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Author: Praveen Kumar Pilly Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 310
Book Description
Abstract: How does the brain make perceptual decisions? Speed and accuracy of saccadic decisions regarding motion direction depend on the inherent ambiguity in the motion stimulus, and correlate with the temporal dynamics of firing rates in parietal and frontal cortical neurons of macaque monkeys. Some scientists claim that perception and decision-making can be described using Bayesian inference, which estimates the optimal interpretation of the stimulus given priors and likelihoods. However, such general statistical concepts do not propose brain mechanisms that enable perception and make decisions. Other neural models simulate some aspects of such data, but do not clarify important computations that need to occur between the motion stimulus and the saccadic response. The thesis develops the MOtion DEcision (MODE) model, which models interactions within and between Retina/LGN and cortical areas V1, MT, MST and LIP, gated by the basal ganglia, to provide a functional and mechanistic understanding of motion-based decision-making behavior in response to the experimental motion stimuli. Quantitative model simulations demonstrate how motion capture circuits in areas MT and MST gradually solve the informational aperture problem, while interacting with a noisy recurrent competitive field in LIP whose self-normalizing choice properties make probabilistic directional decisions in real time, without an appeal to Bayesian inference. In order to further elucidate how directional grouping occurs in the brain and test some predictions of the MODE model, the thesis carries out two psychophysical studies that examine the ability of human subjects to estimate the direction of random dot motion stimuli under various parametric conditions. Main findings are that estimation accuracies are tuned to the spatial displacement between consecutive signal dot flashes, and not to speed, that this tuning function broadens with a peak shift towards larger spatial displacements as aperture size is increased, and that lowering contrast induces a rightward peak shift such that less contrast counterintuitively improves direction estimation of stimuli involving smaller spatial displacements. These results are interpreted as behavioral correlates of pertinent neurophysiological data from area MT. The thesis finally discusses potential MODE model extensions in the light of these new psychophysical data.
Author: Praveen Kumar Pilly Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 310
Book Description
Abstract: How does the brain make perceptual decisions? Speed and accuracy of saccadic decisions regarding motion direction depend on the inherent ambiguity in the motion stimulus, and correlate with the temporal dynamics of firing rates in parietal and frontal cortical neurons of macaque monkeys. Some scientists claim that perception and decision-making can be described using Bayesian inference, which estimates the optimal interpretation of the stimulus given priors and likelihoods. However, such general statistical concepts do not propose brain mechanisms that enable perception and make decisions. Other neural models simulate some aspects of such data, but do not clarify important computations that need to occur between the motion stimulus and the saccadic response. The thesis develops the MOtion DEcision (MODE) model, which models interactions within and between Retina/LGN and cortical areas V1, MT, MST and LIP, gated by the basal ganglia, to provide a functional and mechanistic understanding of motion-based decision-making behavior in response to the experimental motion stimuli. Quantitative model simulations demonstrate how motion capture circuits in areas MT and MST gradually solve the informational aperture problem, while interacting with a noisy recurrent competitive field in LIP whose self-normalizing choice properties make probabilistic directional decisions in real time, without an appeal to Bayesian inference. In order to further elucidate how directional grouping occurs in the brain and test some predictions of the MODE model, the thesis carries out two psychophysical studies that examine the ability of human subjects to estimate the direction of random dot motion stimuli under various parametric conditions. Main findings are that estimation accuracies are tuned to the spatial displacement between consecutive signal dot flashes, and not to speed, that this tuning function broadens with a peak shift towards larger spatial displacements as aperture size is increased, and that lowering contrast induces a rightward peak shift such that less contrast counterintuitively improves direction estimation of stimuli involving smaller spatial displacements. These results are interpreted as behavioral correlates of pertinent neurophysiological data from area MT. The thesis finally discusses potential MODE model extensions in the light of these new psychophysical data.
Author: Wulfram Gerstner Publisher: Cambridge University Press ISBN: 1107060834 Category : Computers Languages : en Pages : 591
Book Description
This solid introduction uses the principles of physics and the tools of mathematics to approach fundamental questions of neuroscience.
