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Author: Zeeshan Hayder Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Structured decisions are often required for a large variety of image and scene understanding tasks in computer vision, with few of them being object detection, localization, semantic segmentation and many more. Structured prediction deals with learning inherent structure by incorporating contextual information from several images and multiple tasks. However, it is very challenging when dealing with large scale image datasets where performance is limited by high computational costs and expressive power of the underlying representation learning techniques. In this thesis, we present efficient and effective deep structured models for context-aware object detection, co-localization and instance-level semantic segmentation. First, we introduce a principled formulation for object co-detection using a fully-connected conditional random field (CRF). We build an explicit graph whose vertices represent object candidates (instead of pixel values) and edges encode the object similarity via simple, yet effective pairwise potentials. More specifically, we design a weighted mixture of Gaussian kernels for class-specific object similarity, and formulate kernel weights estimation as a least-squares regression problem. Its solution can therefore be obtained in closed-form. Furthermore, in contrast with traditional co-detection approaches, it has been shown that inference in such fully-connected CRFs can be performed efficiently using an approximate mean-field method with high-dimensional Gaussian filtering. This lets us effectively leverage information in multiple images. Next, we extend our class-specific co-detection framework to multiple object categories. We model object candidates with rich, high-dimensional features learned using a deep convolutional neural network. In particular, our max-margin and directloss structural boosting algorithms enable us to learn the most suitable features that best encode pairwise similarity relationships within our CRF framework. Furthermore, it guarantees that the time and space complexity is O(n t) where n is the total number of candidate boxes in the pool and t the number of mean-field iterations. Moreover, our experiments evidence the importance of learning rich similarity measures to account for the contextual relations across object classes and instances. However, all these methods are based on precomputed object candidates (or proposals), thus localization performance is limited by the quality of bounding-boxes. To address this, we present an efficient object proposal co-generation technique that leverages the collective power of multiple images. In particular, we design a deep neural network layer that takes unary and pairwise features as input, builds a fully-connected CRF and produces mean-field marginals as output. It also lets us backpropagate the gradient through entire network by unrolling the iterations of CRF inference. Furthermore, this layer simplifies the end-to-end learning, thus effectively benefiting from multiple candidates to co-generate high-quality object proposals. Finally, we develop a multi-task strategy to jointly learn object detection, localization and instance-level semantic segmentation in a single network. In particular, we introduce a novel representation based on the distance transform of the object masks. To this end, we design a new residual-deconvolution architecture that infers such a representation and decodes it into the final binary object mask. We show that the predicted masks can go beyond the scope of the bounding boxes and that the multiple tasks can benefit from each other. In summary, in this thesis, we exploit the joint power of multiple images as well as multiple tasks to improve generalization performance of structured learning. Our novel deep structured models, similarity learning techniques and residual-deconvolution architecture can be used to make accurate and reliable inference for key vision tasks. Furthermore, our quantitative and qualitative experiments on large scale challenging image datasets demonstrate the superiority of the proposed approaches over the state-of-the-art methods.
