Author: Mense, Evan G.
Publisher: IGI Global
ISBN: 1522531890
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 348
Book Description
The monitoring of data within educational institutions is essential to ensure the success of its students and faculty. By continually analyzing data, educational leaders can increase quality and productivity in their institutions. Data Leadership for K-12 Schools in a Time of Accountability explores techniques and processes of educational data analysis and its application in developing solutions and systems for instructional concerns and next-generation learning. Providing extensive research covering areas such as data-driven culture, student accountability, and data dissemination, this unique reference is essential for principals, administrators, practitioners, academicians, students, and educational consultants looking to maximize their institution’s performance.
Data Leadership for K-12 Schools in a Time of Accountability
Author: Mense, Evan G.
Publisher: IGI Global
ISBN: 1522531890
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 348
Book Description
The monitoring of data within educational institutions is essential to ensure the success of its students and faculty. By continually analyzing data, educational leaders can increase quality and productivity in their institutions. Data Leadership for K-12 Schools in a Time of Accountability explores techniques and processes of educational data analysis and its application in developing solutions and systems for instructional concerns and next-generation learning. Providing extensive research covering areas such as data-driven culture, student accountability, and data dissemination, this unique reference is essential for principals, administrators, practitioners, academicians, students, and educational consultants looking to maximize their institution’s performance.
Publisher: IGI Global
ISBN: 1522531890
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 348
Book Description
The monitoring of data within educational institutions is essential to ensure the success of its students and faculty. By continually analyzing data, educational leaders can increase quality and productivity in their institutions. Data Leadership for K-12 Schools in a Time of Accountability explores techniques and processes of educational data analysis and its application in developing solutions and systems for instructional concerns and next-generation learning. Providing extensive research covering areas such as data-driven culture, student accountability, and data dissemination, this unique reference is essential for principals, administrators, practitioners, academicians, students, and educational consultants looking to maximize their institution’s performance.
Data-Driven Leadership
Author: Amanda Datnow
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1118234081
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 111
Book Description
Tools and techniques from the trailblazers in data-based education reform Over a period of several years, Amanda Datnow and Vicki Park visited public schools with a reputation for being ahead of the pack in data-driven decision making. The results of this pioneering study reveal how education leaders can make data work for students and teachers, rather than against them. This book is an essential guide to meeting the challenges of high-stakes accountability, building performance-based schools, and improving student outcomes. By following the advice in this book, you’ll be able to transform data overload into a data-positive school culture. You’ll learn the difference between “data-driven leadership” and “data-informed leadership,” and how to use distributed leadership to inspire collaboration and guided analysis. Incorporating narrative reflections drawn from real educators and administrators, the authors refine their observations and interviews into practical conclusions that leaders can put to use immediately. This book empowers leaders to support inquiry, build trust in data-based initiatives, establish goals for evidence use, and provide educators with the skills they need to mobilize data for the good of all stakeholders. “Datnow and Park’s ideas are easily accessible and grounded in clear examples, and their seven ‘calls’ about what needs to be done nail the problem and the solutions. Use this book as your action guide and you’ll be rewarded with better results in student learning.” —Michael Fullan, professor emeritus, University of Toronto “Datnow and Park uncover, at last, what it means to use data to inform leadership. Documenting the four P’s (people, policies, practices, and patterns) in schools, we learn about the organization and dynamics of reform informed by data. A must read!” —Ann Lieberman, senior scholar, Stanford University
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1118234081
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 111
Book Description
Tools and techniques from the trailblazers in data-based education reform Over a period of several years, Amanda Datnow and Vicki Park visited public schools with a reputation for being ahead of the pack in data-driven decision making. The results of this pioneering study reveal how education leaders can make data work for students and teachers, rather than against them. This book is an essential guide to meeting the challenges of high-stakes accountability, building performance-based schools, and improving student outcomes. By following the advice in this book, you’ll be able to transform data overload into a data-positive school culture. You’ll learn the difference between “data-driven leadership” and “data-informed leadership,” and how to use distributed leadership to inspire collaboration and guided analysis. Incorporating narrative reflections drawn from real educators and administrators, the authors refine their observations and interviews into practical conclusions that leaders can put to use immediately. This book empowers leaders to support inquiry, build trust in data-based initiatives, establish goals for evidence use, and provide educators with the skills they need to mobilize data for the good of all stakeholders. “Datnow and Park’s ideas are easily accessible and grounded in clear examples, and their seven ‘calls’ about what needs to be done nail the problem and the solutions. Use this book as your action guide and you’ll be rewarded with better results in student learning.” —Michael Fullan, professor emeritus, University of Toronto “Datnow and Park uncover, at last, what it means to use data to inform leadership. Documenting the four P’s (people, policies, practices, and patterns) in schools, we learn about the organization and dynamics of reform informed by data. A must read!” —Ann Lieberman, senior scholar, Stanford University
Driven by Data
Author: Paul Bambrick-Santoyo
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 0470548746
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 336
Book Description
Offers a practical guide for improving schools dramatically that will enable all students from all backgrounds to achieve at high levels. Includes assessment forms, an index, and a DVD.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 0470548746
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 336
Book Description
Offers a practical guide for improving schools dramatically that will enable all students from all backgrounds to achieve at high levels. Includes assessment forms, an index, and a DVD.
