Crossmodal Influences in Mouse Auditory Cortex During Passive Stimulation and an Audiovisual Behavior PDF Download

Author: Ryan James Morrill
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :

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To enable flexible behavior, the brain utilizes signals from across the sensory modalities, merging some streams while filtering out others in a context-dependent manner. These processes occur at many levels in the sensory hierarchy, but the cerebral cortex appears to play a prominent role in enabling dynamic use of crossmodal sensory information. This dissertation explores the interactions of auditory and visual sensory processing in the auditory cortex (ACtx) of the awake mouse using two experimental approaches. First, the influence of visual stimuli on neural firing in ACtx is investigated using multisite probes to sample activity across cortical layers. Visual stimuli elicit spiking responses in both primary and secondary ACtx. Through fluorescent dye electrode track tracing and optogenetic identification using layer-specific markers, these responses are revealed to be largely restricted to infragranular layers and particularly prominent in layer 6. Presentation of drifting visual gratings show that responses are not orientation-tuned, unlike visual cortex responses. The deepest cortical layers thus appear to be an important locus for crossmodal integration in ACtx. Second, to test the influence of modality-specific attention on ACtx stimulus processing, a novel audiovisual (AV) go/no-go rule-switching task for mice is presented. Translaminar ACtx extracellular recordings from mice performing the task show that attentional state modulates responses to AV stimuli. On average, single-unit firing rates (FRs) in deep and middle cortex are reduced during auditory attention in response to task-relevant stimuli, although a smaller population of units increases FRs. Pre-stimulus activity also decreases when behavior is guided by the auditory rule and appears to account for much of the change in stimulus-evoked activity. This general reduction in activity does not impair decoding with a PSTH-based pattern classifier, but instead increases mutual information encoding efficiency in the deep, putatively-excitatory neurons. Analysis of spectrotemporal receptive field (STRF) nonlinearities calculated from stimuli delivered between behavioral trials suggests that attending to sound increases the selectivity of neurons for STRF-defined sound features. These results suggest that modality-specific attention can act on ACtx in through rapid, context-dependent shifts in activity level as well as information processing.

Author: Pei-Ann Lin
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 91

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Sensory representations in the brain are constantly modulated by a variety of factors such as brain state and behavioral context. This dissertation seeks to build a deeper understanding of how our brains accurately represent the world around us by utilizing two-photon calcium imaging of awake mouse auditory cortex during passive listening and learning. I begin with an overview of the anatomical organization of primary auditory cortex (A1) projection neurons. By using spectrally-distinct retrograde tracers, I labeled projection populations from A1 to three functionally distinct brain regions: caudate putamen, inferior colliculus, and contralateral A1. By visualizing the distribution of and overlap between each tracer, I found that the spatial organization of these projection populations were markedly distinct, and labeled neurons rarely projected to more than one target region. These results suggest that A1 projections are organized in a manner that is conducive to target-relevant information transfer. Next, I functionally characterized projections from the lateral amygdala (LA), a structure implicated in emotion processing, to secondary auditory cortex (A2). I observed that discriminative auditory fear conditioning (DAFC) bidirectionally modulates the strength of A2 amygdalar axon responses to the aversive (CS+) and neutral (CS-) tones. Additionally DAFC-related plasticity was not sufficient for immediately driving expression of discriminative fear behavior, suggesting that LA serves as a primary site of discriminative fear memory. Follow-up experiments characterizing the effects of DAFC on local A2 neurons are necessary in order to fully appreciate the significance of these preliminary findings. Finally, I investigated whether arousal state modulates A1 sensory representations. Pyramidal cell response strength and reliability increased with arousal, resulting in broader frequency tuning and stronger signal correlations. Although this increase in tuning overlap, in isolation, would be detrimental to frequency discrimination, nonlinear classifier decoding accuracy improves with arousal. To reconcile this discrepancy, I delved deeper into the effects of arousal on population activity and found that noise correlations decrease for cells that show stronger signal correlations and increase for cells that show weaker signal correlations as arousal increases. This divergence in correlations has been shown both theoretically and experimentally to improve stimulus discrimination. Taken together, arousal strengthens A1 layer 2/3 tone-evoked responses and modulates inter-neuronal correlations in a nuanced manner that ultimately improves frequency discrimination.

