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Inequality, Crime, And Social Control

Author: George S Bridges
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 0429968361
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 330

Book Description
This book brings together the most recent advances in theory and research on the relationship between social inequality and the control of criminal behavior, exploring the ways in which social class, race, gender, and age shape societal and organizational responses to crime.

Inequality, Crime and Public Policy (Routledge Revivals)

Author: John Braithwaite
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1135094438
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 349

Book Description
First published in 1979, Inequality, Crime, and Public Policy integrates and interprets the vast corpus of existing research on social class, slums, and crime, and presents its own findings on these matters. It explores two major questions. First, do policies designed to redistribute wealth and power within capitalist societies have effects upon crime? Second, do policies created to overcome the residential segregation of social classes have effects on crime? The book provides a brilliantly comprehensive and systematic review of the empirical evidence to support or refute the classic theories of Engles, Bonger, Merton, Cloward and Ohlin, Cohen, Miller, Shaw and McKay, amongst many others. Braithwaite confronts these theories with evidence of the extent and nature of white collar crime, and a consideration of the way law enhancement and law enforcement might serve class interest.

Crime and Inequality

Author: Chris Grover
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1134732996
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 289

Book Description
This book examines key relationships between material circumstances and crime, and analyzes the areas of social policy – in particular social security and labour market policy – that are most important in terms of dealing with inequality at the lower end of the income hierarchy. It seeks to explain why inequality is linked to offending behaviour and the evidence underpinning explanations for this, and looks in detail at the relationship between offending and anti-social behaviour and its management through social policy interventions. Crime and Inequality draws upon both criminological and social policy approaches to understand this vital relationship, moving beyond criminological approaches which often fail to analyse the way the state attempts to manage poor material circumstance, offending and anti-social behaviour through social policy. The main aims of the book are threefold: to draw upon the disciplines of both criminology and social policy to understand the relationship between crime and inequality; to provide an in-depth analysis of those aspects of social policy that have a bearing on the context, management and punishment of offending behaviour; to examine government crime and anti-social behaviour policies in the context of social security and labour market policies, and to identify the tensions that have resulted from attempts to address social justice issues while also making individuals responsible for their actions.

Crime and Inequality

Author: John Hagan
Publisher: Stanford University Press
ISBN: 9780804724043
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 396

Book Description
These essays examine how and why inequality affects the patterning of crime and criminal justice. They evaluate the merits of various theoretical ideas, debates, and controversies regarding crime and inequality; document the dynamics of inequality in varied crime settings; examine methodologies used in exploring the crime-inequality relationship; and set forth new research and policy agendas for future work.

Crime and Inequality

Author:
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781773630441
Category : Crime
Languages : en
Pages : 256

Book Description
This book is intended to provide critical readings for criminology courses. The authors all see crime as both a social and a political process. That is, what comes to be defined as criminal, how society responds to crime and why individuals become entangled in the criminal justice system are often the result of individual and systemic social inequalities. That is crime and the CJS both produce and reproduce class, race and gender inequalities in society. The chapters in this book take up a number of empirical, theoretical and substantive issues in criminology and mostly focus on Canada. These include wrongful convictions (which are most likely to ensnare people who are on the margin of society), how the police and other representatives of the CJS operate within an institutional and cultural context that, by and large, sees racialized Canadians as most likely to be criminal, that youth crime is really a criminalization of young people who are poor and Indigenous, as well as connecting terrorism to the dynamics of neoliberal capitalism, among others.

Crime, Inequality and Power

Author: Eileen B. Leonard
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1317590201
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 394

Book Description
Crime, Inequality and Power challenges the dominant definitions of crime and the criminal through its uniquely comparative approach. In this book Eileen Leonard analyzes multiple forms of criminal behavior in the United States, including violence, sexual assault, theft, and drug law violations, whilst also asking readers to consider the parallels between crimes that are rarely thought comparable. Leonard’s juxtaposition of familiar street crimes, such as car theft, alongside large-scale corporate theft, vividly exposes profound inequalities in the way crime is defined, and the treatment it receives within the criminal justice system. Leonard’s analysis also reveals the underlying inequalities of race, class, and gender which enable the perpetuation of such crimes, as well as calling into question the reality of fundamental American ideals of fairness and equal justice. Moreover, the book questions whether current policies that punish street crime excessively while minimizing the crimes of the powerful, fail to keep the public safe. A broader consideration of crime, and the inequalities that underlie it, offers a fresh opportunity to rethink public policies and enduring issues of crime and criminal justice. Challenging the many persistent inequalities in the perception of and response to crime, this critique of American crime and punishment will be of interest to undergraduate and postgraduate students, as well as scholars, in the fields of criminology, sociology and law.