A Conceptual Framework for SMART Applications in Higher Education: Emerging Research and Opportunities
Author: Connelly, James Orion
Publisher: IGI Global
ISBN: 1799815447
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 195
Book Description
With the rapid availability of information, it becomes essential to keep pace with this availability as well as process the information into knowledge that has real-world applications. Neuroscientific methods allow an approach to this problem based on the way that the human brain already operates. Over the centuries and through observation and trial and error, we already know a great deal about how we can teach and learn, but now we can verify this with scientific fact and discover previously unknown aspects of brain physiology. These observations of brain functioning have produced many learning theories, all of which have varying degrees of validity. These theories, in turn, give birth to theories and models of instructional design, which also have varying degrees of validity. A Conceptual Framework for SMART Applications in Higher Education: Emerging Research and Opportunities is a critical scholarly publication that explores how the brain acquires and processes information to turn information into knowledge and the role of SMART technology and how it combines and integrates visual and aural data to facilitate learning. The book also discusses ways to apply what is known about teaching to how the brain operates and how to incorporate instructional design models into the teaching and learning process. Highlighting various topics such as neurogenesis, smart technologies, and behaviorism, this book is essential for instructional designers, online instruction managers, teachers, academicians, administrators, researchers, knowledge managers, and students.
Publisher: IGI Global
ISBN: 1799815447
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 195
Book Description
With the rapid availability of information, it becomes essential to keep pace with this availability as well as process the information into knowledge that has real-world applications. Neuroscientific methods allow an approach to this problem based on the way that the human brain already operates. Over the centuries and through observation and trial and error, we already know a great deal about how we can teach and learn, but now we can verify this with scientific fact and discover previously unknown aspects of brain physiology. These observations of brain functioning have produced many learning theories, all of which have varying degrees of validity. These theories, in turn, give birth to theories and models of instructional design, which also have varying degrees of validity. A Conceptual Framework for SMART Applications in Higher Education: Emerging Research and Opportunities is a critical scholarly publication that explores how the brain acquires and processes information to turn information into knowledge and the role of SMART technology and how it combines and integrates visual and aural data to facilitate learning. The book also discusses ways to apply what is known about teaching to how the brain operates and how to incorporate instructional design models into the teaching and learning process. Highlighting various topics such as neurogenesis, smart technologies, and behaviorism, this book is essential for instructional designers, online instruction managers, teachers, academicians, administrators, researchers, knowledge managers, and students.
