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Author: Jennifer Bastiaan Publisher: ISBN: Category : Automobiles Languages : en Pages : 284
Book Description
A research project is conducted that involves the design of a smart tire sensor system that can determine six tire outputs, including tire longitudinal force, tire lateral force, tire vertical force, tire aligning moment, tire / road friction coefficient and tire air inflation pressure. All of these quantities are estimated using in-tire deformation sensors. The rationale for conducting the smart tire research project is that its results have the potential to improve ground vehicle safety. The objectives of the research project are to identify the quantity and types of sensors required, determine the sensor locations and orientations in the tire, develop post-processing methods for the raw sensor output and confirm correct operation of the sensor system, which involves prototyping and physical testing. Strain is predicted in the tire inner liner as part of a tire finite element analysis study. The tire finite element model is used to calculate strain (inputs) and tire forces (outputs) for use in artificial neural networks. Results from the radial basis function networks studied are excellent, with calculated tire forces within 1% and tire aligning moment within 1%. The conclusion is that radial basis function networks can likely be used effectively for analysis of strain sensor measurements in the smart tire sensor system. Further studies using virtual strain show that the system should have two in-tire strain sensors located near one another at the outside sidewall, with one oriented longitudinally and the other oriented radially, along with an angular position sensor. Commercially available piezoelectric deformation sensors are installed in this layout, along with a rotary encoder, in a smart tire physical prototype. On-road data collected during physical testing are used with radial basis function neural networks to estimate the three orthogonal tire forces and the tire aligning moment. The networks are found capable of predicting the correct trends in the tire force data over several testing events. While the smart tire sensor system in its current state of development is not production-ready, the research project has resulted in new scientific knowledge that will be the foundation of future smart tire work. Contributions include the identification of in-tire sensor quantity, locations and orientations, confirmation that an angular position measurement is necessary and the determination of the artificial neural network architecture. The most significant remaining smart tire technical hurdle is the identification of a sufficiently durable strain sensor for in-tire use. If this strain sensor can be found, the next steps will include validation of the non-force tire estimates and studies of temperature effects, wireless data transmission and energy harvesting for a battery free design. Despite these outstanding concerns, the results of the smart tire research project show that the concept is feasible and further work is justified.
Author: Jennifer Bastiaan Publisher: ISBN: Category : Automobiles Languages : en Pages : 284
Book Description
A research project is conducted that involves the design of a smart tire sensor system that can determine six tire outputs, including tire longitudinal force, tire lateral force, tire vertical force, tire aligning moment, tire / road friction coefficient and tire air inflation pressure. All of these quantities are estimated using in-tire deformation sensors. The rationale for conducting the smart tire research project is that its results have the potential to improve ground vehicle safety. The objectives of the research project are to identify the quantity and types of sensors required, determine the sensor locations and orientations in the tire, develop post-processing methods for the raw sensor output and confirm correct operation of the sensor system, which involves prototyping and physical testing. Strain is predicted in the tire inner liner as part of a tire finite element analysis study. The tire finite element model is used to calculate strain (inputs) and tire forces (outputs) for use in artificial neural networks. Results from the radial basis function networks studied are excellent, with calculated tire forces within 1% and tire aligning moment within 1%. The conclusion is that radial basis function networks can likely be used effectively for analysis of strain sensor measurements in the smart tire sensor system. Further studies using virtual strain show that the system should have two in-tire strain sensors located near one another at the outside sidewall, with one oriented longitudinally and the other oriented radially, along with an angular position sensor. Commercially available piezoelectric deformation sensors are installed in this layout, along with a rotary encoder, in a smart tire physical prototype. On-road data collected during physical testing are used with radial basis function neural networks to estimate the three orthogonal tire forces and the tire aligning moment. The networks are found capable of predicting the correct trends in the tire force data over several testing events. While the smart tire sensor system in its current state of development is not production-ready, the research project has resulted in new scientific knowledge that will be the foundation of future smart tire work. Contributions include the identification of in-tire sensor quantity, locations and orientations, confirmation that an angular position measurement is necessary and the determination of the artificial neural network architecture. The most significant remaining smart tire technical hurdle is the identification of a sufficiently durable strain sensor for in-tire use. If this strain sensor can be found, the next steps will include validation of the non-force tire estimates and studies of temperature effects, wireless data transmission and energy harvesting for a battery free design. Despite these outstanding concerns, the results of the smart tire research project show that the concept is feasible and further work is justified.
