Author: Giuseppe Micieli
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030512762
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 631
Book Description
This book adopts a novel approach: procedures: instead of discussing the diagnostic categories of neurological syndromes, it focuses on the symptoms of common neurological presentations (especially in the emergency room or on the ward), and the diagnostic hypotheses that can be validated or rejected case by case as a result. Each chapter covers one of the main symptoms of emergencies in neurology – from transient consciousness disturbances to focal deficits, acute muscular disorders, respiratory insufficiency in neurological disorders, headaches, delirium, seizures and epileptic status, para-and tetraplegia, and head trauma, to acute functional disorders – and includes tables and figures to allow readers to gain a quick and easy, yet comprehensive overview of the topic. The book guides readers through various scenarios generated by the onset of symptoms, the clinical tools for differential diagnostics, and the principles of acute and post-acute phase therapy, managed by decision algorithms supported by the most recent scientific evidence. The resulting precedural profile – created through the collaboration of over 80 specialists in neurology or other disciplines – makes this text a valuable tool for neurologists, neurology residents and allied professionals in their daily clinical practice, as well as medical students.
Decision Algorithms for Emergency Neurology
Author: Giuseppe Micieli
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030512762
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 631
Book Description
This book adopts a novel approach: procedures: instead of discussing the diagnostic categories of neurological syndromes, it focuses on the symptoms of common neurological presentations (especially in the emergency room or on the ward), and the diagnostic hypotheses that can be validated or rejected case by case as a result. Each chapter covers one of the main symptoms of emergencies in neurology – from transient consciousness disturbances to focal deficits, acute muscular disorders, respiratory insufficiency in neurological disorders, headaches, delirium, seizures and epileptic status, para-and tetraplegia, and head trauma, to acute functional disorders – and includes tables and figures to allow readers to gain a quick and easy, yet comprehensive overview of the topic. The book guides readers through various scenarios generated by the onset of symptoms, the clinical tools for differential diagnostics, and the principles of acute and post-acute phase therapy, managed by decision algorithms supported by the most recent scientific evidence. The resulting precedural profile – created through the collaboration of over 80 specialists in neurology or other disciplines – makes this text a valuable tool for neurologists, neurology residents and allied professionals in their daily clinical practice, as well as medical students.
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030512762
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 631
Book Description
This book adopts a novel approach: procedures: instead of discussing the diagnostic categories of neurological syndromes, it focuses on the symptoms of common neurological presentations (especially in the emergency room or on the ward), and the diagnostic hypotheses that can be validated or rejected case by case as a result. Each chapter covers one of the main symptoms of emergencies in neurology – from transient consciousness disturbances to focal deficits, acute muscular disorders, respiratory insufficiency in neurological disorders, headaches, delirium, seizures and epileptic status, para-and tetraplegia, and head trauma, to acute functional disorders – and includes tables and figures to allow readers to gain a quick and easy, yet comprehensive overview of the topic. The book guides readers through various scenarios generated by the onset of symptoms, the clinical tools for differential diagnostics, and the principles of acute and post-acute phase therapy, managed by decision algorithms supported by the most recent scientific evidence. The resulting precedural profile – created through the collaboration of over 80 specialists in neurology or other disciplines – makes this text a valuable tool for neurologists, neurology residents and allied professionals in their daily clinical practice, as well as medical students.
Catastrophic Neurologic Disorders in the Emergency Department
Author: Mayo Medical School Eelco F. M. Wijdicks M.D. Professor of Neurology
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN: 0198037791
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 345
Book Description
This unique text takes a comprehensive approach to the care of patients with neurologic catastrophes immediately after their entry into the emergency department. Wijdicks discusses clinical evaluations, triage, and emergency procedures in detail, and covers many other topics. For this thoroughly updated second edition, he has added eight new chapters, seven of which appear in an entirely new first section on the evaluation of presenting symptoms indicating urgency. The conversational titles of these chapters echo common requests for urgent consultation (e.g. "short of breath," "can't walk or stand," "confused and febrile"). A special feature of this section is the use of algorithms and decision trees in triage - to help the physician make a very fast and yet informed decision. The remaining two sections of the book cover the evaluation and management of evolving catastrophes in the neuraxis and catastrophic neurologic disorders due to specific causes. There is a final new chapter on forensic neurology. This practical handbook will continue to be an invaluable guide for neurologists, neurosurgeons, neuroradiologists, emergency physicians, and their residents and fellows. The third volume in the author's trilogy on critical care neurology, it combines the images of a neuroradiology text with the practical advice of an emergency neurology manual without compromising academic rigor.
