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Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
For a better understanding of Zircaloy fuel-rod failure by the pellet-cladding interaction (PCI) phenomenon, a mechanistic study of deformation and fracture behavior of spent power reactor fuel cladding under simulated PCI conditions was conducted. Zircaloy-2 cladding specimens, obtained from fuel assemblies of operating power reactors, were deformed to fracture at 325°C by internal gas pressurization in the absence of fission product simulants. Fracture characteristics and microstructures were examined via SEM, TEM, and HVEM. Numerous dislocation tangles and cell structures, observed in TEM specimens of cladding tubes that failed in a ductile manner, were consistent with SEM observations of a limited number of dimples characteristic of microvoid coalescence. A number of brittle-type failures were produced without the influence of fission product simulants. The brittle cracks occurred near the areas compressed by the Swagelok fittings of the internally pressurized tube and propagated from the outer to the inner surface. Since the outer surface was isolated and maintained under a flowing stream of pure helium, it is unlikely that the brittle-type failure was influenced by any fission product traces. SEM fractography of the brittle-type failure revealed a large area of transgranular pseudocleavage with limited areas of ductile fluting, which were similar in appearance to the surfaces produced by in-reactor PCI-type failures. A TEM evaluation of the cladding in the vicinity of the through-wall crack revealed numerous locations that contained an extensive amount of second-phase precipitate (Zr3O). We believe that the brittle-type failures of the irradiated spent fuel cladding in the stress rupture experiments are associated with segregation of oxygen, which leads to the formation of the order structure, an immobilization of dislocations, and minimal plastic deformation in the material.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
For a better understanding of Zircaloy fuel-rod failure by the pellet-cladding interaction (PCI) phenomenon, a mechanistic study of deformation and fracture behavior of spent power reactor fuel cladding under simulated PCI conditions was conducted. Zircaloy-2 cladding specimens, obtained from fuel assemblies of operating power reactors, were deformed to fracture at 325°C by internal gas pressurization in the absence of fission product simulants. Fracture characteristics and microstructures were examined via SEM, TEM, and HVEM. Numerous dislocation tangles and cell structures, observed in TEM specimens of cladding tubes that failed in a ductile manner, were consistent with SEM observations of a limited number of dimples characteristic of microvoid coalescence. A number of brittle-type failures were produced without the influence of fission product simulants. The brittle cracks occurred near the areas compressed by the Swagelok fittings of the internally pressurized tube and propagated from the outer to the inner surface. Since the outer surface was isolated and maintained under a flowing stream of pure helium, it is unlikely that the brittle-type failure was influenced by any fission product traces. SEM fractography of the brittle-type failure revealed a large area of transgranular pseudocleavage with limited areas of ductile fluting, which were similar in appearance to the surfaces produced by in-reactor PCI-type failures. A TEM evaluation of the cladding in the vicinity of the through-wall crack revealed numerous locations that contained an extensive amount of second-phase precipitate (Zr3O). We believe that the brittle-type failures of the irradiated spent fuel cladding in the stress rupture experiments are associated with segregation of oxygen, which leads to the formation of the order structure, an immobilization of dislocations, and minimal plastic deformation in the material.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
The Zircaloy cladding of water reactor fuel rods is susceptible to local breach-type failure, commonly known as pellet-cladding interaction (PCI) failure, during operational and off-normal power transients after the fuel has achieved a sufficiently high burnup. An optimization of power ramp procedures or fuel rod fabrication to minimize the cladding failure would result in a significant decrease in radiation exposure of plant personnel due to background and airborne radioactivity as well as an extension of core life in terms of allowable off-gas radioactivity. As part of a program to provide a better understanding of the fuel rod faiure phenomenon and to facilitate the formulation of a better failure criterion, a mechanistic study of the deformation and fracture behavior of high-burnup spent-fuel cladding is in progress under simulated PCI conditions.
