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Author: Benjamin Michael Fitzpatrick Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 171
Book Description
[Truncated abstract] The goal of this work was to investigate the finescale habitat associations and determine the effect of human impacts on coral reef fish assemblages. Initially I investigate how finescale spatial habitat variation influences the distribution and abundance of coral reef fishes. Significant variation in the reef fish assemblage was driven by variation in habitat. Consequently finescale habitat variation needs be accounted for in spatial or temporal surveys of coral fish assemblages. My second question investigated how protection from fishing influences the overall variation in coral reef fish assemblages, while my third question investigated how consistent the differences in protected fish assemblages are through time. Protection from fishing accounted for significantly more variation in fish assemblages than that explained by finescale habitat alone. This was driven by an average abundance and length of target species being higher inside sanctuaries and a response in non-target species indicating that there are some trophic interactions occurring between fishes. I found that both target and non-target species can be more abundant at protected reefscapes through time, consistent with the theory that protected areas can achieve recovery and lasting maintenance of fish assemblage structure relative to adjacent fished locations. I also investigated how fish assemblages within shallow coral reef habitats differ to those of adjacent continental shelf habitats to a depth of 100m. Cross-shelf sampling produced significant new knowledge on the depth and habitat specificity of many species previously only known from shallow coral reef environments. Many target species protected by shallow water protected areas are found as adults in unpotected shelf waters suggesting shallow water protected areas alone may not be effective for all species equally. Expanded depth distributions for many species revealed some refuge at depth from shallow water climate related impacts, though it is uncertain how this might contribute to persistence in populations at a local or regional scale. Many species are confined to one or a few shallow water habitats for their entire post recruitment lifehistory as opposed to others that can range across many. Fish assemblages associated with deeper water habitats are composed of higher order predators and high numbers of unique species, suggesting they will respond very differently to shallow waters when impacted by fisheries. Diversity and unique species associated with deep water habitats approached those found at shallow coral reef habitats. Habitat specialization changes dramatically from species to species and was not easily predicted. This research holds a number of key implications. Firstly the design of coral reef marine protected areas and associated monitoring programs should account for variation in benthic habitat. Fishing and other human impacts affect significantly different elements of coral reef fish assemblages depending upon the biological and physical parameters of the benthic habitat found. Marine protected areas should incorporate this habitat variability wherever practical, as discrete elements of trophic structure were significantly associated with different habitats...
Author: Benjamin Michael Fitzpatrick Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 171
Book Description
[Truncated abstract] The goal of this work was to investigate the finescale habitat associations and determine the effect of human impacts on coral reef fish assemblages. Initially I investigate how finescale spatial habitat variation influences the distribution and abundance of coral reef fishes. Significant variation in the reef fish assemblage was driven by variation in habitat. Consequently finescale habitat variation needs be accounted for in spatial or temporal surveys of coral fish assemblages. My second question investigated how protection from fishing influences the overall variation in coral reef fish assemblages, while my third question investigated how consistent the differences in protected fish assemblages are through time. Protection from fishing accounted for significantly more variation in fish assemblages than that explained by finescale habitat alone. This was driven by an average abundance and length of target species being higher inside sanctuaries and a response in non-target species indicating that there are some trophic interactions occurring between fishes. I found that both target and non-target species can be more abundant at protected reefscapes through time, consistent with the theory that protected areas can achieve recovery and lasting maintenance of fish assemblage structure relative to adjacent fished locations. I also investigated how fish assemblages within shallow coral reef habitats differ to those of adjacent continental shelf habitats to a depth of 100m. Cross-shelf sampling produced significant new knowledge on the depth and habitat specificity of many species previously only known from shallow coral reef environments. Many target species protected by shallow water protected areas are found as adults in unpotected shelf waters suggesting shallow water protected areas alone may not be effective for all species equally. Expanded depth distributions for many species revealed some refuge at depth from shallow water climate related impacts, though it is uncertain how this might contribute to persistence in populations at a local or regional scale. Many species are confined to one or a few shallow water habitats for their entire post recruitment lifehistory as opposed to others that can range across many. Fish assemblages associated with deeper water habitats are composed of higher order predators and high numbers of unique species, suggesting they will respond very differently to shallow waters when impacted by fisheries. Diversity and unique species associated with deep water habitats approached those found at shallow coral reef habitats. Habitat specialization changes dramatically from species to species and was not easily predicted. This research holds a number of key implications. Firstly the design of coral reef marine protected areas and associated monitoring programs should account for variation in benthic habitat. Fishing and other human impacts affect significantly different elements of coral reef fish assemblages depending upon the biological and physical parameters of the benthic habitat found. Marine protected areas should incorporate this habitat variability wherever practical, as discrete elements of trophic structure were significantly associated with different habitats...