Author: Yang Yue Publisher: OAE Publishing Inc. ISBN: Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 11
Book Description
Continuous feedback on a tire is an essential means to ensure tire safety. Smart tires are an important part of the future vehicle control system, which affects the safety and comfort of vehicles by combining sensors with traditional tires to achieve continuous monitoring of real-time dynamic parameters. A stretchable and flexible sensor made of laser-induced graphene (LIG) and PDMS, designed for use in smart tires, is presented in this work. The sensor is known as a LIG-PDMS sensor. Using transfer printing, LIG is formed on a commercial polyimide film under the scribing of a laser beam following the predesigned route before being transferred to a PDMS film. This technology is used to successfully prepare flexible sensors for measuring the tire road interaction at different driving speeds due to its flexibility and shape-following characteristics. The real-time monitoring of the wheel speed and the shape of the tire grounding mark during the driving process is realized by embedding multiple LIG sensors in the tire to monitor the strain information of the tire grounding. Results show that the tire deformation can be accurately feedbacked with the LIG sensors, demonstrating our method's capability for designing and manufacturing intelligent tires.
Author: Hasan Toplar Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 68
Book Description
A novel smart tire monitoring system was designed and implemented on a fully functional car tire. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) based piezo-electric sensors were embedded inside rubber tire to measure strain related data. System electronics were implemented inside a robust IP-68 (Ingress Protection) rated enclosure. This enclosure was mounted on a car wheel and successfully recorded sensory data onto an SD card during driving. Data collected from the PVDF sensors were then post-processed in Matlab. An artificial neural network (ANN) was built to correlate the sensor data to the readings given by an industry grade load wheel. Although the correlations are very crude, this study shows a promising way to analyze the strain related information from car tires by using PVDF sensors in conjunction with ANNs. This strain related information can then be used to estimate six different values concerning the tire, namely lateral force (Fy), longitudinal force (Fx), normal force (Fz), aligning moment (Mz), inflation pressure and friction coefficient. All of which are very important parameters for vehicle dynamics. However the estimation of these values is not presented within the context of this work. Two low cost data acquisition systems were designed in-house with two different Arduino platforms. However these fell short of data acquisition performance requirements required for realistic driving applications. It was seen that the Arduino family, low-end microprocessors, were not the best choice for applications of this nature. Finally electronic improvements such as the usage of field programmable gate arrays (FPGA) is discussed and suggested for future works.
Author: Michael Niedermayer Publisher: Artech House ISBN: 1608070859 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 243
Book Description
Today's professionals are constantly striving to create sensor technology and systems with lower cost and higher efficiency. Miniaturization and standardization have become critical drivers for cost reduction in the design and development process, giving rise to a new era of smart sensors and actuators. These devices contain more components, but normally provide significant cost savings due to wider applicability and mass production. This first-of-its-kind resource presents methods for cost optimization of smart microsystems to help you select highly cost-efficient implementation variants. Written by leading experts, the book offers detailed coverage of the key topics that you need to understand for your work in the field, such as methods for cost estimation, holistic design optimization, a methodology for a cost-driven design, and applied cost optimization. This practical book focuses on fundamental cost influences rather than absolute numbers, helping you appreciate relative values which reflect the competitive advantage of the various design implementations. Moreover, you find specific recommendations on which cost-reduction methods will be most advantageous in varying situations. This forward-looking volume provides keen insight into the underlying factors which drive the current economics and determine future trends of smart microsystems.