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN: 0198037791
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 345
Book Description
This unique text takes a comprehensive approach to the care of patients with neurologic catastrophes immediately after their entry into the emergency department. Wijdicks discusses clinical evaluations, triage, and emergency procedures in detail, and covers many other topics. For this thoroughly updated second edition, he has added eight new chapters, seven of which appear in an entirely new first section on the evaluation of presenting symptoms indicating urgency. The conversational titles of these chapters echo common requests for urgent consultation (e.g. "short of breath," "can't walk or stand," "confused and febrile"). A special feature of this section is the use of algorithms and decision trees in triage - to help the physician make a very fast and yet informed decision. The remaining two sections of the book cover the evaluation and management of evolving catastrophes in the neuraxis and catastrophic neurologic disorders due to specific causes. There is a final new chapter on forensic neurology. This practical handbook will continue to be an invaluable guide for neurologists, neurosurgeons, neuroradiologists, emergency physicians, and their residents and fellows. The third volume in the author's trilogy on critical care neurology, it combines the images of a neuroradiology text with the practical advice of an emergency neurology manual without compromising academic rigor.
Decision-Making in Adult Neurology , E-Book
Author: Brett Cucchiara
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 0323733689
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 483
Book Description
Written by neurologists for neurologists, Decision-Making in Adult Neurology provides practical guidance when encountering patients whose clinical presentation is unfamiliar or complex, or whose treatment path is not completely certain. This useful handbook is filled with diagnostic and treatment algorithms that encourage you to think systematically and follow a logical sequence through the steps necessary for efficient and effective decision-making. - Outlines the key decision points in patient management, providing a wealth of systematic information that ensures you take into account the proper physical signs and test results that will guide your recommendations. - Contains 119 algorithms covering symptoms and signs, specific neurologic conditions, vascular disorders, seizures, head trauma, neoplastic disease, peripheral nervous disorders, and muscle disease. - Accompanies each algorithm with brief text that explains the significance of important decision points. - Provides step-by-step decision-making guidelines for testing and management of paraneoplastic diseases, choice of initial MS therapy, evaluation of incidentally discovered MRI white matter lesions, management of asymptomatic carotid stenosis, and much more.
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 0323733689
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 483
Book Description
Written by neurologists for neurologists, Decision-Making in Adult Neurology provides practical guidance when encountering patients whose clinical presentation is unfamiliar or complex, or whose treatment path is not completely certain. This useful handbook is filled with diagnostic and treatment algorithms that encourage you to think systematically and follow a logical sequence through the steps necessary for efficient and effective decision-making. - Outlines the key decision points in patient management, providing a wealth of systematic information that ensures you take into account the proper physical signs and test results that will guide your recommendations. - Contains 119 algorithms covering symptoms and signs, specific neurologic conditions, vascular disorders, seizures, head trauma, neoplastic disease, peripheral nervous disorders, and muscle disease. - Accompanies each algorithm with brief text that explains the significance of important decision points. - Provides step-by-step decision-making guidelines for testing and management of paraneoplastic diseases, choice of initial MS therapy, evaluation of incidentally discovered MRI white matter lesions, management of asymptomatic carotid stenosis, and much more.
