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Author: E.J. Kirk Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 9401156182 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 143
Book Description
Until the late 1970s, most commercial power plant operators outside the United States adopted a spent fuel management policy of immediate reprocessing and recycling of recovered products. In response to rising reprocessing prices, decreasing values of re covered products, concerns over proliferation risks, and a belief in the favorable eco nomics of direct disposal, many utilities have since opted to store spent fuel on an in terim basis pending the availability of direct disposal facilities or a change in the eco nomic and/or political climate for reprocessing and recycling uranium and plutonium. Spent fuel has traditionally been stored in water-filled pools located in the reactor building or fuel handling buildings, on reactor sites, or as part of large centralized fa cilities (e.g. Sellafield, La Hague, CLAB). Because the economics of pool storage are dependent on the size of the facility, the construction of additional separate pools on reactor sites has only been pursued in a few countries, such as Finland and Bulgaria.
Author: E.J. Kirk Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 9401156182 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 143
Book Description
Until the late 1970s, most commercial power plant operators outside the United States adopted a spent fuel management policy of immediate reprocessing and recycling of recovered products. In response to rising reprocessing prices, decreasing values of re covered products, concerns over proliferation risks, and a belief in the favorable eco nomics of direct disposal, many utilities have since opted to store spent fuel on an in terim basis pending the availability of direct disposal facilities or a change in the eco nomic and/or political climate for reprocessing and recycling uranium and plutonium. Spent fuel has traditionally been stored in water-filled pools located in the reactor building or fuel handling buildings, on reactor sites, or as part of large centralized fa cilities (e.g. Sellafield, La Hague, CLAB). Because the economics of pool storage are dependent on the size of the facility, the construction of additional separate pools on reactor sites has only been pursued in a few countries, such as Finland and Bulgaria.
Author: Charles Krupnick Publisher: McFarland ISBN: 0786450444 Category : Social Science Languages : en Pages : 273
Book Description
With the end of the Cold War, Russia's submarines were no longer needed to deter or fight Western navies and were very expensive to operate and maintain. Older submarines were taken out of service in large numbers, but without firm plans and infrastructure in place to remove and adequately care for their nuclear components, problems soon developed over the disposition of spent fuel assemblies. Problems arose also of course between Russia and the international community as to the best way to respond to the challenge. This book looks at those problems, first discussing Russia's economy, its environment, and the Russian Navy, and then covering in detail the spent fuel of Russian submarines and related nuclear problems. The engagement of the international community on the issue is then addressed. A theoretical analysis is offered on how Russia's fellow nations can help remedy a troubling environmental problem in a difficult country.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
This report documents the current state of nuclear submarines and facilities involved in the dismantlement of nuclear submarines in the Russian Northern Fleet. in the first section of the report, all nuclear-powered units and installations involved in the process of nuclear submarine utilization in the northwest region of Russia are listed and considered in detail. The units and installations that were studied include: decommissioned nuclear submarines to be dismantled and salvages, maintenance support vessels, coastal servicing enterprises, and coastal sites. The second section of the report deals with the state of the environment within territories and water areas located close to nuclear-powered units and installations involved in nuclear submarine utilization processes in the northwest region of Russia. The third section considers the issues of creating the concept of environmental (ecological) monitoring within the northwest region. In the fourth section of the report, an analysis of standard and legal frame works for nuclear submarine utilization is given.