Author: HM. Chung Publisher: ISBN: Category : Irradiation Languages : en Pages : 26
Book Description
Zircaloy cladding tube specimens from commercial power reactor fuel assemblies (burnup >22 MWd/kgU) have been deformed to fracture at 325°C by either the internal gas-pressurization or the expanding-mandrel technique in a helium or argon environment containing no fission product species (e.g., I, Cs, or Cd). The fracture surfaces of ten irradiated specimens fractured by internal gas pressurization were examined by scanning electron microscopy; six specimens were found to contain various degrees of the pseudocleavage feature that is characteristic of pellet-cladding interaction failures. Out of ten test specimens fractured by expanding-mandrel loading, five were found to contain regions of pseudocleavage on the fracture surfaces. The specimens exhibited "X-marks" on the outer surface and brittle incipient cracks distributed on the inner surface, which are also characteristic of pellet-cladding interaction failures. Transmission/high-voltage electron microscope examinations of the thin-foil specimens obtained from regions adjacent to the failure sites showed that the ductile-failure specimens were characterized by a high density of dislocations which showed normal ->?-type Burgers vectors. In contrast, the brittle-type specimens were characterized by comparatively few dislocations which formed substructures. The dislocations in the brittle specimens were decorated by Zr3O precipitates 2 to 6 nm in size, and cubic-ZrO2 precipitates ? 10 nm in size were also observed in high density. These observations indicate a general immobilization of the dislocations. The low-ductility brittle-type failures appear to have been produced primarily as a result of the Zr3O and cubic-ZrO2 precipitates, augmented by precipitates of bulk hydride 35 to 100 nm in size. The bulk nature of these precipitates, which contrasts with the surficial nature of monoclinic ZrO2 and ?-hydride precipitates, was indicated from stereomicroscopy of weak-beam dark-field images. In situ irradiation of the spent-fuel cladding specimens by 1-MeV electrons at 325°C indicates that the Zr3O and cubic-ZrO2 precipitation is irradiation-induced, whereas the bulk hydride is not.
Author: Lakshman Santanam Publisher: ISBN: Category : Metals Languages : en Pages : 14
Book Description
Creep, a potential degradation mechanism of Zircaloy cladding after repository disposal of spent nuclear fuel, has been investigated. The deformation and fracture map methodology has been used to predict maximum allowable initial storage temperatures to achieve a thousand year life without rupture as a function of spent-fuel history. Maximum allowable temperatures are 340°C (613 K) for typically stressed rods (70--100 MPa) and 300°C (573 K) for highly stressed rods (140--160 MPa).
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Predictions of the maximum initial allowable temperature required to achieve a 40-year life in dry storage are made for Zircaloy clad spent fuel. Maximum initial dry storage temperatures of 420°C for 1 year fuel cladding subjected to a constant stress of 70 MPa are predicted. The technique utilized in this work is based on the deformation and fracture map methodology. Maps are presented for temperatures between 50 and 850°C stresses between 5 and 500 MPa. These maps are combined with a life fraction rule to predict the time to rupture of Zircaloy clad spent Light Water Reactor (LWR) fuel subjected to various storage conditions.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 16
Book Description
Creep, a potential degradation mechanism of Zircaloy cladding after repository disposal of spent nuclear fuel, has been investigated. The deformation and fracture map methodology has been used to predict maximum allowable initial storage temperatures to achieve a thousand year life without rupture as a function of spent-fuel history. Maximum allowable temperatures are 340°C (613 K) for typically stressed rods (70--100 MPa) and 300°C (573 K) for highly stressed rods (140--160 MPa). 10 refs., 2 figs.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
PCI-like, brittle-type failures, characterized by pseudocleavage-plus-fluting features in the fracture surface, branching cracks, and small diametral strain, were observed to occur at 292 to 325°C in some batches of spent power-reactor fuel-cladding tubes under internal gas-pressurization and expanding-mandrel loading conditions in which the tests were not influenced by fission product simulants. Fractographic characteristics per se do not provide evidence for a PCI failure mechanism but should be deemed only as cooroborative in nature. Evaluation of TEM thin-foil specimens, obtained from regions adjacent to the brittle-type fracture sites, characteristically revealed extensive amounts of Zr3O precipitates and a lack of slip dislocations. The precipitation of the Zr3O phase appears to be enhanced by a high density of irradiation-induced defects. The brittle-type failure produced in the spent-fuel cladding tubes appears to be associated with segregation of oxygen to dislocation substructures and irradiation-induced defects, which leads to the formation of an ordered zirconium-oxygen phase of Zr3O, an immobilization of dislocations, and minimal plastic deformation in the cladding material.
Author: T. Yasuda Publisher: ISBN: Category : Elasticity Languages : en Pages : 14
Book Description
Sufficient evaluation of the changes in mechanical properties, such as elastic, plastic, and failure properties, due to neutron irradiation in service is required to precisely predict fuel performance. This paper presents the results of the uniaxial tensile tests performed for recrystallized (850 K, 2.5 h) Zircaloy-2 claddings irradiated in commercial BWRs to fluences of 5 x 1023 to 4 x 1025 n/m2 (E > 1 MeV). The material constants of irradiated Zircaloy-2 were obtained precisely, using a high temperature elongation detector in a hot-cell and computer analyses of digital stress-strain data.
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Author: HM. Chung
Author: Lakshman Santanam
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Author: Robert Van Houten
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Author: T. Yasuda