Author: Zeeshan Hayder Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Structured decisions are often required for a large variety of image and scene understanding tasks in computer vision, with few of them being object detection, localization, semantic segmentation and many more. Structured prediction deals with learning inherent structure by incorporating contextual information from several images and multiple tasks. However, it is very challenging when dealing with large scale image datasets where performance is limited by high computational costs and expressive power of the underlying representation learning techniques. In this thesis, we present efficient and effective deep structured models for context-aware object detection, co-localization and instance-level semantic segmentation. First, we introduce a principled formulation for object co-detection using a fully-connected conditional random field (CRF). We build an explicit graph whose vertices represent object candidates (instead of pixel values) and edges encode the object similarity via simple, yet effective pairwise potentials. More specifically, we design a weighted mixture of Gaussian kernels for class-specific object similarity, and formulate kernel weights estimation as a least-squares regression problem. Its solution can therefore be obtained in closed-form. Furthermore, in contrast with traditional co-detection approaches, it has been shown that inference in such fully-connected CRFs can be performed efficiently using an approximate mean-field method with high-dimensional Gaussian filtering. This lets us effectively leverage information in multiple images. Next, we extend our class-specific co-detection framework to multiple object categories. We model object candidates with rich, high-dimensional features learned using a deep convolutional neural network. In particular, our max-margin and directloss structural boosting algorithms enable us to learn the most suitable features that best encode pairwise similarity relationships within our CRF framework. Furthermore, it guarantees that the time and space complexity is O(n t) where n is the total number of candidate boxes in the pool and t the number of mean-field iterations. Moreover, our experiments evidence the importance of learning rich similarity measures to account for the contextual relations across object classes and instances. However, all these methods are based on precomputed object candidates (or proposals), thus localization performance is limited by the quality of bounding-boxes. To address this, we present an efficient object proposal co-generation technique that leverages the collective power of multiple images. In particular, we design a deep neural network layer that takes unary and pairwise features as input, builds a fully-connected CRF and produces mean-field marginals as output. It also lets us backpropagate the gradient through entire network by unrolling the iterations of CRF inference. Furthermore, this layer simplifies the end-to-end learning, thus effectively benefiting from multiple candidates to co-generate high-quality object proposals. Finally, we develop a multi-task strategy to jointly learn object detection, localization and instance-level semantic segmentation in a single network. In particular, we introduce a novel representation based on the distance transform of the object masks. To this end, we design a new residual-deconvolution architecture that infers such a representation and decodes it into the final binary object mask. We show that the predicted masks can go beyond the scope of the bounding boxes and that the multiple tasks can benefit from each other. In summary, in this thesis, we exploit the joint power of multiple images as well as multiple tasks to improve generalization performance of structured learning. Our novel deep structured models, similarity learning techniques and residual-deconvolution architecture can be used to make accurate and reliable inference for key vision tasks. Furthermore, our quantitative and qualitative experiments on large scale challenging image datasets demonstrate the superiority of the proposed approaches over the state-of-the-art methods.
Author: Wei Xiang (Ph.D.) Publisher: ISBN: Category : Application software Languages : en Pages : 128
Book Description
With the massive storage of multimedia data and increasing computational power of mobile devices, developing scalable computer vision applications has become the primary motivation for both research and industrial community. Among these applications, object detection and semantic segmentation are two of the most popular topics which, in addition, serve as the fundamental features for many computer vision systems under platforms like mobile, healthcare, autonomous driving, etc. Inspired by the current and foreseeable trend, this thesis focuses on developing both effective and efficient object detection and semantic segmentation models, with the large-scale,publicly available data sets sourced for various applications.In the last several years, object detection and semantic segmentation have received large attention in the literature, and have been significantly advanced with the emergence of deep learning methods. Particularly, by applying Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), researchers have leveraged unsupervised features in modeling which greatly simplified the tasks of classification and regression, compared to using merely hand-crafted features in those traditional approaches. In object detection, however, there still exist many open research problems like integrating contextual information to the existing models, the missing relationship between proposal scales and receptive field sizes for different CNNs, etc. In this thesis,we study extensively such relationship, and further demonstrate that our statistical results can be used as a guideline to design both heuristically and efficiently new detection models, with an improvement of detection accuracy particularly for small objects.In semantic segmentation, we investigate many of the state-of-the-art methods and figure out that current research have largely focused on using complicated backbones together with some popular meta-architectures and designs which, in turn,leads to the problem of overtting and incapability for real-time tasks. To overcome this issue, we propose Turbo Unified Network (ThunderNet), which builds on a minimum backbone followed by a pyramid pooling module and a customized, two-level lightweight decoder. Our experimental results show that ThunderNet remains one of the fastest models that are currently available, while achieving comparable accuracy to a majority of methods in the literature. We also test ThunderNet with a GPU-powered embedded platform{NVIDIA Jetson TX2, whose results indicate that ThunderNet performs sufficiently fast and accurate, thus meeting the demands for embedded system. Finally, this thesis also surveys on the joint calibration methods for RGB-D sensor. We summarize the related work and present our quantitative evaluation results thereafter.