Testing, Teaching, and Learning
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309172861
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 136
Book Description
State education departments and school districts face an important challenge in implementing a new law that requires disadvantaged students to be held to the same standards as other students. The new requirements come from provisions of the 1994 reauthorization of Title I, the largest federal effort in precollegiate education, which provides aid to "level the field" for disadvantaged students. Testing, Teaching, and Learning is written to help states and school districts comply with the new law, offering guidance for designing and implementing assessment and accountability systems. This book examines standards-based education reform and reviews the research on student assessment, focusing on the needs of disadvantaged students covered by Title I. With examples of states and districts that have track records in new systems, the committee develops a practical "decision framework" for education officials. The book explores how best to design assessment and accountability systems that support high levels of student learning and to work toward continuous improvement. Testing, Teaching, and Learning will be an important tool for all involved in educating disadvantaged studentsâ€"state and local administrators and classroom teachers.
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309172861
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 136
Book Description
State education departments and school districts face an important challenge in implementing a new law that requires disadvantaged students to be held to the same standards as other students. The new requirements come from provisions of the 1994 reauthorization of Title I, the largest federal effort in precollegiate education, which provides aid to "level the field" for disadvantaged students. Testing, Teaching, and Learning is written to help states and school districts comply with the new law, offering guidance for designing and implementing assessment and accountability systems. This book examines standards-based education reform and reviews the research on student assessment, focusing on the needs of disadvantaged students covered by Title I. With examples of states and districts that have track records in new systems, the committee develops a practical "decision framework" for education officials. The book explores how best to design assessment and accountability systems that support high levels of student learning and to work toward continuous improvement. Testing, Teaching, and Learning will be an important tool for all involved in educating disadvantaged studentsâ€"state and local administrators and classroom teachers.
Data-driven Decision Making for Effective School Leadership
Author: Anthony G. Picciano
Publisher: Prentice Hall
ISBN:
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 260
Book Description
Brief ContentsPrefacePrologue Concepts and Foundations of Data-Driven Decision Making Introduction to Data-Driven Decision Making Planning and Developing Information Resources Hardware, Software, and People Educational Research Methods and Tools Teachers and Administrators as Researchers Basic Applications Student Data, Demographics, and Enrollments School and the Community Financial Management and Budgeting Supporting Teaching and Learning Supporting Teachers and Their Professional Development Technical Support Review of Statistical Routines Used in this Book Introduction to Spreadsheet Software Introduction to the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Database Management Terms and Sample Outline Internet Resources for Data-Driven Decision MakingGlossaryIndex Contents PrefacePrologue Concepts and Foundations of Data-Driven Decision Making Introduction to Data-Driven Decision Making Rationale for Adopting Data-Driven Decision Making Purpose of This Book Defining Data-Driven Decision Making An Old Idea: Knowledge Is Power Need for Planning The Systems Approach Organization of This Book SummaryReferences Planning and Developing Information Resources School Districts Take the Lead Defining Information Needs Database Management Systems Long-Term and Short-Term Data Resources SummaryCase StudyReferences Hardware, Software, and People A Brief Look at Infrastructure Hardware for Effective Data Management and Access Client-Server Architecture Software for Data Analysis Developing People Resources The Data Analyst SummaryCase StudyReferences Educational Research Methods and Tools The Scientific Method and Educational Research Educational Research Methods Ethnographic Research Historical Research Descriptive Research Correlational Research Causal Comparative Research Experimental Research Action Research Data Collection Tools Direct Observation Structured Interviews Document Analysis Surveys Test Instruments SummaryCase StudyReferences Teachers and Administrators as Researchers Learning Communities Action Research in Action Trial Testing a Peer Tutoring Program Multiple Intelligences in a Foreign Language Program Advancing to an Inclusion Program SummaryActivitiesReferences Basic Applications Student Data, Demographics, and Enrollments Student Data Enrollment Projections at the District Level Attendance Zones and Individual Schools Taking a Census Special Student Populations SummaryActivitiesReferences School and the Community Partnering with the Community: Broad-Based Surveys Anatomy of a Survey Who Will Participate in the Survey? What Data Will Be Collected? Data Analysis Is the Sample Representative of the High School Population? Do Students Have Access to the Internet? The Committee's Next Steps SummaryActivitiesReferences Financial Management and Budgeting Basic Terminology School District Budget School Budget The Canton Alternative School Budget Emergency SummaryActivitiesReferences Supporting Teaching and Learning States, Cities, Districts, Schools, Classes, Teachers, Students Improving Teaching and Learning Jefferson Middle School Developing a Plan Information Overload: A Caution SummaryActivitiesReferences Supporting Teachers and Their Professional Development Summative and Formative Evaluation Collecting Personnel Data Kingsland School District Case Study Keeping Track of Professional Development SummaryActivitiesReferences Technical Support Review of Statistical Routines Used in this Book Key Terms Descriptive Statistical Procedures Frequency Distributions Contingency Tables (Crosstabulations) Measures of Central Tendency Measures of Dispersion Measures of Relationship Correlational Coefficient Linear Regression Caution Introduction to Spreadsheet Software Overview and Key Terms Spreadsheet Structure Data Types and Data Manipulation Charts and Graphics Introduction to the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Overview The Data Editor Creating a Data Set Defining Variables Transforming Data Options Data Analysis Procedures and the Output Viewer Graphs and Charts Database Management Terms and Sample Outline Internet Resources for Data-Driven Decision MakingGlossaryIndex.