Author: National Research Council Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309072867 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 289
Book Description
Although the ocean-and the resources within-seem limitless, there is clear evidence that human impacts such as overfishing, habitat destruction, and pollution disrupt marine ecosystems and threaten the long-term productivity of the seas. Declining yields in many fisheries and decay of treasured marine habitats, such as coral reefs, has heightened interest in establishing a comprehensive system of marine protected areas (MPAs)-areas designated for special protection to enhance the management of marine resources. Therefore, there is an urgent need to evaluate how MPAs can be employed in the United States and internationally as tools to support specific conservation needs of marine and coastal waters. Marine Protected Areas compares conventional management of marine resources with proposals to augment these management strategies with a system of protected areas. The volume argues that implementation of MPAs should be incremental and adaptive, through the design of areas not only to conserve resources, but also to help us learn how to manage marine species more effectively.
Author: Jamie M. Kilgo Publisher: ISBN: Category : Marine parks and reserves Languages : en Pages : 50
Book Description
As marine protected areas (MPAs) become an increasingly popular method to address global declines of coral reef ecosystems, understanding how to gauge no-take reserve effectiveness through both simple metrics and spatially quantitative methods is imperative for robust design and management. In order to be an effective fisheries management tool, it must be shown that MPAs do not simply displace fishing effort, but can actually increase the biomass or density of fish in adjacent fisheries. Net export of adult fish to surrounding waters, termed the spillover effect, is one way MPAs may function to replenish fish stocks. The ability to detect the spillover effect using simple metrics of abundance and biomass for five highly targeted species was tested for an MPA in the US Virgin Islands. Moreover, it is equally important for managers to understand linkages between reef fish biomass patterns and associated habitat at multiple scales. Habitat characteristics that influence distribution patterns of targeted reef fish can be explored through spatial statistics and spatial multivariate models. In this study, the specific aim was to further evaluate seascape and local site habitat metrics to find how spatial scales of habitat composition and configuration can be used together cohesively to understand reef fish distribution patterns. In addition, global and local spatial regression models were compared to determine if there is non-stationarity of ecological processes across management zones. Results of this study reinforce the complexities of fish-habitat interactions, which make detection of spillover difficult using simple metrics. However, using a combination of both multi-scale spatial habitat metrics and local regression methods can aid in MPA management and design.
Author: Carl Meyer Publisher: ISBN: Category : Coral reef conservation Languages : en Pages : 14
Book Description
"We need to understand the long-term movement patterns of coral reef fishes in order to design marine protected areas (MPAs) that will provide these animals with effective, long-term protection. We used acoustic telemetry to quantify the movements of parrotfishes, unicornfishes and goatfishes captured inside a Hawaiian MPA (Kealakekua Bay Marine Life Conservation District). We found that parrotfishes and unicornfishes were site-attached to Kealakekua Bay for up to 6 months but that detections of most fishes ceased abruptly within this period, possibly due to emigration. We detected emigration from the MPA by one orangespine unicornfish, which was characterized by increasingly wide-ranging behavior, and eventual departure from the MPA with final detections by a receiver located 2 km N of Kealakekua Bay. Bullethead parrotfishes and sleek uncornfishes that were site-attached to nighttime habitat inside the MPA made daily crepuscular migrations of 500 to 1,800 m between separate day & night habitats. This behavior resulted in bullethead parrotfish home ranges that straddled the NW MPA boundary, with parrotfish ranging up to 1 km outside the MPA boundary by day, and returning to the MPA at night. Natural daily flux of resident fishes back & forth across MPA boundaries may have been misinterpreted as density-dependent 'spillover' in previous mark recapture and visual census studies. Although both parrotfishes and unicornfishes were detected crossing the boundary at the NW end of Kealakekua Bay (which intersected contiguous reef habitat), only 3 sleek unicornfishes (N. hexacanthus) were detected crossing the habitat break at the eastern end of Kealakekua Bay, suggesting that this habitat break may function as a barrier to movements of some species. These results indicate that if the management goal is to retain fish inside MPAs, then MPA boundaries should be located at natural habitat breaks rather than intersecting contiguous habitat"--Summary.