Author: Sebastian Arturo Ceballo Charpentier
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0

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Through our senses, the brain receives an enormous amount of information. This information needs to be filtered in order to extract the most salient features to guide our behavior. How the brain actually generates different percepts and drives behavior, remain the two major questions in modern neuroscience. To answer these questions, novel neural engineering approaches are now employed to map, model and finally generate, artificial sensory perception with its learned or innate associated behavioral outcome. In this work, using a Go/noGo discrimination task combined with optogenetics to silence auditory cortex during ongoing behavior in mice, we have established the dispensable role of auditory cortex for simple frequency discriminations, but also its necessary role to solve a more challenging task. By the combination of different mapping techniques and light-sculpted optogenetics to activate precisely defined tonotopic fields in auditory cortex, we could elucidate the strategy that mice use to solve this hard task, revealing a delayed frequency discrimination mechanism. In parallel, observations about learning speed and sound-triggered activity in auditory cortex, led us to study their interactions and causally test the role of cortical recruitment in associative learning, revealing it as a possible neurophysiological correlate of saliency.

Author: Thomas Heinbockel
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN: 1839627964
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 176

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Book Description
‘Connectivity and Functional Specialization in the Brain’ is a topic that describes nerve cells in terms of their anatomical and functional connections. The term connectome refers to a comprehensive map of neural connections, like a wiring diagram of an organism’s nervous system. Connectomics, the study of connectomes, can be applied to individual neurons and their synaptic connections, as well as to connections between neuronal populations or to functional and structural connectivity of different brain regions. This book addresses neural connectivity at these various scales in health and disease. The chapters review novel findings related to neuroanatomy and cell biology, neurophysiology, neural plasticity, changes of connectivity in neurological disorders, and sensory system connectivity. The book provides the reader with an overview of the current state-of-the-art of research of neural connectivity and focuses on the most important evidence-based developments in this area. Individual chapters focus on recent advances in specific areas of neural connectivity and in different brain regions. All chapters represent recent contributions to the rapidly developing field of neural connectivity.

Author: Jeffery A. Winer
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1441900748
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 711

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Book Description
There has been substantial progress in understanding the contributions of the auditory forebrain to hearing, sound localization, communication, emotive behavior, and cognition. The Auditory Cortex covers the latest knowledge about the auditory forebrain, including the auditory cortex as well as the medial geniculate body in the thalamus. This book will cover all important aspects of the auditory forebrain organization and function, integrating the auditory thalamus and cortex into a smooth, coherent whole. Volume One covers basic auditory neuroscience. It complements The Auditory Cortex, Volume 2: Integrative Neuroscience, which takes a more applied/clinical perspective.

Author: Charles Spence
Publisher: Oxford University Press
ISBN: 9780198524861
Category : Philosophy
Languages : en
Pages : 348

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How does the human brain manage to integrate all the information coming from different sensory outputs? The first book by two of the leading stars in cognitive neuroscience, this book addresses one of the hottest topics in the field.

Author: Micah M. Murray
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1439812179
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 800

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Book Description
It has become accepted in the neuroscience community that perception and performance are quintessentially multisensory by nature. Using the full palette of modern brain imaging and neuroscience methods, The Neural Bases of Multisensory Processes details current understanding in the neural bases for these phenomena as studied across species, stages of development, and clinical statuses. Organized thematically into nine sub-sections, the book is a collection of contributions by leading scientists in the field. Chapters build generally from basic to applied, allowing readers to ascertain how fundamental science informs the clinical and applied sciences. Topics discussed include: Anatomy, essential for understanding the neural substrates of multisensory processing Neurophysiological bases and how multisensory stimuli can dramatically change the encoding processes for sensory information Combinatorial principles and modeling, focusing on efforts to gain a better mechanistic handle on multisensory operations and their network dynamics Development and plasticity Clinical manifestations and how perception and action are affected by altered sensory experience Attention and spatial representations The last sections of the book focus on naturalistic multisensory processes in three separate contexts: motion signals, multisensory contributions to the perception and generation of communication signals, and how the perception of flavor is generated. The text provides a solid introduction for newcomers and a strong overview of the current state of the field for experts.

