH and 5.6-folds higher than at basic pH. nAg released with acid pH was smaller in size, with mean diameter of 37.1 ± 2.1 nm compared to 64.6 ± 4.3 nm with neutral pH. The paint-released nAg was significantly more colloidally stable, resistant to dissolution and toxic compared to pristine nAg, at neutral pH. The fourth objective was to quantify the fraction of nTiO2 released from painted surfaces over time due to contact with different pH solutions and/or direct exposure to sunlight; and to compare the colloidal stability and bacterial toxicity of the pristine nTiO2 and released nTiO2 from painted surface embedded in the paint matrix. The release of nTiO2 from painted surface and its aggregation state differed depending on the pH conditions. Nano-enabled commercial paint with nTiO2 released lesser NPs (similar to custom made nTiO2) compared to other commercials paints with mixture nano-, micron- and larger particles of TiO2. nTiO2 released from painted surface behaved differently in stability, particle size distribution and toxicity compared to pristine nTiO2"--
Author: Yongbo Dan Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 117
Book Description
"As the rapid growing of nanotechnology, the release of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) into the environment is inevitable. After entering the real environment, ENPs tend to react with different components of the ecosystem (e.g. water, soil, air, plants) and make their characterization difficult. Analyzing ENPs in these complex matrices still remains as a grand challenge. ENPs characterization is normally the first step of risk assessment. Current analytical techniques have shown some limitations in revealing the unique characteristics of ENPs in complex matrices and reliable analytical techniques are in urgent need. Single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (SP-ICP-MS) is an emerging technique capable of determining the ENPs particle size, particle concentration and dissolved analyte concentration and has the potential to fill the analytical gap. In the presented dissertation, several SP-ICP-MS methods were developed and validated to determine the ENPs particle size, size distribution, particle concentration, and dissolved analyte concentration in complex matrices, such as sunscreens and plant tissues. An enzymatic digestion method was also developed to extract ENPs within plant tissues without causing particle dissolution for subsequent SP-ICP-MS quantification. Utilizing enzymatic digestion-SP-ICP-MS, the presence of dissolved cerium in plant shoots exposed to CeO2 NPs hydroponically was confirmed for the first time. Our results also suggest that CeO2 NPs might be taken up by plant roots as ionic cerium. Collectively, SP-ICP-MS has shown great advantages over other techniques, such as high sensitivity, tolerance of complex matrices, high throughput, and informative results (particle size, size distribution, particle concentration, and dissolved analyte concentration)"--Abstract, page iv.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Nanoparticles Languages : en Pages : 19
Book Description
"This document specifies a method for the detection of nanoparticles in aqueous suspensions and characterization of the particle number and particle mass concentration and the number-based size distribution using ICP-MS in a time-resolved mode to determine the mass of individual nanoparticles and ionic concentrations. The method is applicable for the determination of the size of inorganic nanoparticles (e.g. metal and metal oxides like Au, Ag, TiO2, BVO4, etc.), with size ranges of 10 nm to 100 nm (and larger particles up to 1 000 nm to 2 000 nm) in aqueous suspensions. Metal compounds other than oxides (e.g. sulfides, etc.), metal composites or coated particles with a metal core can be determined if the chemical composition and density are known. Particle number concentrations that can be determined in aqueous suspensions range from 106 particles/L to 109 particles/L which corresponds to mass concentrations in the range of approximately 1 ng/L to 1 000 ng/L (for 60 nm Au particles). Actual numbers depend on the type of mass spectrometer used and the type of nanoparticle analysed. In addition to the particle concentrations, ionic concentrations in the suspension can also be determined. Limits of detection are comparable with standard ICP-MS measurements. Note that nanoparticles with sizes smaller than the particle size detection limit of the spICP-MS method may be quantified as ionic. The method proposed in this document is not applicable for the detection and characterization of organic or carbon-based nanoparticles like encapsulates, fullerenes and carbon nanotubes (CNT). In addition, it is not applicable for elements other than carbon and that are difficult to determine with ICP-MS. Reference [5] gives an overview of elements that can be detected and the minimum particle sizes that can be determined with spICP-MS." -- Page 1.