Neuro-Geriatrics
Author: Babak Tousi
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319564846
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 417
Book Description
This manual takes a multidisciplinary approach to neurological disorders in the elderly. Comprehensive and practical, it includes the most recent diagnostic criteria and immediately accessible visual care paths including the latest pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic interventions. Covering a range of modalities, from the importance and impact of each disease to diagnostic criteria, genetics, laboratory and imaging findings, treatment and care paths, this book focuses on neurological conditions that occur commonly in older persons or which have a striking effect on their lives. The common types of dementias, Parkinson’s disease and related disorders, rapidly progressive diseases, seizure disorders and multiple sclerosis are covered. Issues commonly affecting this population, such as neurobehavioral symptoms and caregiver issues, are discussed. Neuro-Geriatrics: A Clinical Manual is aimed at any physician who treats the elderly with neurological disorders: neurologists, geriatricians and geriatric psychiatrists, both specialists and general practitioners.
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319564846
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 417
Book Description
This manual takes a multidisciplinary approach to neurological disorders in the elderly. Comprehensive and practical, it includes the most recent diagnostic criteria and immediately accessible visual care paths including the latest pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic interventions. Covering a range of modalities, from the importance and impact of each disease to diagnostic criteria, genetics, laboratory and imaging findings, treatment and care paths, this book focuses on neurological conditions that occur commonly in older persons or which have a striking effect on their lives. The common types of dementias, Parkinson’s disease and related disorders, rapidly progressive diseases, seizure disorders and multiple sclerosis are covered. Issues commonly affecting this population, such as neurobehavioral symptoms and caregiver issues, are discussed. Neuro-Geriatrics: A Clinical Manual is aimed at any physician who treats the elderly with neurological disorders: neurologists, geriatricians and geriatric psychiatrists, both specialists and general practitioners.
Pocket Neurology
Author: M. Brandon Westover
Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
ISBN: 1496348311
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 605
Book Description
Written by residents for residents, Pocket Neurology, 2nd Edition is your go-to resource for essential neurologic information in a high-yield, easy-to-use format. Concise and well organized, it provides must-know information on hospital- and clinic-based neurologic workup, diagnosis, and management. The second edition of this pocket-sized bestseller delivers highly relevant adult neurologic coverage in an easily portable source. Find what you need quickly and easily with concise text, numerous tables, and bulleted lists throughout. Progress logically from neurologic signs and symptoms to differential diagnosis, workup and diagnosis, assessment of risks and benefits of available treatments, to treatment and prognosis. Focus on the most important, highly relevant facts thanks to a, streamlined presentation that allows for more algorithms, tables, diagrams, and images. Stay up to date in every area of neurology with significantly revised chapters on stroke, epilepsy, dementia, and MS, and more drug dosing information regarding inpatient care. Consult this high-yield handbook by clinical presentation, such as coma, stroke, headaches, and seizures, or by special topic, such as neuroimaging, behavioral neurology, and sleep medicine. Learn from neurology residents and beginning neurology fellows in collaboration with attending neurologists at the Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Children’s Hospital Boston, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center.
Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
ISBN: 1496348311
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 605
Book Description
Written by residents for residents, Pocket Neurology, 2nd Edition is your go-to resource for essential neurologic information in a high-yield, easy-to-use format. Concise and well organized, it provides must-know information on hospital- and clinic-based neurologic workup, diagnosis, and management. The second edition of this pocket-sized bestseller delivers highly relevant adult neurologic coverage in an easily portable source. Find what you need quickly and easily with concise text, numerous tables, and bulleted lists throughout. Progress logically from neurologic signs and symptoms to differential diagnosis, workup and diagnosis, assessment of risks and benefits of available treatments, to treatment and prognosis. Focus on the most important, highly relevant facts thanks to a, streamlined presentation that allows for more algorithms, tables, diagrams, and images. Stay up to date in every area of neurology with significantly revised chapters on stroke, epilepsy, dementia, and MS, and more drug dosing information regarding inpatient care. Consult this high-yield handbook by clinical presentation, such as coma, stroke, headaches, and seizures, or by special topic, such as neuroimaging, behavioral neurology, and sleep medicine. Learn from neurology residents and beginning neurology fellows in collaboration with attending neurologists at the Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Children’s Hospital Boston, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center.