Author: Sanoma Lee Kellogg Publisher: Amer Assn for the Advancement of ISBN: 9780871686060 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 221
Author: Donald A. Pruefer Publisher: ISBN: Category : Nuclear submarines Languages : en Pages : 138
Book Description
After the Soviet Union's collapse, the newly independent nations that emerged from its wreckage were immediately confronted by a myriad of environmental problems, and continue to be plagued by them nearly a decade later. In a microcosm of the shortsighted planning, reckless development and lack of ecological concern that epitomized the Soviet era, 70 decommissioned nuclear submarines are currently moored in ports along the Kola Peninsula. Obsolete, damaged, or banned by strategic arms reductions treaties, they have been largely abandoned after being stripped of their offensive armament. Manned by skeleton crews, these toothless sharks hold within their poorly maintained hulls a total of nearly 30 times the amount of nuclear fuel that was in Chernobyl Reactor Number Four when it exploded in 1986. Reporters and ecologists (from Russia and elsewhere) have made a connection between that disaster and one they see unfolding in Russia's northwest, depicting the submarines as "floating Chernobyl" and "a Chernobyl in slow motion." This illustrates the irony of shifting perceptions in NATO countries about how these submarines threaten them. In their Cold War glory, these vessels were meticulously watched in the West. The threat they represented was defined in terms of the throw weights of the nuclear warheads they carried aboard. A decade after the Soviet implosion, these submarines are largely ignored. The threat they now pose is measured in metric tons of the spent fuel and radioactive waste carried within their decaying hulls.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 350
Book Description
This report documents the current state of nuclear submarines and facilities involved in the dismantlement of nuclear submarines in the Russian Northern Fleet. in the first section of the report, all nuclear-powered units and installations involved in the process of nuclear submarine utilization in the northwest region of Russia are listed and considered in detail. The units and installations that were studied include: decommissioned nuclear submarines to be dismantled and salvages, maintenance support vessels, coastal servicing enterprises, and coastal sites. The second section of the report deals with the state of the environment within territories and water areas located close to nuclear-powered units and installations involved in nuclear submarine utilization processes in the northwest region of Russia. The third section considers the issues of creating the concept of environmental (ecological) monitoring within the northwest region. In the fourth section of the report, an analysis of standard and legal frame works for nuclear submarine utilization is given.
Author: Ashot A. Sarkisov Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 9780792355977 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 460
Book Description
A great number of nuclear submarines are due to be decommissioned before 2000. The political decisions surrounding the disposal of nuclear compartments, radioactive wastes and spent fuel differ appreciably between the countries that own the boats. The decision makers involved thus need help in comparing and assessing alternative options for the decommissioning of their nuclear submarine fleets. The present volume offers such assistance, with its discussions of the risks associated with long-term water storage of the boats, radioactive and chemical contamination, spent fuel and waste management, and handling and recycling reactor compartments.
Author: Ashot A. Sarkisov Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 9401002096 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 385
Book Description
The Russian NATO Advanced Research Workshop on "Scientific Problems and Unresolved Issues Remaining in the Decommissioning of Nuclear Powered Vessels and in the Environmental Remediation ofTheir Supporting Infrastructure," was held in Moscow, Russia at the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences on April 22-24, 2002. This was the third in this series of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) sponsored workshops in Moscow on nuclear vessel decommissioning. The first one was in June 1995 and served to focus international attention on the problems of nuclear vessel decommissioning in Russia and elsewhere. The second one was in November 1997 and it focused on the risks associated with nuclear vessel decommissioning. Attendance at the current workshop was approximately 100 with participants form Russia, United States, Norway, France, Denmark, Germany, Japan, Korea, NATO, and the European Union. The Workshop was sponsored and funded by the Security-Related Civil Science and Technology Program of the Scientific and Environmental Affairs Division ofNATO. Within Russia, the Workshop was sponsored and supported by the Russian Academy of Sciences, Minatom of Russia, Rossudostroenie, Ministry of Industry and Science of Russia, and the Russian Navy. Within the U.S., the Workshop was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy. The sponsorship and support of all of the above organizations are gratefully acknowledged.
Author: E.J. Kirk
Author: E.J. Kirk
Author: Charles Krupnick
Author: 
Author: Sanoma Lee Kellogg
Author: Donald A. Pruefer
Author: 
Author: United States. Government Accountability Office
Author: Ashot A. Sarkisov
Author: L. G. Lesage
Author: Ashot A. Sarkisov