Author: Agil Azimzada Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
"Nanoparticle (NP) emissions to the environment are increasing as a result of anthropogenic activities, prompting concerns with respect to the ecosystem and human health. In order to evaluate the risk of NPs, it is necessary to know their concentrations in various environmental compartments, on regional and global scales; however, these data have remained elusive, mainly due to the analytical difficulties of measuring NPs in complex natural matrices. The fundamental aim of this work was thus to develop an improved analytical strategy for the high-throughput detection, quantification, and characterization of NPs in complex natural waters. To this end, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was optimized for single particle analysis. Enhanced sensitivities that enable the determinations of smallest NPs and multi-element analysis that can provide potential insight into NP origins on a particle-by-particle basis were an important focal point of the project. Using state-of-the-art techniques, the methods of single particle analysis were applied for the monitoring of NPs in two important environmental contexts: (i) understanding the emission patterns of engineered TiO2 NPs from a prevalently used nano-enabled product, i.e. surface coatings, under natural weathering scenarios, and (ii) examining the presence and distribution of three major NPs (Ag-, Ce- and Ti-NPs), including engineered ones, in global natural waters. Measurements were performed with respect to particle sizes (distributions), mass/number concentrations and compositions/purities. Surface-leaching experiments were designed to elicit the role of seasonal changes, weathering variables, surface exposure scenarios, and coating matrix properties in NP release patterns. The data clearly showed the strong impact of weathering on NP release trends, with wet and freeze-thaw (i.e. rainfall and slushy snow) conditions notably favouring NP leaching. While the release quantities did not surpass 10-200 μg-Ti m-2-coating, even after several months of weathering, increasing emissions may occur given the ageing and degradation of coatings over time. Natural waters were monitored globally, which entailed a sampling campaign from 46 sites in 13 countries and was aimed to link NP occurrences and distributions to particle type, size, origin, and sampling location. The results demonstrated the ubiquitous presence of NPs in the environment, including the remotest landscapes, such as Northern Canada and within Iceland glaciers. The original multiplexed data presented in this body of research is much needed for reliable parametrization and validation of NP exposure models and for NP risk monitoring. The work also lays a foundation for broader systematic analysis of NP release and distribution patterns in the ecosystem"--
Author: Sarayu Rao Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
"Engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) have become an important component of many nanotechnology-enabled consumer products.The increasing use of ENPs and their consequential release into the aquatic environment such as natural surface waters generates a need to characterize their fate and behavior at environmental concentrations to thoroughly understand the risks they may pose to the environment and biota. ENPs undergo a variety of transformation processes upon entering the aquatic environment, which influence their ultimate fate and bioavailability. The overall objective of this thesis is to characterize different fate processes of silver nanoparticles (nAg), an ENP widely used for its antimicrobial properties, in the aquatic environment. In order to achieve this, improved emerging detection techniques such as Asymmetric Flow Field Flow Fractionation (AF4) and Single Particle Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (spICP-MS) were developed to enable ENP analysis in complex matrices. The first objective of this thesis was to characterize and quantify different fate processes of nAg at an environmentally relevant concentration (6 [mu]g/L) in natural lake water (LW), in the absence and presence of natural colloids, using filtered LW or FLW and unfiltered LW or UFLW. The re-precipitation process of nAg (r-nAg, ~26 nm) from pristine nAg (nAgpristine) was detected in all systems and characterized using spICP-MS. The environmental fate of nAgpristine and r-nAg was evaluated under both quiescent and mixed conditions. In FLW systems, homoagglomeration dominated the fate of r-nAg, whereas heteroagglormation-induced sedimentation was found to be the dominant fate process in UFLW. The smaller r-nAg particles were persistent in UFLW over long exposure periods. Sulfidation of nAg is another important transformation process as it can reduce or eliminate dissolution of nAg, therefore supressing any toxicity posed by Ag+. The persistence of the toxic potential of nAg due to incomplete sulfidation raises the need to understand the extent of sulfidation nAg particles undergo at any given S/Ag dose. The second objective of this thesis was to determine the role of polydisperse nAg sizes on extents of sulfidation ([S/Ag]particle) within a particle size