The Code Stroke Handbook
Author: Andrew Micieli
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0128205237
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 240
Book Description
A 65-year-old patient arrives at the Emergency Department with stroke symptoms that began 45 minutes ago. You are called STAT!Acute stroke management has changed dramatically in recent years. Tremendous advances have been made in acute treatments, diagnostic neuroimaging, and organized systems of care, and are enabling better outcomes for patients. Stroke has evolved from a largely untreatable condition in the acute phase to a true medical emergency that is potentially treatable—and sometimes curable. The Code Stroke emergency response refers to a coordinated team-based approach to stroke patient care that requires rapid and accurate assessment, diagnosis, and treatment in an effort to save the brain and minimize permanent damage.The Code Stroke Handbook contains the "essentials" of acute stroke to help clinicians provide best practice patient care. Designed to assist frontline physicians, nurses, paramedics, and medical learners at different levels of training, this book highlights clinical pearls and pitfalls, guideline recommendations, and other high-yield information not readily available in standard textbooks. It is filled with practical tips to prepare you for the next stroke emergency and reduce the anxiety you may feel when the Code Stroke pager rings. - An easy-to-read, practical, clinical resource spread over 12 chapters covering the basics of code stroke consultations: history-taking, stroke mimics, neurological examination, acute stroke imaging (non-contrast CT/CT angiography/CT perfusion), and treatment (thrombolysis and endovascular therapy) - Includes clinical pearls and pitfalls, neuroanatomy diagrams, and stroke syndromes, presented in an easily digestible format and book size that is convenient to carry around for quick reference when on-call at the hospital - Provides foundational knowledge for medical students and residents before starting your neurology, emergency medicine, or internal medicine rotations
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0128205237
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 240
Book Description
A 65-year-old patient arrives at the Emergency Department with stroke symptoms that began 45 minutes ago. You are called STAT!Acute stroke management has changed dramatically in recent years. Tremendous advances have been made in acute treatments, diagnostic neuroimaging, and organized systems of care, and are enabling better outcomes for patients. Stroke has evolved from a largely untreatable condition in the acute phase to a true medical emergency that is potentially treatable—and sometimes curable. The Code Stroke emergency response refers to a coordinated team-based approach to stroke patient care that requires rapid and accurate assessment, diagnosis, and treatment in an effort to save the brain and minimize permanent damage.The Code Stroke Handbook contains the "essentials" of acute stroke to help clinicians provide best practice patient care. Designed to assist frontline physicians, nurses, paramedics, and medical learners at different levels of training, this book highlights clinical pearls and pitfalls, guideline recommendations, and other high-yield information not readily available in standard textbooks. It is filled with practical tips to prepare you for the next stroke emergency and reduce the anxiety you may feel when the Code Stroke pager rings. - An easy-to-read, practical, clinical resource spread over 12 chapters covering the basics of code stroke consultations: history-taking, stroke mimics, neurological examination, acute stroke imaging (non-contrast CT/CT angiography/CT perfusion), and treatment (thrombolysis and endovascular therapy) - Includes clinical pearls and pitfalls, neuroanatomy diagrams, and stroke syndromes, presented in an easily digestible format and book size that is convenient to carry around for quick reference when on-call at the hospital - Provides foundational knowledge for medical students and residents before starting your neurology, emergency medicine, or internal medicine rotations
Hemorrhagic Stroke
Author: Edoardo Boccardi
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319321307
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 186
Book Description
This book provides detailed practical guidance on the management of hemorrhagic stroke in the clinical settings encountered in daily practice. Real-life cases are used to depict a wide range of clinical scenarios and to highlight significant aspects of management of hemorrhagic stroke. In addition, diagnostic and therapeutic protocols are presented and helpful decision-making algorithms are provided that are specific to the different professionals involved in delivery of stroke care and to differing types of hospital facility. The coverage is completed by the inclusion of up-to-date scientific background information relevant to diagnosis and therapy. Throughout, the approach adopted is both practical and multidisciplinary. The book will be of value for all practitioners involved in the provision of stroke care, and also for medical students.