Author: Xiangwen Zhang Publisher: Academic Press ISBN: 9780124167315 Category : Smart materials Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Design and Analysis of Intelligent Tires covers tire temperature, pressure, friction, wear, and aging. While its main focus is intelligent tire properties analysis and application development, it also addresses intelligent technology, control theory, and sensor technology, providing users with strict theoretical analysis and detailed technology design processes for intelligent tires. Systems featured include tire pressure monitoring, vehicle active braking, steering, and tire state intelligent regulating systems. The text will be of interest to a wide swath of professionals, including those working in vehicle electronics, vehicle control technology, and vehicle tire technology. Users will find a plethora of theoretical studies, design methods, and real-world implementations and applications. Provides the critical aspects of intelligent tires, including properties analysis and application development Addresses control theory, sensor technology, and detailed technology design processes Considers the advantages and limitations of different sensors Presents key applications of intelligent tires supported by case studies
Author: Randy Frank Publisher: Artech House ISBN: 1608075079 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 390
Book Description
Now in its third edition, Understanding Smart Sensors is the most complete, up-to-date, and authoritative summary of the latest applications and developments impacting smart sensors in a single volume. This thoroughly expanded and revised edition of an Artech bestseller contains a wealth of new material, including critical coverage of sensor fusion and energy harvesting, the latest details on wireless technology, the role and challenges involved with sensor apps and cloud sensing, greater emphasis on applications throughout the book, and dozens of figures and examples of current technologies from over 50 companies. This edition provides you with knowledge regarding a broad spectrum of possibilities for technology advancements based on current industry, university and national laboratories R & D efforts in smart sensors. Updated material also identifies the need for trusted sensing, the efforts of many organizations that impact smart sensing, and more. Utilizing the latest in smart sensor, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and microelectronic research and development, you get the technical and practical information you need keep your designs and products on the cutting edge. Plus, you see how network (wired and wireless) connectivity continues to impact smart sensor development. By combining information on micromachining and microelectronics, this is the first book that links these two important aspects of smart sensor technology so you don't have to keep multiple references on hand. This comprehensive resource also includes an extensive list of smart sensor acronyms and a glossary of key terms. With an effective blend of historical information and the latest content, the third edition of Understanding Smart Sensors provides a unique combination of foundational and future-changing information.
Author: Hassan Askari Publisher: ISBN: Category : Tires Languages : en Pages : 169
Book Description
Tires are the interface between a vehicle and the ground providing forces and isolation to the vehicle. For vehicle safety, stability, maintenance, and performance, it is vital to estimate or measure tire forces, inflation pressure, and contact friction coefficient. Estimation methods can predict tire forces to some extent however; they fail in harsh maneuvers and are dependent on road surface conditions for which there is no robust estimation method. Measurement devices for tire forces exist for vehicle testing but at the cost of tens of thousands of dollars. Tire pressure-monitoring sensors (TPMS) are the only sensors available in newer and higher end vehicles to provide tire pressure, but there are no sensors to measure road surface condition or tire forces for production vehicles. With the prospect of autonomous driving on roads in near future, it is paramount to make the vehicles safe on any driving and road condition. This is only possible by additional sensors to make up for the driver's cognitive and sensory system. Measuring road condition and tire forces especially in autonomous vehicles are vital in their safety, reliability, and public confidence in automated driving. Real time measurement of road condition and tire forces in buses and trucks can significantly improve the safety of road transportation system, and in miming/construction and off-road vehicles can improve performance, tire life and reduce operational costs. In this thesis, five different types of sensors are designed, modelled, optimized and fabricated with the objective of developing an intelligent tire. In order to design these sensors,~both electromagnetic generator (EMG) and triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG) are used. In the first two initial designed sensors, with the combination of EMG and TENG into a single package, two hybridized sensors are fabricated with promising potential for self-powered sensing. The potential of developed sensors are investigated for tire-condition monitoring system (TCMS). Considering the impressive properties of TENG units of the developed hybridized devices, three different flexible nanogenerators, only based on this newly developed technology, are developed for TCMS. The design, modelling, working mechanism, fabrication procedure, and experimental results of these TENG sensors are fully