Author: Valtteri Arstila
Publisher: MIT Press
ISBN: 026254475X
Category : Philosophy
Languages : en
Pages : 687

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Book Description
Interdisciplinary perspectives on the feature of conscious life that scaffolds every act of cognition: subjective time. Our awareness of time and temporal properties is a constant feature of conscious life. Subjective temporality structures and guides every aspect of behavior and cognition, distinguishing memory, perception, and anticipation. This milestone volume brings together research on temporality from leading scholars in philosophy, psychology, and neuroscience, defining a new field of interdisciplinary research. The book's thirty chapters include selections from classic texts by William James and Edmund Husserl and new essays setting them in historical context; contemporary philosophical accounts of lived time; and current empirical studies of psychological time. These last chapters, the larger part of the book, cover such topics as the basic psychophysics of psychological time, its neural foundations, its interaction with the body, and its distortion in illness and altered states of consciousness. Contributors Melissa J. Allman, Holly Andersen, Valtteri Arstila, Yan Bao, Dean V. Buonomano, Niko A. Busch, Barry Dainton, Sylvie Droit-Volet, Christine M. Falter, Thomas Fraps, Shaun Gallagher, Alex O. Holcombe, Edmund Husserl, William James, Piotr Jaśkowski, Jeremie Jozefowiez, Ryota Kanai, Allison N. Kurti, Dan Lloyd, Armando Machado, Matthew S. Matell, Warren H. Meck, James Mensch, Bruno Mölder, Catharine Montgomery, Konstantinos Moutoussis, Peter Naish, Valdas Noreika, Sukhvinder S. Obhi, Ruth Ogden, Alan o'Donoghue, Georgios Papadelis, Ian B. Phillips, Ernst Pöppel, John E. R. Staddon, Dale N. Swanton, Rufin VanRullen, Argiro Vatakis, Till M. Wagner, John Wearden, Marc Wittmann, Agnieszka Wykowska, Kielan Yarrow, Bin Yin, Dan Zahavi

Author: Gemma Calvert
Publisher: MIT Press
ISBN: 9780262033213
Category : Anatomy
Languages : en
Pages : 952

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Book Description
Research is suggesting that rather than our senses being independent, perception is fundamentally a multisensory experience. This handbook reviews the evidence and explores the theory of broad underlying principles that govern sensory interactions, regardless of the specific senses involved.

Author: William A. Yost
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 0387713042
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 337

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Book Description
Auditory Perception of Sound Sources covers higher-level auditory processes that are perceptual processes. The chapters describe how humans and other animals perceive the sounds that they receive from the many sound sources existing in the world. This book will provide an overview of areas of current research involved with understanding how sound-source determination processes operate. This book will focus on psychophysics and perception as well as being relevant to basic auditory research. Contents: Perceiving Sound Sources: An Overview William A. Yost Human Sound Source Identification Robert A. Lutfi Size Information in the Production and Perception of Communication Sounds Roy D. Patterson, David R. R. Smith, Ralph van Dinther, and Tom Walters The role of memory in auditory perception Laurent Demany, and Catherine Semal Auditory Attention and Filters Ervin R. Hafter, Anastasios Sarampalis, and Psyche Loui Informational masking Gerald Kidd Jr., Christine R. Mason, Virginia M. Richards, Frederick J. Gallun, and Nathaniel I. Durlach Effects of harmonicity and regularity on the perception of sound sources Robert P. Carlyon, and Hedwig E. Gockel Spatial Hearing and Perceiving Sources Christopher J. Darwin Envelope Processing and Sound-Source Perception Stanley Sheft Speech as a Sound Source Andrew J. Lotto, and Sarah C. Sullivan Sound Source Perception and Stream Segregation in Non-human Vertebrate Animals Richard R. Fay About the editors: William A. Yost, Ph.D., is Professor of Psychology, Adjunct Professor of Hearing Sciences of the Parmly Hearing Institute, and Adjunct Professor of Otolaryngology at Loyola University of Chicago. Arthur N. Popper is Professor in the Department of Biology and Co-Director of the Center for Comparative and Evolutionary Biology of Hearing at the University of Maryland, College Park. Richard R. Fay is Director of the Parmly Hearing Institute and Professor of Psychology at Loyola University of Chicago. About the series: The Springer Handbook of Auditory Research presents a series of synthetic reviews of fundamental topics dealing with auditory systems. Each volume is independent and authoritative; taken as a set, this series is the definitive resource in the field.