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319321307
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 186
Book Description
This book provides detailed practical guidance on the management of hemorrhagic stroke in the clinical settings encountered in daily practice. Real-life cases are used to depict a wide range of clinical scenarios and to highlight significant aspects of management of hemorrhagic stroke. In addition, diagnostic and therapeutic protocols are presented and helpful decision-making algorithms are provided that are specific to the different professionals involved in delivery of stroke care and to differing types of hospital facility. The coverage is completed by the inclusion of up-to-date scientific background information relevant to diagnosis and therapy. Throughout, the approach adopted is both practical and multidisciplinary. The book will be of value for all practitioners involved in the provision of stroke care, and also for medical students.
Berman's Pediatric Decision Making E-Book
Author: Lalit Bajaj
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 0323087027
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 814
Book Description
Berman's Pediatric Decision Making uses an algorithmic, structured approach to lead you to the right diagnosis and treatment every time. Drs. Lalit Baja, Simon Hambidge, Ann-Christine Nyquist, and Gwendolyn Kerby use evidence-based research and flow charts for each presenting complaint or specific disorder to provide quick access to the information you need for effective decision making. With updated drug tables and revised algorithms, this streamlined new edition makes it even easier for you to diagnose and manage common clinical problems from infancy through adolescence. - Rapidly access guidance on diagnosis and management from algorithms for each clinical disorder. - Treat the full range of diseases and disorders with comprehensive coverage of diagnosis, assessment of severity, and clinical management. Choose the best treatment for each case thanks to indications for surgical interventions as well as expensive diagnostic procedures - Access the fully searchable contents online at www.expertconsult.com. - Stay current on recent developments and make effective decisions for movement disorders, physical abuse in children, sexual abuse in children, eating disorders, ADHD, and other hot topics. - Find answers quickly and easily with a new table of contents organized into two sections—Presenting Complaints and Specific Disorders—that reduces the need to flip between chapters. - Tap into the diverse perspectives of expert authors from all over the country. - Get only the information you need in the streamlined new edition with shorter, more user-friendly flow diagrams and fewer specialized chapters.
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 0323087027
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 814
Book Description
Berman's Pediatric Decision Making uses an algorithmic, structured approach to lead you to the right diagnosis and treatment every time. Drs. Lalit Baja, Simon Hambidge, Ann-Christine Nyquist, and Gwendolyn Kerby use evidence-based research and flow charts for each presenting complaint or specific disorder to provide quick access to the information you need for effective decision making. With updated drug tables and revised algorithms, this streamlined new edition makes it even easier for you to diagnose and manage common clinical problems from infancy through adolescence. - Rapidly access guidance on diagnosis and management from algorithms for each clinical disorder. - Treat the full range of diseases and disorders with comprehensive coverage of diagnosis, assessment of severity, and clinical management. Choose the best treatment for each case thanks to indications for surgical interventions as well as expensive diagnostic procedures - Access the fully searchable contents online at www.expertconsult.com. - Stay current on recent developments and make effective decisions for movement disorders, physical abuse in children, sexual abuse in children, eating disorders, ADHD, and other hot topics. - Find answers quickly and easily with a new table of contents organized into two sections—Presenting Complaints and Specific Disorders—that reduces the need to flip between chapters. - Tap into the diverse perspectives of expert authors from all over the country. - Get only the information you need in the streamlined new edition with shorter, more user-friendly flow diagrams and fewer specialized chapters.