Publisher: Prentice Hall
ISBN:
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 260
Book Description
Brief ContentsPrefacePrologue Concepts and Foundations of Data-Driven Decision Making Introduction to Data-Driven Decision Making Planning and Developing Information Resources Hardware, Software, and People Educational Research Methods and Tools Teachers and Administrators as Researchers Basic Applications Student Data, Demographics, and Enrollments School and the Community Financial Management and Budgeting Supporting Teaching and Learning Supporting Teachers and Their Professional Development Technical Support Review of Statistical Routines Used in this Book Introduction to Spreadsheet Software Introduction to the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Database Management Terms and Sample Outline Internet Resources for Data-Driven Decision MakingGlossaryIndex Contents PrefacePrologue Concepts and Foundations of Data-Driven Decision Making Introduction to Data-Driven Decision Making Rationale for Adopting Data-Driven Decision Making Purpose of This Book Defining Data-Driven Decision Making An Old Idea: Knowledge Is Power Need for Planning The Systems Approach Organization of This Book SummaryReferences Planning and Developing Information Resources School Districts Take the Lead Defining Information Needs Database Management Systems Long-Term and Short-Term Data Resources SummaryCase StudyReferences Hardware, Software, and People A Brief Look at Infrastructure Hardware for Effective Data Management and Access Client-Server Architecture Software for Data Analysis Developing People Resources The Data Analyst SummaryCase StudyReferences Educational Research Methods and Tools The Scientific Method and Educational Research Educational Research Methods Ethnographic Research Historical Research Descriptive Research Correlational Research Causal Comparative Research Experimental Research Action Research Data Collection Tools Direct Observation Structured Interviews Document Analysis Surveys Test Instruments SummaryCase StudyReferences Teachers and Administrators as Researchers Learning Communities Action Research in Action Trial Testing a Peer Tutoring Program Multiple Intelligences in a Foreign Language Program Advancing to an Inclusion Program SummaryActivitiesReferences Basic Applications Student Data, Demographics, and Enrollments Student Data Enrollment Projections at the District Level Attendance Zones and Individual Schools Taking a Census Special Student Populations SummaryActivitiesReferences School and the Community Partnering with the Community: Broad-Based Surveys Anatomy of a Survey Who Will Participate in the Survey? What Data Will Be Collected? Data Analysis Is the Sample Representative of the High School Population? Do Students Have Access to the Internet? The Committee's Next Steps SummaryActivitiesReferences Financial Management and Budgeting Basic Terminology School District Budget School Budget The Canton Alternative School Budget Emergency SummaryActivitiesReferences Supporting Teaching and Learning States, Cities, Districts, Schools, Classes, Teachers, Students Improving Teaching and Learning Jefferson Middle School Developing a Plan Information Overload: A Caution SummaryActivitiesReferences Supporting Teachers and Their Professional Development Summative and Formative Evaluation Collecting Personnel Data Kingsland School District Case Study Keeping Track of Professional Development SummaryActivitiesReferences Technical Support Review of Statistical Routines Used in this Book Key Terms Descriptive Statistical Procedures Frequency Distributions Contingency Tables (Crosstabulations) Measures of Central Tendency Measures of Dispersion Measures of Relationship Correlational Coefficient Linear Regression Caution Introduction to Spreadsheet Software Overview and Key Terms Spreadsheet Structure Data Types and Data Manipulation Charts and Graphics Introduction to the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Overview The Data Editor Creating a Data Set Defining Variables Transforming Data Options Data Analysis Procedures and the Output Viewer Graphs and Charts Database Management Terms and Sample Outline Internet Resources for Data-Driven Decision MakingGlossaryIndex.