distribution, using AF4-ICP-MS. The amount of sulfur associated with each size fraction within the nAg particle population was found to be independent of particle size or specific surface area. Instead, it was dependent on both nAg mass as well as the total nAg surface area available in any given size bin. The third objective of this thesis was to improve the detection of ENPs using spICP-MS. Improved particle sizing and counting efficiencies were observed for detection in the lower size range (20 - 40 nm), by employing smaller reference nAu for transport efficiency or nAuTE (30 nm instead of the conventional 55 - 60 nm). The results from this study indicate that the size of nAuTE directly influences the calculated size (diameter ∝ ∛(transport efficiency) ) and particle concentration recoveries. The fourth objective was to improve detection of polydisperse ENPs in complex matrices by coupling AF4 with spICP-MS to analyse separated size fractions for concentrations and particle size. AF4 fractionation prior to spICP-MS analysis improved particle sizing of the released nTiO2 in the lower range ( 45 – 90 nm) and higher size range ( > 90 nm) compared to samples which were not fractionated using AF4"--
Author: Damia Barcelo Publisher: Newnes ISBN: 0444563288 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 382
Book Description
The application of nanotechnology in different consumer products has delivered new products with highly desirable properties, but at same time has opened a new window for a wide group of emerging contaminants and a new type of human exposure which needs to be assessed. Most of the current human toxicological information on nanomaterials comes from nano-sized particles in air, and their effects via inhalation. Other routes of human exposure, such as water and food, and the effects on human health and the environment have been less studied. It is the recent research in these areas that is highlighted here in one of the first books covering the analysis and ecotoxicological evaluation of nanomaterials in food and the environment, with both matrices being of considerable interest. In addition to providing a global summary of recent research, this book shows how widely used chromatographic and spectroscopic methods can be added to the analytical arsenal of microscopic techniques that have commonly been used to characterize nanomaterials. Describes the analytical techniques used to characterize nanomaterials and their applications in environmental or food samples Includes analysis and ecotoxicological evaluation of nanomaterials in food and environmental matrices Takes a detailed look at the research on emerging fields of human exposure to nanomaterials and their environmental risks
Author: Radmila Milacic Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 0323853056 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 452
Book Description
Analysis and Characterisation of Metal-Based Nanomaterials, Volume 93 in the Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry series, introduces recent developments in analytical methodologies for detection, characterization and quantification of metal-based nanomaterials and their applications to a variety of complex environmental, biological and food samples as well as different consumer products. Single-particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry is highlighted as a powerful analytical tool for number-based concentration and size distribution, also from the metrological viewpoint. An emerging approach for the measurement of multi-metal nanoparticles by single-particle inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectrometry is discussed. Imaging of metal-based nanoparticles by hyphenated inductively coupled plasma-based techniques is also introduced. The potential of different liquid chromatography and field flow fractionation separation techniques hyphenated to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry is emphasized as a powerful tool in particular for complex matrices and small particles sizes. The use of different microscopic techniques for the characterization of metal-based nanoparticles and characterization of metal-based nanoparticles as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging are presented. Moreover, occurrence, behaviour and fate of inorganic nanoparticles in the environment is overviewed. Finally, the need for quality control standards and reference nano-materials is emphasized throughout. Presents recent developments in analytical methodologies based on mass spectrometry, light scattering and microscopic techniques for detection, characterization and quantification of metal-based nanomaterials Describes applications of the nanoparticle analysis in a variety of complex environmental, biological and food samples as well as different consumer products Provides the metrological aspects for the analysis of metal-based nanoparticles when using emerging techniques such as single-particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
Author: Arshath Abdul Rahim
Author: Arshath Abdul Rahim
Author: Yongbo Dan
Author: 
Author: Agil Azimzada
Author: Benita Schmidt
Author: 
Author: Sarayu Rao
Author: Damia Barcelo
Author: Evan P. Gray
Author: Radmila Milacic