Author: Fayao Liu Publisher: ISBN: Category : Computer vision Languages : en Pages : 119
Book Description
Most of the real world applications can be formulated as structured learning problems, in which the output domain can be arbitrary, e.g., a sequence or a graph. By modelling the structures (constraints and correlations) of the output variables, structured learning provides a more general learning scheme than simple binary classification or regression models. This thesis is dedicated to learning such structured prediction models, i.e., conditional random fields (CRFs) and their applications in computer vision. CRFs are popular probabilistic graphical models, which model the conditional distribution of the output variables given the observations. They play an essential role in the computer vision community and have found wide applications in various vision tasks-semantic labelling, object detection, pose estimation, to name a few. Specifically, we here focus on two challenging tasks in this thesis: image segmentation (also referred as semantic labelling) and depth estimation from single monocular images, which represent two types of CRFs models-discrete and continuous. In summary, we made three contributions in this thesis. First, we present a new approach to exploit tree potentials in CRFs for the task of image segmentation. This method combines the advantages of both CRFs and decision trees. Different from traditional methods, in which the potential functions of CRFs are defined as a linear combination of some pre-defined parametric models, we formulate the unary and the pairwise potentials as nonparametric forests-ensembles of decision trees, and learn the ensemble parameters and the trees in a unified optimization problem within the large-margin framework. In this fashion, we easily achieve nonlinear learning of potential functions on both unary and pairwise terms in CRFs. Moreover, we learn class-wise decision trees for each object that appears in the image. We further show that this challenging optimization can be efficiently solved by combining a modified column generation and cutting-planes techniques. Experimental results on both binary and multi-class segmentation datasets demonstrate the power of the learned nonlinear nonparametric potentials. Second, we propose to model the unary potentials of the CRFs using a convolutional neural network (CNN). The deep CNN is trained on the large-scale ImageNet dataset and transferred to image segmentation here for constructing unary potentials of super-pixels. The CRFs parameters are then learned within the max-margin framework using structured support vector machines (SSVM). To fully exploit context information in inference, we construct spatially related co-occurrence pairwise potentials and incorporate them into the energy function. This prefers labellings of object pairs that frequently co-occur in a certain spatial layout and at the same time avoids implausible labellings during the inference. Extensive experiments on binary and multi-class segmentation benchmarks demonstrate the potentials of the proposed method. Third, different from the previous two works, we address the problem of continuous CRFs learning, applied to the task of depth estimation from single images. Specifically, we formulate and learn the unary and pairwise potentials of a continuous CRFs model with CNN networks in a unified framework. We term this new method as deep convolutional neural fields, abbreviated as DCNF. It jointly explores the capacity of deep CNN and continuous CRFs. The proposed method can be used for depth estimation of general scenes with no geometric priors nor any extra information injected. Specifically, in our case, the integral of the partition function can be calculated in a closed form such that we can exactly solve the log-likelihood maximization. Moreover, solving the inference problem for predicting depths of a test image is highly efficient as closed-form solutions exist. We then further propose an equally effective model based on fully convolutional networks and a novel superpixel pooling method, which is ~ 10 times faster, to speedup the patch-wise convolutions in the deep model. With this more efficient model, we are able to design very deep networks to pursue further performance gain. Experiments on both indoor and outdoor scene datasets demonstrate that the proposed method significantly outperforms state-of-the-art depth estimation approaches. We also show experimentally that the proposed method generalizes well to depth estimations of images unrelated to the training data. This indicates the potential of our method for benefiting other vision tasks.