Leading and Managing Change for School Improvement
Author: Yildiz, Nadire Gülçin
Publisher: IGI Global
ISBN: 1799839419
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 303
Book Description
With the changing nature of education, school leaders and administrators must acknowledge the dynamic nature of schools so that they can effectively take up the challenge of leading their institutions. From ever-evolving safety policies to the implementation of new educational technologies, schools are being challenged to adapt to social issues, health crises, environmental factors, and more that make the successful operation of schools difficult. It is important for these leaders to incorporate modern ideas about the complex nature of schools to have a better understanding of these dynamic school environments. Leading and Managing Change for School Improvement provides a thorough understanding of the ways in which schools are continuously changing and what must be done so that educational leaders can effectively manage these changes. The book also assesses different environments within which schools are established, promotes positive school culture, and ascertains ways of making schools more effective. Covering topics such as professional development, school improvement, and school culture, this reference work is ideal for administrators, faculty, school leaders, researchers, scholars, academicians, practitioners, instructors, and students.
Publisher: IGI Global
ISBN: 1799839419
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 303
Book Description
With the changing nature of education, school leaders and administrators must acknowledge the dynamic nature of schools so that they can effectively take up the challenge of leading their institutions. From ever-evolving safety policies to the implementation of new educational technologies, schools are being challenged to adapt to social issues, health crises, environmental factors, and more that make the successful operation of schools difficult. It is important for these leaders to incorporate modern ideas about the complex nature of schools to have a better understanding of these dynamic school environments. Leading and Managing Change for School Improvement provides a thorough understanding of the ways in which schools are continuously changing and what must be done so that educational leaders can effectively manage these changes. The book also assesses different environments within which schools are established, promotes positive school culture, and ascertains ways of making schools more effective. Covering topics such as professional development, school improvement, and school culture, this reference work is ideal for administrators, faculty, school leaders, researchers, scholars, academicians, practitioners, instructors, and students.
Cases on Kyosei Practice in Music Education
Author: Gordon, Richard Keith
Publisher: IGI Global
ISBN: 1522580433
Category : Music
Languages : en
Pages : 327
Book Description
Music and arts education have a long-standing orientation of seeking a practice where everyone interacts and communicates in, and through artistic activities. However, an overspecialized and professionalized stance in arts education diminishes the spirit of playing music together, and leaves little room for creativity during teaching and learning activities. In order to gain a richer and deeper knowledge of music and the arts, interaction and the meaning of creative and humanely kyosei interactions between and among individuals, groups, and institutions must be emphasized. Cases on Kyosei Practice in Music Education is an essential reference source that discusses the meaning and significance of music making as a human and social practice, as well as reflecting creative inquiry into practical aspects of music and arts teaching. Featuring research on topics such as multicultural music, community music, and sociological perspectives, this book is ideally designed for P-12 educators, pre-service and in-service teachers, administrators, principles, music instructors, administrators, caregivers, and researchers.
Publisher: IGI Global
ISBN: 1522580433
Category : Music
Languages : en
Pages : 327
Book Description
Music and arts education have a long-standing orientation of seeking a practice where everyone interacts and communicates in, and through artistic activities. However, an overspecialized and professionalized stance in arts education diminishes the spirit of playing music together, and leaves little room for creativity during teaching and learning activities. In order to gain a richer and deeper knowledge of music and the arts, interaction and the meaning of creative and humanely kyosei interactions between and among individuals, groups, and institutions must be emphasized. Cases on Kyosei Practice in Music Education is an essential reference source that discusses the meaning and significance of music making as a human and social practice, as well as reflecting creative inquiry into practical aspects of music and arts teaching. Featuring research on topics such as multicultural music, community music, and sociological perspectives, this book is ideally designed for P-12 educators, pre-service and in-service teachers, administrators, principles, music instructors, administrators, caregivers, and researchers.
