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Author: Manfred E. Mielke Publisher: Forgotten Books ISBN: 9780428519254 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 36
Book Description
Excerpt from Decline and Mortality of Red Spruce in West Virginia Both anthropogenic and natural causes have been implicated in the recent decline of red spruce; however, to date no clear cause and effect relationship has been established. Although documentation of actual amounts of deposition of anthropogenic substances in the eastern United States is sparse, indications are that the mountains of West Virginia receive, on a weighted average, inputs of sulphur dioxide, nitrous oxides, acid precipitation and ozone that are among the highest in the eastern United States (husar Therefore, if red Spruce or other forest trees are injured by any of these substances, injury should be evident in West Virginia. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Author: Manfred E. Mielke Publisher: Forgotten Books ISBN: 9780428519254 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 36
Book Description
Excerpt from Decline and Mortality of Red Spruce in West Virginia Both anthropogenic and natural causes have been implicated in the recent decline of red spruce; however, to date no clear cause and effect relationship has been established. Although documentation of actual amounts of deposition of anthropogenic substances in the eastern United States is sparse, indications are that the mountains of West Virginia receive, on a weighted average, inputs of sulphur dioxide, nitrous oxides, acid precipitation and ozone that are among the highest in the eastern United States (husar Therefore, if red Spruce or other forest trees are injured by any of these substances, injury should be evident in West Virginia. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Author: Mary B. Adams Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 1461229065 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 427
Book Description
In the early 1980s there were several published reports of recent, unexplained increases in mortality of red spruce in the Adirondack Mountains and the northern Appalachian Mountains of the eastern United States. These reports coincided with documentation of reductions in radial growth of several species of pine in the southeastern United States, and with the severe, rapid, and widespread decline of Norway spruce, silver fir, and some hardwoods in central Europe. In all of these instances, atmospheric deposition was hypothesized as the cause of the decline. (Throughout this volume, we use the term "decline" to refer to a loosely synchronized regional-scale deterioration of tree health which is brought about by a combination of stress factors. These may be biotic or abiotic in nature, and the combinations may differ from site to site. ) Heated public debate about the causes and possible cures for these forest declines ensued. Through the course of this debate, it became clear that information about forest health and air pollution effects on forests was inadequate to meet policymakers' needs. Ecology and Decline of Red Spruce in the Eastern United States addresses that gap for eastern spruce fir forests and represents the culmination of a great deal of research conducted in recent years. The focus is on red spruce because the decline of red spruce was both dramatic and inexplicable and because of the great amount of information gathered on red spruce.
Author: Christopher Eagar Publisher: ISBN: 9781461229070 Category : Languages : en Pages : 436
Book Description
This book focuses on the recent decline of red spruce and the role of acid rain and associated air pollutants in this decline. The purpose of the book is to summarize a large body of recent research on this important environmental issue. The book is divided into 3 sections: Section I summarizes the features of spruce-fir forests in the Eastern U.S. and examines the ecology of the forests, their soils, and the atmospheric conditions experienced by these forests. Section II looks at experimental results from many air pollution studies and evaluates mechanisms of air pollution effects on red spruce trees. Section III synthesizes the current state of knowledge regarding the widespread red spruce decline in forests of the eastern United States.
Author: Louis S. Murphy Publisher: Forgotten Books ISBN: 9780364490778 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 120
Book Description
Excerpt from The Red Spruce, Its Growth and Management Spruce is One Of the most important Woods in the Eastern United States. It grows On large areas in pure or nearly pure stands, is distributed over many Of the Northern States, and extends into the Southern Appalachians at the higher altitudes. It is used more than any other Wood in the manufacture Of paper, and supplies a large amount Of lumber and other material. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Author: Brynne Lazarus Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 140
Book Description
Red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) winter injury is caused by freezing damage that results in late winter reddening and early summer abscission of the most recent foliar age class. Abundant winter injury to the current-year (2002) foliage of red spruce became apparent in the northeastern United States in late winter, 2003. To assess the severity and extent of this damage, we measured foliar winter injury at 28 locations in Vermont and adjacent states and bud mortality at a subset of these sites. Ninety percent of all trees assessed showed some winter injury, and trees lost an average of 46% of a current-year foliage. An average of 32% of buds formed in 2002 were killed in association with winter injury. Both foliar and bud mortality increased with elevation and with crown dominance, and bud mortality increased with greater foliar injury. Foliar injury in 2003 at a plantation near Colebrook, NH, was more than five times typical levels for nine previous years of measurement and more than twice that measured for another high-injury year. Plantation data also indicated that bud mortality in 2003 was greater than previously documented and that repeated winter injury was associated with increased tree mortality. Comparisons of our data with past studies for two native spruce sites also indicated that damage in 2003 was greater than other recently reported high-injury years. Because heavy foliar and bud losses can severely disrupt the carbon economies of trees, the 2003 winter injury event could lead to further spruce decline and mortality, particularly among dominant trees at higher elevations. Understanding the spatial patterns of this injury across the landscape may help support or refute hypotheses regarding causation and highlight areas most at risk for spruce decline and mortality. Relationships between winter injury on dominant and codominant trees and plot elevation, latitude, longitude, slope, and aspect were investigated. Least squares regression showed that injury was greater on west-facing than east-facing plots, was more severe in the western part of the study region, and increased with elevation. Many third and fourth order interactions among the measured variables were also significant using this approach, suggesting the presence of complex spatial relationships. Geographically weighted regression (GWR) was used to examine these relationships. This technique was designed to detect spatial nonstationarity (the variation of parameters over space), and to help distinguish effects that are global in scale from those that show localized patterns. The combined analyses detected the following set of spatial patterns: injury increased with elevation; injury increased from east to west across the study region; injury was greatest on steep slopes at high elevations and on shallower slopes at lower elevations; injury increased with degree to which plots faced west, except at the highest elevations, where injury was uniformly severe; and injury increased with degree to which plots faced south, except at the highest elevations in the northern part of the study region, where injury was uniformly severe. Because injury was greater in areas that historically received greater hydrogen ion inputs -- the western part of the study area, on west-facing slopes, and at higher elevations -- the observed pattern of injury supports the hypothesis that acidic deposition acts on a landscape scale to exacerbate winter injury to red spruce.
Author: Manfred E. Mielke
Author: Manfred E. Mielke
Author: 
Author: Mary B. Adams
Author: Christopher Eagar
Author: Melvyn J. Weiss
Author: J. W. Hornbeck
Author: Louis S. Murphy
Author: Ernest George Stern
Author: Susan Marie Cox
Author: Brynne Lazarus