Author: Xiaogang Wang Publisher: ISBN: 9781680831177 Category : Machine learning Languages : en Pages : 165
Book Description
As a major breakthrough in artificial intelligence, deep learning has achieved very impressive success in solving grand challenges in many fields including speech recognition, natural language processing, computer vision, image and video processing, and multimedia. This article provides a historical overview of deep learning and focus on its applications in object recognition, detection, and segmentation, which are key challenges of computer vision and have numerous applications to images and videos. The discussed research topics on object recognition include image classification on ImageNet, face recognition, and video classification. The detection part covers general object detection on ImageNet, pedestrian detection, face landmark detection (face alignment), and human landmark detection (pose estimation). On the segmentation side, the article discusses the most recent progress on scene labeling, semantic segmentation, face parsing, human parsing and saliency detection. Object recognition is considered as whole-image classification, while detection and segmentation are pixelwise classification tasks. Their fundamental differences will be discussed in this article. Fully convolutional neural networks and highly efficient forward and backward propagation algorithms specially designed for pixelwise classification task will be introduced. The covered application domains are also much diversified. Human and face images have regular structures, while general object and scene images have much more complex variations in geometric structures and layout. Videos include the temporal dimension. Therefore, they need to be processed with different deep models. All the selected domain applications have received tremendous attentions in the computer vision and multimedia communities. Through concrete examples of these applications, we explain the key points which make deep learning outperform conventional computer vision systems. (1) Different than traditional pattern recognition systems, which heavily rely on manually designed features, deep learning automatically learns hierarchical feature representations from massive training data and disentangles hidden factors of input data through multi-level nonlinear mappings. (2) Different than existing pattern recognition systems which sequentially design or train their key components, deep learning is able to jointly optimize all the components and crate synergy through close interactions among them. (3) While most machine learning models can be approximated with neural networks with shallow structures, for some tasks, the expressive power of deep models increases exponentially as their architectures go deep. Deep models are especially good at learning global contextual feature representation with their deep structures. (4) Benefitting from the large learning capacity of deep models, some classical computer vision challenges can be recast as high-dimensional data transform problems and can be solved from new perspectives. Finally, some open questions and future works regarding to deep learning in object recognition, detection, and segmentation will be discussed.
Author: Vittorio Ferrari Publisher: Springer ISBN: 303001228X Category : Computers Languages : en Pages : 861
Book Description
The sixteen-volume set comprising the LNCS volumes 11205-11220 constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 15th European Conference on Computer Vision, ECCV 2018, held in Munich, Germany, in September 2018.The 776 revised papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 2439 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on learning for vision; computational photography; human analysis; human sensing; stereo and reconstruction; optimization; matching and recognition; video attention; and poster sessions.
Author: Xiaogang Wang Publisher: Foundations and Trends (R) in Signal Processing ISBN: 9781680831160 Category : Languages : en Pages : 186
Book Description
Deep Learning in Object Recognition, Detection, and Segmentation provides a comprehensive introductory overview of a topic that is having major impact on many areas of research in signal processing, computer vision, and machine learning.
Author: Spyridon Gidaris Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Recent development in deep learning have achieved impressive results on image understanding tasks. However, designing deep learning architectures that will effectively solve the image understanding tasks of interest is far from trivial. Even more, the success of deep learning approaches heavily relies on the availability of large-size manually labeled (by humans) data. In this context, the objective of this dissertation is to explore deep learning based approaches for core image understanding tasks that would allow to increase the effectiveness with which they are performed as well as to make their learning process more annotation efficient, i.e., less dependent on the availability of large amounts of manually labeled training data. We first focus on improving the state-of-the-art on object detection. More specifically, we attempt to boost the ability of object detection systems to recognize (even difficult) object instances by proposing a multi-region and semantic segmentation-aware ConvNet-based representation that is able to capture a diverse set of discriminative appearance factors. Also, we aim to improve the localization accuracy of object detection systems by proposing iterative detection schemes and a novel localization model for estimating the bounding box of the objects. We demonstrate that the proposed technical