Designing Fuel-Economy Standards in Light of Electric Vehicles PDF Download

Author: Kenneth Gillingham
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :

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Electric vehicles are declining in cost so rapidly that they may claim a large share of the vehicle market by 2030. This paper examines a set of practical regulatory design considerations for fuel-economy standards or greenhouse gas standards in the context of highly uncertain electric vehicle costs in the next decade. The analysis takes a cost-effectiveness approach and uses analytical modeling and simulation to develop insight. I show that counting electric vehicles under a standard with a multiplier or assuming zero upstream emissions can reduce electric vehicle market share by weakening the standards. Further, there are tradeoffs from implementing a backstop conventional vehicle standard along with a second standard that also includes electric vehicles, but such a backstop offers the possibility of ensuring that low-cost conventional vehicle technologies are exploited.

Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309373913
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 812

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Book Description
The light-duty vehicle fleet is expected to undergo substantial technological changes over the next several decades. New powertrain designs, alternative fuels, advanced materials and significant changes to the vehicle body are being driven by increasingly stringent fuel economy and greenhouse gas emission standards. By the end of the next decade, cars and light-duty trucks will be more fuel efficient, weigh less, emit less air pollutants, have more safety features, and will be more expensive to purchase relative to current vehicles. Though the gasoline-powered spark ignition engine will continue to be the dominant powertrain configuration even through 2030, such vehicles will be equipped with advanced technologies, materials, electronics and controls, and aerodynamics. And by 2030, the deployment of alternative methods to propel and fuel vehicles and alternative modes of transportation, including autonomous vehicles, will be well underway. What are these new technologies - how will they work, and will some technologies be more effective than others? Written to inform The United States Department of Transportation's National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission standards, this new report from the National Research Council is a technical evaluation of costs, benefits, and implementation issues of fuel reduction technologies for next-generation light-duty vehicles. Cost, Effectiveness, and Deployment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light-Duty Vehicles estimates the cost, potential efficiency improvements, and barriers to commercial deployment of technologies that might be employed from 2020 to 2030. This report describes these promising technologies and makes recommendations for their inclusion on the list of technologies applicable for the 2017-2025 CAFE standards.

Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309216389
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 373

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Book Description
Various combinations of commercially available technologies could greatly reduce fuel consumption in passenger cars, sport-utility vehicles, minivans, and other light-duty vehicles without compromising vehicle performance or safety. Assessment of Technologies for Improving Light Duty Vehicle Fuel Economy estimates the potential fuel savings and costs to consumers of available technology combinations for three types of engines: spark-ignition gasoline, compression-ignition diesel, and hybrid. According to its estimates, adopting the full combination of improved technologies in medium and large cars and pickup trucks with spark-ignition engines could reduce fuel consumption by 29 percent at an additional cost of $2,200 to the consumer. Replacing spark-ignition engines with diesel engines and components would yield fuel savings of about 37 percent at an added cost of approximately $5,900 per vehicle, and replacing spark-ignition engines with hybrid engines and components would reduce fuel consumption by 43 percent at an increase of $6,000 per vehicle. The book focuses on fuel consumption-the amount of fuel consumed in a given driving distance-because energy savings are directly related to the amount of fuel used. In contrast, fuel economy measures how far a vehicle will travel with a gallon of fuel. Because fuel consumption data indicate money saved on fuel purchases and reductions in carbon dioxide emissions, the book finds that vehicle stickers should provide consumers with fuel consumption data in addition to fuel economy information.

Author:
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ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0

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Electric vehicles (EVs) use energy more efficiently than gasoline vehicles. This is one of their primary attributes, enabling other benefits such as improved torque and reduced operating costs and greenhouse gas emissions. An electric vehicle efficiency ratio (EVER) is therefore important when calculating the financial and environmental benefits of EVs, calculating the impact that EVs have on a manufacturer's Corporate Average Fuel Economy rating, calculating credits in trading schemes such as California's Low Carbon Fuel Standard, fuel price leveling, designing electricity tariffs from utility-owned public charging infrastructure, creating EV alternatives to gasoline excise taxes, and more.

Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780309371223
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 468

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Book Description
From daily commutes to cross-country road trips, millions of light-duty vehicles are on the road every day. The transportation sector is one of the United States’ largest sources of greenhouse gas emissions, and fuel is an important cost for drivers. The period from 2025-2035 could bring the most fundamental transformation in the 100-plus year history of the automobile. Battery electric vehicle costs are likely to fall and reach parity with internal combustion engine vehicles. New generations of fuel cell vehicles will be produced. Connected and automated vehicle technologies will become more common, including likely deployment of some fully automated vehicles. These new categories of vehicles will for the first time assume a major portion of new vehicle sales, while internal combustion engine vehicles with improved powertrain, design, and aerodynamics will continue to be an important part of new vehicle sales and fuel economy improvement. This study is a technical evaluation of the potential for internal combustion engine, hybrid, battery electric, fuel cell, nonpowertrain, and connected and automated vehicle technologies to contribute to efficiency in 2025-2035. In addition to making findings and recommendations related to technology cost and capabilities, Assessment of Technologies for Improving Light-Duty Vehicle Fuel Economy - 2025-2035 considers the impacts of changes in consumer behavior and regulatory regimes.

Author: Susan Fleming
Publisher: DIANE Publishing
ISBN: 1437931693
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 64

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Book Description
In May 2009, the U.S. announced plans to increase the Nat. Highway Traffic Safety Admin. (NHTSA) corp. average fuel econ. (CAFE) standards and establish the EPA greenhouse gas emissions standards for vehicles. NHTSA redesigned CAFE standards for light trucks for model years 2008-11. Experts raised questions about the rigor of the computer modeling NHTSA used to develop these standards. This report reviewed: (1) the design of NHTSA and EPA's standards; (2) how they are collaborating to set these standards; (3) improvements compared to a previous rulemaking NHTSA made to the modeling; and (4) the extent to which NHTSA analyzed the effects of past light truck standards and the accuracy of data used to set them. Charts and tables.

Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 60

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Book Description

Author: Christiane Adcock
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 40

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Book Description
Predicting the fuel economy of future light-duty vehicles provides insight into the expected greenhouse gas emissions, oil consumption, and operating costs in the transportation sector. Fuel economy is difficult to directly predict, however, due to the large number of vehicle characteristics that influence fuel economy. These characteristics include curb weight, powertrain efficiency, tire properties, and aerodynamic properties. In addition, the characteristics vary by powertrain technology and vehicle class. This study evaluates past trends and literature projections for each attribute. It then projects fuel economy for three powertrain technologies and eight vehicle classes using current values, past trends, and literature projections for the vehicle characteristics and the Environmental Protection Agency's drive cycles. Fuel economy for internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and battery electric vehicles (BEVs) are projected to increase at rates similar to past years. At these rates, average HEVs and BEVs will significantly exceed Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards for 2021 and 2025, and ICEVs will fall significantly short of these standards. This analysis provides an easily adaptable framework to project fuel economy that accounts for the large number of contributing vehicle characteristics.

Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309170567
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 181

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Book Description
Since CAFE standards were established 25 years ago, there have been significant changes in motor vehicle technology, globalization of the industry, the mix and characteristics of vehicle sales, production capacity, and other factors. This volume evaluates the implications of these changes as well as changes anticipated in the next few years, on the need for CAFE, as well as the stringency and/or structure of the CAFE program in future years.

Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309159474
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 251

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Book Description
Technologies and Approaches to Reducing the Fuel Consumption of Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles evaluates various technologies and methods that could improve the fuel economy of medium- and heavy-duty vehicles, such as tractor-trailers, transit buses, and work trucks. The book also recommends approaches that federal agencies could use to regulate these vehicles' fuel consumption. Currently there are no fuel consumption standards for such vehicles, which account for about 26 percent of the transportation fuel used in the U.S. The miles-per-gallon measure used to regulate the fuel economy of passenger cars. is not appropriate for medium- and heavy-duty vehicles, which are designed above all to carry loads efficiently. Instead, any regulation of medium- and heavy-duty vehicles should use a metric that reflects the efficiency with which a vehicle moves goods or passengers, such as gallons per ton-mile, a unit that reflects the amount of fuel a vehicle would use to carry a ton of goods one mile. This is called load-specific fuel consumption (LSFC). The book estimates the improvements that various technologies could achieve over the next decade in seven vehicle types. For example, using advanced diesel engines in tractor-trailers could lower their fuel consumption by up to 20 percent by 2020, and improved aerodynamics could yield an 11 percent reduction. Hybrid powertrains could lower the fuel consumption of vehicles that stop frequently, such as garbage trucks and transit buses, by as much 35 percent in the same time frame.