Author: Michael Beyeler Publisher: ISBN: 9781339830193 Category : Languages : en Pages : 212
Book Description
Animals use vision to traverse novel cluttered environments with apparent ease. Evidence suggests that the mammalian brain integrates visual motion cues across a number of remote but interconnected brain regions that make up a visual motion pathway. Although much is known about the neural circuitry that is concerned with motion perception in the Primary Visual Cortex (V1) and the Middle Temporal area (MT), little is known about how relevant perceptual variables might be represented in higher-order areas of the motion pathway, and how neural activity in these areas might relate to the behavioral dynamics of locomotion.The main goal of this dissertation is to investigate the computational principles that the mammalian brain might be using to organize low-level motion signals into distributed representations of perceptual variables, and how neural activity in the motion pathway might mediate behavior in reactive navigation tasks. I first investigated how the aperture problem, a fundamental conceptual challenge encountered by all low-level motion systems, can be solved in a spiking neural network model of V1 and MT (consisting of 153,216 neurons and 40 million synapses), relying solely on dynamics and properties gleaned from known electrophysiological and neuroanatomical evidence, and how this neural activity might influence perceptual decision-making. Second, when used with a physical robot performing a reactive navigation task in the real world, I found that the model produced behavioral trajectories that closely matched human psychophysics data. Essential to the success of these studies were software implementations that could execute in real time, which are freely and openly available to the community. Third, using ideas from the efficient-coding and free-energy principles, I demonstrated that a variety of response properties of neurons in the dorsal sub-region of the Medial Superior Temporal area (MSTd) area could be derived from MT-like input features. This finding suggests that response properties such as 3D translation and rotation selectivity, complex motion perception, and heading selectivity might simply be a by-product of MSTd neurons performing dimensionality reduction on their inputs. The hope is that these studies will not only further our understanding of how the brain works, but also lead to novel algorithms and brain-inspired robots capable of outperforming current artificial systems.
Author: D. Vickers Publisher: Academic Press ISBN: 1483266281 Category : Psychology Languages : en Pages : 415
Book Description
Decision Processes in Visual Perception explores the relationships between the organization of a complex visual pattern by the perception system and the molecular activity involved in the discrimination of differences in magnitude or intensity between two stimulus elements. The text discusses the basic principles of discrimination, identification, and self-regulation of the perception system; demonstrates how adaptive decision modules emerge from multiple constraints; shows how combinations of simple decisions lead to complex judgmental tasks; and synthesizes traditional approaches to perception in order to clarify the crucial and pervasive role of these modules in the overall activity of perceptual organization. Psychologists, neuroscientists, molecular biologists, and physiologists will find the book invaluable.
Author: Antonio R. Damasio Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 3642799280 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 215
Book Description
Neuroscience has paid only little attention to decision-making for many years. Although no field of science has cohered around this topic, a variety of researchers in different areas of neuroscience ranging from cellular physiology to neuropsychology and computational neuroscience have been engaged in working on this issue. Thus, the time seemed to be ripe to bring these researchers together and discuss the state of the art of the neurobiology of decision-making in a broad forum. This book is a collection of contributions presented at that forum in Paris in October 1994 organized by the Fondation IPSEN.
Author: Jean-Claude Dreher Publisher: Academic Press ISBN: 0080923488 Category : Psychology Languages : en Pages : 527
Book Description
This book addresses a fundamental question about the nature of behavior: how does the brain process reward and makes decisions when facing multiple options? The book presents the most recent and compelling lesion, neuroimaging, electrophysiological and computational studies, in combination with hormonal and genetic studies, which have led to a clearer understanding of neural mechanisms behind reward and decision making. The neural bases of reward and decision making processes are of great interest to scientists because of the fundamental role of reward in a number of behavioral processes (such as motivation, learning and cognition) and because of their theoretical and clinical implications for understanding dysfunctions of the dopaminergic system in several neurological and psychiatric disorders (schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, drug addiction, pathological gambling, ...) Comprehensive coverage of approaches to studying reward and decision making, including primate neurophysiology and brain imaging studies in healthy humans and in various disorders, genetic and hormonal influences on the reward system and computational models. Covers clinical implications of process dysfunction (e.g., schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, eating disorders, drug addiction, pathological gambling) Uses multiple levels of analysis, from molecular mechanisms to neural systems dynamics and computational models. " This is a very interesting and authoritative handbook by some of the most outstanding investigators in the field of reward and decision making ", Professor Edmund T. Rolls, Oxford Center for Computational Neuroscience, UK
Author: Guillaume S. Masson Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 1441907815 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 362
Book Description
Motion processing is an essential piece of the complex brain machinery that allows us to reconstruct the 3D layout of objects in the environment, to break camouflage, to perform scene segmentation, to estimate the ego movement, and to control our action. Although motion perception and its neural basis have been a topic of intensive research and modeling the last two decades, recent experimental evidences have stressed the dynamical aspects of motion integration and segmentation. This book presents the most recent approaches that have changed our view of biological motion processing. These new experimental evidences call for new models emphasizing the collective dynamics of large population of neurons rather than the properties of separate individual filters. Chapters will stress how the dynamics of motion processing can be used as a general approach to understand the brain dynamics itself.
Author: Praveen Kumar Pilly
Author: Praveen Kumar Pilly
Author: Stephen Grossberg
Author: Wulfram Gerstner
Author: Michael Beyeler
Author: D. Vickers
Author: Antonio R. Damasio
Author: Jean-Claude Dreher
Author: Rik Warren
Author: Guillaume S. Masson
Author: Alexis Bozorg Grayeli