Cognitive Computing in Technology-Enhanced Learning
Author: Lytras, Miltiadis D.
Publisher: IGI Global
ISBN: 1522590323
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 373
Book Description
Various technologies and applications such as cognitive computing, artificial intelligence, and learning analytics have received increased attention in recent years. The growing demand behind their adoption and exploitation in different application contexts has captured the attention of learning technology specialists, computer engineers, and business researchers who are attempting to decipher the phenomenon of personalized e-learning, its relation to already conducted research, and its implications for new research opportunities that effect innovations in teaching. Cognitive Computing in Technology-Enhanced Learning is a critical resource publication that aims to demonstrate state-of-the-art approaches of advanced data mining systems in e-learning, such as MOOCs and other innovative technologies, to improve learning analytics, as well as to show how new and advanced user interaction designs, educational models, and adoptive strategies can expand sustainability in applied learning technologies. Highlighting a range of topics such as augmented reality, ethics, and online learning environments, this book is ideal for educators, instructional designers, higher education faculty, school administrators, academicians, researchers, and students.
Publisher: IGI Global
ISBN: 1522590323
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 373
Book Description
Various technologies and applications such as cognitive computing, artificial intelligence, and learning analytics have received increased attention in recent years. The growing demand behind their adoption and exploitation in different application contexts has captured the attention of learning technology specialists, computer engineers, and business researchers who are attempting to decipher the phenomenon of personalized e-learning, its relation to already conducted research, and its implications for new research opportunities that effect innovations in teaching. Cognitive Computing in Technology-Enhanced Learning is a critical resource publication that aims to demonstrate state-of-the-art approaches of advanced data mining systems in e-learning, such as MOOCs and other innovative technologies, to improve learning analytics, as well as to show how new and advanced user interaction designs, educational models, and adoptive strategies can expand sustainability in applied learning technologies. Highlighting a range of topics such as augmented reality, ethics, and online learning environments, this book is ideal for educators, instructional designers, higher education faculty, school administrators, academicians, researchers, and students.
Cases on Global Innovative Practices for Reforming Education
Author: Chakravarti, Sriya
Publisher: IGI Global
ISBN: 1799883124
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 293
Book Description
The contemporary education system is disrupted by the plethora of emerging technologies, the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, global financial woes, and the ever-present shifting of higher education structuration and needs. There is a necessity for a marker to capture this transition in order to teach future generations how to recover educational losses in crisis situations. Cases on Global Innovative Practices for Reforming Education broadens the perspective of global educators on innovative methodologies for ensuring the resilience of teaching and learning in the 21st century. Discussing teaching and learning cases from Africa, the Americas, Asia, Australia, and Europe, this research creates scholarship and documentation of various innovative practices in education, covering crisis contexts, green education, and education technologies. This book provides a valuable resource for educators, school administrators, K-university, educational researchers, educational software developers, textbook publishers, pre-service teachers, professors, academicians, organizations interested in funding educational initiatives, and national education policymakers.
Publisher: IGI Global
ISBN: 1799883124
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 293
Book Description
The contemporary education system is disrupted by the plethora of emerging technologies, the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, global financial woes, and the ever-present shifting of higher education structuration and needs. There is a necessity for a marker to capture this transition in order to teach future generations how to recover educational losses in crisis situations. Cases on Global Innovative Practices for Reforming Education broadens the perspective of global educators on innovative methodologies for ensuring the resilience of teaching and learning in the 21st century. Discussing teaching and learning cases from Africa, the Americas, Asia, Australia, and Europe, this research creates scholarship and documentation of various innovative practices in education, covering crisis contexts, green education, and education technologies. This book provides a valuable resource for educators, school administrators, K-university, educational researchers, educational software developers, textbook publishers, pre-service teachers, professors, academicians, organizations interested in funding educational initiatives, and national education policymakers.