novelties lead to significant improvements in the object detection performance of PASCAL and MS COCO benchmarks. Regarding the pixel-wise image labeling problem, we explored a family of deep neural network architectures that perform structured prediction by learning to (iteratively) improve some initial estimates of the output labels. The goal is to identify which is the optimal architecture for implementing such deep structured prediction models. In this context, we propose to decompose the label improvement task into three steps: 1) detecting the initial label estimates that are incorrect, 2) replacing the incorrect labels with new ones, and finally 3) refining the renewed labels by predicting residual corrections w.r.t. them. We evaluate the explored architectures on the disparity estimation task and we demonstrate that the proposed architecture achieves state-of-the-art results on the KITTI 2015 benchmark.In order to accomplish our goal for annotation efficient learning, we proposed a self-supervised learning approach that learns ConvNet-based image representations by training the ConvNet to recognize the 2d rotation that is applied to the image that it gets as input. We empirically demonstrate that this apparently simple task actually provides a very powerful supervisory signal for semantic feature learning. Specifically, the image features learned from this task exhibit very good results when transferred on the visual tasks of object detection and semantic segmentation, surpassing prior unsupervised learning approaches and thus narrowing the gap with the supervised case.Finally, also in the direction of annotation efficient learning, we proposed a novel few-shot object recognition system that after training is capable to dynamically learn novel categories from only a few data (e.g., only one or five training examples) while it does not forget the categories on which it was trained on. In order to implement the proposed recognition system we introduced two technical novelties, an attention based few-shot classification weight generator, and implementing the classifier of the ConvNet based recognition model as a cosine similarity function between feature representations and classification vectors. We demonstrate that the proposed approach achieved state-of-the-art results on relevant few-shot benchmarks.
Author: S Poonkuntran Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 1000686795 Category : Computers Languages : en Pages : 345
Book Description
Object Detection with Deep Learning Models discusses recent advances in object detection and recognition using deep learning methods, which have achieved great success in the field of computer vision and image processing. It provides a systematic and methodical overview of the latest developments in deep learning theory and its applications to computer vision, illustrating them using key topics, including object detection, face analysis, 3D object recognition, and image retrieval. The book offers a rich blend of theory and practice. It is suitable for students, researchers and practitioners interested in deep learning, computer vision and beyond and can also be used as a reference book. The comprehensive comparison of various deep-learning applications helps readers with a basic understanding of machine learning and calculus grasp the theories and inspires applications in other computer vision tasks. Features: A structured overview of deep learning in object detection A diversified collection of applications of object detection using deep neural networks Emphasize agriculture and remote sensing domains Exclusive discussion on moving object detection
Author: Miao Sun (Engineer) Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 120
Book Description
Significant advancement of research on image classification and object detection has been achieved in the past decade. Deep convolutional neural networks have exhibited superior performance in many visual recognition tasks including image classification, object detection, and scene labeling, due to their large learning capacity and resistance to overfit. However, learning a robust deep CNN model for object recognition is still quite challenging because image classification and object detection is a severely unbalanced large-scale problem. In this dissertation, we aim at improving the performance of image classification and object detection algorithms by taking advantage of deep convolutional neural networks by utilizing the following strategies: We introduce Deep Neural Pattern, a local feature densely extracted from an image with arbitrary resolution using a well trained deep convolutional neural network. We propose a latent CNN framework, which will automatically select the most discriminate region in the image to reduce the effect of irrelevant regions. We also develop a new combination scheme for multiple CNNs via Latent Model Ensemble to overcome the local minima problem of CNNs. In addition, a weakly supervised CNN framework, referred to as Multiple Instance Learning Convolutional Neural Networks is developed to alleviate strict label requirements. Finally, a novel residual-network architecture, Residual networks of Residual networks, is constructed to improve the optimization ability of very deep convolutional neural networks. All the proposed algorithms are validated by thorough experiments and have shown solid accuracy on large scale object detection and recognition benchmarks.
Author: Zeeshan Hayder
Author: Zeeshan Hayder
Author: Wei Xiang (Ph.D.)
Author: Pedro Henrique Oliveira Pinheiro
Author: Fayao Liu
Author: Xiaogang Wang
Author: Vittorio Ferrari
Author: Xiaogang Wang
Author: Spyridon Gidaris
Author: S Poonkuntran
Author: Miao Sun (Engineer)