Decision Making in Medicine
Author: Stuart B. Mushlin
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 0323041078
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 754
Book Description
This popular reference facilitates diagnostic and therapeutic decision making for a wide range of common and often complex problems faced in outpatient and inpatient medicine. Comprehensive algorithmic decision trees guide you through more than 245 disorders organized by sign, symptom, problem, or laboratory abnormality. The brief text accompanying each algorithm explains the key steps of the decision making process, giving you the clear, clinical guidelines you need to successfully manage even your toughest cases. An algorithmic format makes it easy to apply the practical, decision-making approaches used by seasoned clinicians in daily practice. Comprehensive coverage of general and internal medicine helps you successfully diagnose and manage a full range of diseases and disorders related to women's health, emergency medicine, urology, behavioral medicine, pharmacology, and much more. A Table of Contents arranged by organ system helps you to quickly and easily zero in on the information you need. More than a dozen new topics focus on the key diseases and disorders encountered in daily practice. Fully updated decision trees guide you through the latest diagnostic and management guidelines.
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 0323041078
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 754
Book Description
This popular reference facilitates diagnostic and therapeutic decision making for a wide range of common and often complex problems faced in outpatient and inpatient medicine. Comprehensive algorithmic decision trees guide you through more than 245 disorders organized by sign, symptom, problem, or laboratory abnormality. The brief text accompanying each algorithm explains the key steps of the decision making process, giving you the clear, clinical guidelines you need to successfully manage even your toughest cases. An algorithmic format makes it easy to apply the practical, decision-making approaches used by seasoned clinicians in daily practice. Comprehensive coverage of general and internal medicine helps you successfully diagnose and manage a full range of diseases and disorders related to women's health, emergency medicine, urology, behavioral medicine, pharmacology, and much more. A Table of Contents arranged by organ system helps you to quickly and easily zero in on the information you need. More than a dozen new topics focus on the key diseases and disorders encountered in daily practice. Fully updated decision trees guide you through the latest diagnostic and management guidelines.
The Little Black Book of Neurology E-Book
Author: Osama O. Zaidat
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 032355072X
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 821
Book Description
Widely known and well-respected, The Little Black Book of Neurology has been a thorough yet portable reference in this complex field for more than 30 years, presenting definitions, classifications, and guidance on diagnosis and management for a wide range of neurological disorders. The 6th Edition offers updated and expanded coverage of neuropharmacology and neuroimaging – plus a new, more user-friendly, fast-access format that makes the book ideal for quick clinical consultation or as a refresher for the Boards. - Presents a comprehensive, yet concise, "all-in-one" introduction to neurology in a portable, alphabetical format – now newly structured to make reference faster and easier than ever. - Enables you to access critical guidance at a glance with new tables of differential diagnosis, patient evaluation, and treatment options. - Covers many new topics including significantly expanded sections on sleep, neuromuscular disorders, and critical care. - Includes four new appendices: Neurocritical Emergencies • Therapeutic Care • AAN Guideline Summaries • and Scales – highlighting evidence-based guidelines when available, enabling you to make more informed clinical judgments. - Offers updated and expanded coverage of neuropharmacology and neuroimaging.
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 032355072X
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 821
Book Description
Widely known and well-respected, The Little Black Book of Neurology has been a thorough yet portable reference in this complex field for more than 30 years, presenting definitions, classifications, and guidance on diagnosis and management for a wide range of neurological disorders. The 6th Edition offers updated and expanded coverage of neuropharmacology and neuroimaging – plus a new, more user-friendly, fast-access format that makes the book ideal for quick clinical consultation or as a refresher for the Boards. - Presents a comprehensive, yet concise, "all-in-one" introduction to neurology in a portable, alphabetical format – now newly structured to make reference faster and easier than ever. - Enables you to access critical guidance at a glance with new tables of differential diagnosis, patient evaluation, and treatment options. - Covers many new topics including significantly expanded sections on sleep, neuromuscular disorders, and critical care. - Includes four new appendices: Neurocritical Emergencies • Therapeutic Care • AAN Guideline Summaries • and Scales – highlighting evidence-based guidelines when available, enabling you to make more informed clinical judgments. - Offers updated and expanded coverage of neuropharmacology and neuroimaging.