presented for applications in TCMS. Among these three fabricated sensors, one of them shows an excellent capability for TCMS because of its high flexibility, stable and high electrical output,and an encapsulated structure. The high flexibility of developed TENG sensor is a very appealing feature for TCMS, which cannot be found in any available commercial sensor. The fabricated TENG sensors are used for developing an intelligent tire module to be eventually used for road testing. Several laboratory and road tests are performed to study the capability of this newly developed TENG-based sensor for tire-condition monitoring system. However the development of this sensor is in its early stage, it shows a promising potential for installation into the hostile environment of tires and measuring tire-road interacting forces. A comparative studies are provided with respect to Michigan Scientific transducer to investigate the potential of this flexible nanogenerator for TCMS. It is worth mentioning that this PhD thesis presents one of the earliest works on the application of TENG-based sensor for a real-life system. Also, the potential of commercially available thermally and mechanically durable Micro Fiber Composite (MFC) sensor is experimentally investigated for TCMS with fabricating another set of intelligent tire. Several testing scenarios are performed to examine the potential of these sensors for TCMS taking into account a simultaneous measurement from Michigan Scientific transducer. Although both flexibility and the cost of this sensor is not comparable with the fabricated TENG device, they have shown a considerable and reliable performance for online measuring of tire dynamical parameters in different testing scenarios, as they can be used for both energy harvesting and sensing application in TCMS. The extensive road testing results based on the MFC sensors provide a valuable set of data for future research in TCMS. It is experimentally shown that MFC sensor can generate up to 1.4 $\mu W$ electrical power at the speed of 28 $[kph]$. This electrical output shows the high capability of this sensor for self-powered sensing application in TCMS. Results of this thesis can be used as a framework by researchers towards self-powered sensing system for real-world applications such as intelligent tires.
Author: Elena Gaura Publisher: Imperial College Press ISBN: 1860949207 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 553
Book Description
In recent years, MEMS have revolutionized the semiconductor industry, with sensors being a particularly buoyant sector. Smart MEMS and Sensor Systems presents readers with the means to understand, evaluate, appreciate and participate in the development of the field, from a unique systems perspective. The combination of MEMS and integrated intelligence has been put forward as a disruptive technology. The full potential of this technology is only evident when it is used to construct very large pervasive sensing systems. The book explores the many different technologies needed to build such systems and integrates knowledge from three different domains: MEMS technology, sensor system electronics and pervasive computing science. Throughout the book a top-down design perspective is taken, be it for the development of a single smart sensor or that of adaptive ad-hoc networks of millions of sensors. For experts in any of the domains named above the book provides the context for their MEMS based design work and an understanding of the role the other domains play. For the generalist (either in engineering or computing) or the technology manager the underpinning knowledge is provided, which can inform specialist decision making. Sample Chapter(s). Chapter 1: Markets and Applications (1,731 KB). Contents: Markets and Applications; Microfabrication Technologies; Sensor Electronics; Sensor Signal Enhancement; Case Study: Control Systems for Capacitive Inertial Sensors; Case Study: Adaptive Optics and Smart VLSI/MEMS Systems; Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Microsensors Identification and Compensation; Smart, Intelligent and Cogent MEMS Based Sensors; Sensor Arrays and Networks; Wireless and Ad Hoc Sensor Networks; Realising the Dream OCo A Case Study. Readership: Graduate students on courses in sensing, instrumentation, VLSI, and MEMS technology; researchers and academics dealing with smart sensor systems; practitioners who need to understand and apply the technology effectively."
Author: Bertrand Huneau Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 1000639177 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 1319
Book Description
Constitutive Models for Rubber XI is a comprehensive compilation of both the oral and poster contributions to the European Conference on Constitutive Models for Rubber. This 11th edition, held in Nantes (France) 25-27th June 2019, is the occasion to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the ECCMR series. Around 100 contributions reflect the state-of-the-art in the mechanics of elastomers. They cover the fields of: Material testing Constitutive modelling and finite element implementation Micromechanical aspects, and Durability (failure, fatigue and ageing) Constitutive Models for Rubber XI is of interest for developers and researchers involved in the rubber processing and CAE software industries, as well as for academics in nearly all disciplines of elastomer mechanics and technology.
Author: Jennifer Bastiaan
Author: Jennifer Bastiaan
Author: Yang Yue
Author: Hasan Toplar
Author: Michael Niedermayer
Author: Xiangwen Zhang
Author: Miguel Serrano Bautista
Author: Randy Frank
Author: Hassan Askari
Author: Elena Gaura
Author: Bertrand Huneau