Divergent Social Worlds

Author: Ruth D. Peterson
Publisher: Russell Sage Foundation
ISBN: 1610446771
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 184

Book Description
More than half a century after the first Jim Crow laws were dismantled, the majority of urban neighborhoods in the United States remain segregated by race. The degree of social and economic advantage or disadvantage that each community experiences—particularly its crime rate—is most often a reflection of which group is in the majority. As Ruth Peterson and Lauren Krivo note in Divergent Social Worlds, "Race, place, and crime are still inextricably linked in the minds of the public." This book broadens the scope of single-city, black/white studies by using national data to compare local crime patterns in five racially distinct types of neighborhoods. Peterson and Krivo meticulously demonstrate how residential segregation creates and maintains inequality in neighborhood crime rates. Based on the authors' groundbreaking National Neighborhood Crime Study (NNCS), Divergent Social Worlds provides a more complete picture of the social conditions underlying neighborhood crime patterns than has ever before been drawn. The study includes economic, social, and local investment data for nearly nine thousand neighborhoods in eighty-seven cities, and the findings reveal a pattern across neighborhoods of racialized separation among unequal groups. Residential segregation reproduces existing privilege or disadvantage in neighborhoods—such as adequate or inadequate schools, political representation, and local business—increasing the potential for crime and instability in impoverished non-white areas yet providing few opportunities for residents to improve conditions or leave. And the numbers bear this out. Among urban residents, more than two-thirds of all whites, half of all African Americans, and one-third of Latinos live in segregated local neighborhoods. More than 90 percent of white neighborhoods have low poverty, but this is only true for one quarter of black, Latino, and minority areas. Of the five types of neighborhoods studied, African American communities experience violent crime on average at a rate five times that of their white counterparts, with violence rates for Latino, minority, and integrated neighborhoods falling between the two extremes. Divergent Social Worlds lays to rest the popular misconception that persistently high crime rates in impoverished, non-white neighborhoods are merely the result of individual pathologies or, worse, inherent group criminality. Yet Peterson and Krivo also show that the reality of crime inequality in urban neighborhoods is no less alarming. Separate, the book emphasizes, is inherently unequal. Divergent Social Worlds lays the groundwork for closing the gap—and for next steps among organizers, policymakers, and future researchers. A Volume in the American Sociological Association's Rose Series in Sociology

Punishment and Inequality in America

Author: Bruce Western
Publisher: Russell Sage Foundation
ISBN: 1610445554
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 264

Book Description
Over the last thirty years, the prison population in the United States has increased more than seven-fold to over two million people, including vastly disproportionate numbers of minorities and people with little education. For some racial and educational groups, incarceration has become a depressingly regular experience, and prison culture and influence pervade their communities. Almost 60 percent of black male high school drop-outs in their early thirties have spent time in prison. In Punishment and Inequality in America, sociologist Bruce Western explores the recent era of mass incarceration and the serious social and economic consequences it has wrought. Punishment and Inequality in America dispels many of the myths about the relationships among crime, imprisonment, and inequality. While many people support the increase in incarceration because of recent reductions in crime, Western shows that the decrease in crime rates in the 1990s was mostly fueled by growth in city police forces and the pacification of the drug trade. Getting "tough on crime" with longer sentences only explains about 10 percent of the fall in crime, but has come at a significant cost. Punishment and Inequality in America reveals a strong relationship between incarceration and severely dampened economic prospects for former inmates. Western finds that because of their involvement in the penal system, young black men hardly benefited from the economic boom of the 1990s. Those who spent time in prison had much lower wages and employment rates than did similar men without criminal records. The losses from mass incarceration spread to the social sphere as well, leaving one out of ten young black children with a father behind bars by the end of the 1990s, thereby helping perpetuate the damaging cycle of broken families, poverty, and crime. The recent explosion of imprisonment is exacting heavy costs on American society and exacerbating inequality. Whereas college or the military were once the formative institutions in young men's lives, prison has increasingly usurped that role in many communities. Punishment and Inequality in America profiles how the growth in incarceration came about and the toll it is taking on the social and economic fabric of many American communities.

Crime and Social Inequality

Author: Roderick Q. Neal
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781256472544
Category : Crime
Languages : en
Pages : 0

Book Description
Preface This book was prepared, with you, the student in mind. It is designed to help you understand and apply the theories, concepts, and terms related to criminal behavior, social inequality, juvenile delinquency, and the drug crime relationship. This book can be used as a stand-alone text for criminal behavior and juvenile delinquency. The book is also designed to accompany any books in criminology. It may also be used with any sociology text to enhance specific chapters on crime and deviance, social stratification, race and ethnicity, population, urbanization, and theory. The text will aide in giving a more thorough examination of those particular chapters. The text can be used as supplemental materials in other disciplines such as criminal justice, specifically juvenile justice and corrections. I would recommend this book to law makers, legal practitioners, law enforcement officers, correctional officers, and law enforcement training personnel. This text is an interdisciplinary approach, multi-directional and multifaceted. "The fields are changing daily, as new theories of causation are proposed; as novel forms of crime take their place alongside traditional ones; and as policymakers strive to embrace ever more effective crime control techniques in legislative debates, social programs, and innovative alternatives to incarceration, in addition to examining social policies. Further, this book will provide a historical and sociological perspective on the intersection of race, communities, and crime. The course will also examine the inequalities that exist in the criminal justice system, from policy to policing, arrest, sentencing, incarceration and the scope and significance of the disenfranchisement of the individuals that are affected. The course will also conceptualize the development of the black community its maintenance and structural conditions which have a significant impact on criminal behavior. This book will discuss the theoretical explanations of social inequality, with a focus on social class. The area upon which I placed more emphasis was the development of the underclass. The factors significantly related to poverty, the Broken Window Theory, and social disorganization will be linked to crime. In chapter 3, you will find a model which illustrates the theoretical views linking social class and crime. The main objective of the model is to enhance the readers understanding of the crime and social class relationship, specifically between the underclass and crime. * Crime and Social Inequality emphasizes the wide and interdisciplinary variety of academic perspectives that contribute to a thorough and well-informed understanding of the crime problem-hence the book''s subtitle. * Crime and Social Inequality is up-to-date. It addresses the latest problems and discusses innovative alternative perspectives within a well-grounded and traditional theoretical framework for incarceration. * Crime and Social Inequality contrasts contemporary issues of crime and social order with existing and proposed crime control policies, and recommendations. The culmination of my academic and professional experiences prepared me to write this book. Chapter one through three are a demonstration of my knowledge and expertise in crime and social inequality which was used as a satisfying preliminary examination for my Ph.D. Chapter four and five were produced as a result of my research interest. As a Judicial Officer for the West Virginia supreme court of appeals I was allowed to gain firsthand knowledge of law enforcement, judicial, and correctional applications and procedures. That was an extremely rewarding experience. Further I witnessed the strong drug crime relationship, the alarming recidivism rates, disproportionate incarceration rates of the poor and minorities. I was able to examine the inequalities from policy to policing, arrest, sentencing, incarceration and the scope and significance of the disenfranchisement of the individuals that are affected. As an expert witness in Federal Court, I produced sentencing memorandums on the behalf of the defendant. I would argue the inequality in sentencing and the ineffective results of rehabilitation which recidivism rates clearly demonstrate. Further, I explored long term sentences which produce psychological states such as institutionalization and prisonization. I also would argue against determinate sentencing, three strikes you''re out policies which should not be applicable for nonviolent offenders, mandatory minimum terms of imprisonment, the King Pin labels and career criminal labels and statues. Basically, I examined the sentencing disparities that exist.

Criminal and Social Justice

Author: Dee Cook
Publisher: Pine Forge Press
ISBN: 1446225585
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 221

Book Description
·· See Sample Chapters & Resources to download the Introduction to Criminal and Social Justice ·· `Dee Cook′s new book is important, innovative and invigorating. It brings together two spheres - criminal justice and social justice - which are usually, but as she persuades us, unjustifiably kept separate intellectually and in policy and practice. Dee Cook makes a powerful case for the inter-connectedness of penal policy and social policy, bringing together concepts from the two spheres such as social exclusion, citizenship, and human rights. Her innovative approach brings insightful theoretical analysis together with two extended case studies - differential treatment of tax fraud and benefit fraud, and the "third way" politics of New Labour. This book will make it much more difficult for students, policy-makers and criminal justice practitioners to ignore the social context in which penal policy evolves and is implemented′ - Professor Barbara Hudson, University of Central Lancashire `This is an accessible and lively critical account of the inter-relationship between social and criminal justice in New Labour Britain. It should engage students on a range of programmes, particularly social policy, criminology and sociology′ - Ruth Lister, Professor of Social Policy, Loughborough University `A cogent demonstration that criminal justice cannot be achieved in the absence of social justice. There is a blistering but thoroughly informed critique of New Labour′s failure to narrow this "justice gap". Let′s hope the carefully reasoned but impassioned arguments about how to get really tough on the causes of crime and injustice get the attention they deserve′ - Robert Reiner, Professor of Criminology, London School of Economics and Political Science Criminal and Social Justice provides an important insight into the relationship between social inequality, crime and criminalisation. In this accessible and innovative account, Dee Cook examines the nature of the relationship between criminal and social justice - both in theory and in practice. Current social, economic, political and cultural considerations are brought to bear, and contemporary examples are used throughout to help the student to consider this relationship. The book is essential reading for students and researchers in criminology, social policy, social work and sociology. It is also relevant to practitioners in statutory, voluntary and community sector organisations.