Author: National Research Council Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 030917144X Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 288
Book Description
Although the ocean-and the resources within-seem limitless, there is clear evidence that human impacts such as overfishing, habitat destruction, and pollution disrupt marine ecosystems and threaten the long-term productivity of the seas. Declining yields in many fisheries and decay of treasured marine habitats, such as coral reefs, has heightened interest in establishing a comprehensive system of marine protected areas (MPAs)-areas designated for special protection to enhance the management of marine resources. Therefore, there is an urgent need to evaluate how MPAs can be employed in the United States and internationally as tools to support specific conservation needs of marine and coastal waters. Marine Protected Areas compares conventional management of marine resources with proposals to augment these management strategies with a system of protected areas. The volume argues that implementation of MPAs should be incremental and adaptive, through the design of areas not only to conserve resources, but also to help us learn how to manage marine species more effectively.
Author: Jeffrey C Carrier Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 1315317117 Category : Nature Languages : en Pages : 408
Book Description
Over the last decade, the study of shark biology has benefited from the development, refinement, and rapid expansion of novel techniques and advances in technology. These have given new insight into the fields of shark genetics, feeding, foraging, bioenergetics, imaging, age and growth, movement, migration, habitat preference, and habitat use. This pioneering book, written by experts in shark biology, examines technologies such as autonomous vehicle tracking, underwater video approaches, molecular genetics techniques, and accelerometry, among many others. Each detailed chapter offers new insights and promises for future studies of elasmobranch biology, provides an overview of appropriate uses of each technique, and can be readily extended to other aquatic fish and marine mammals and reptiles. Including chapter authors who were pioneers in developing some of the technologies discussed in the book, this book serves as the first single-source reference with in-depth coverage of techniques appropriate for the laboratory and field study of sharks, skates, and rays. It concludes with a unique section on Citizen Science and its application to studies of shark biology. This is a must-read for any marine biologist or scientist working in the field of shark biology, as well as marine biology students and graduates.
Author: Jonathan Turnbull Phinney Publisher: American Geophysical Union ISBN: 0875903592 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 251
Book Description
Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Coastal and Estuarine Studies, Volume 61. The effects of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide and related climate change on shallow coral reefs are gaining considerable attention for scientific and economic reasons worldwide. Although increased scientific research has improved our understanding of the response of coral reefs to climate change, we still lack key information that can help guide reef management. Research and monitoring of coral reef ecosystems over the past few decades have documented two major threats related to increasing concentrations of atmospheric CO2: (1) increased sea surface temperatures and (2) increased seawater acidity (lower pH). Higher atmospheric CO2 levels have resulted in rising sea surface temperatures and proven to be an acute threat to corals and other reef-dwelling organisms. Short periods (days) of elevated sea surface temperatures by as little as 1–2°C above the normal maximum temperature has led to more frequent and more widespread episodes of coral bleaching-the expulsion of symbiotic algae. A more chronic consequence of increasing atmospheric CO2 is the lowering of pH of surface waters, which affects the rate at which corals and other reef organisms secrete and build their calcium carbonate skeletons. Average pH of the surface ocean has already decreased by an estimated 0.1 unit since preindustrial times, and will continue to decline in concert with rising atmospheric CO2. These climate-related Stressors combined with other direct anthropogenic assaults, such as overfishing and pollution, weaken reef organisms and increase their susceptibility to disease.
Author: Peter F. Sale Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 0080925510 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 773
Book Description
This book provides a comprehensive and up-to-date review of the ecology of coral reef fishes presented by top researchers from North America and Australia. Immense strides have been made over the past twenty years in our understanding of ecological systems in general and of reef fish ecology in particular. Many of the methodologies that reef fish ecologists use in their studies will be useful to a wider audience of ecologists for the design of their ecological studies. Significant among the impacts of the research on reef fish ecology are the development of nonequilibrium models of community organization, more emphasis on the role of recruitment variability in structuring local assemblages, the development and testing of evolutionary models of social organization and reproductive biology, and new insights into predator-prey and plant-herbivore interactions.
Author: Peter F. Sale Publisher: Academic Press ISBN: 0126151857 Category : Nature Languages : en Pages : 567
Book Description
The Encyclopedia of Insects is a comprehensive work devoted to all aspects of insects, including their anatomy, physiology, evolution, behavior, reproduction, ecology, and disease, as well as issues of exploitation, conservation, and management. Articles provide definitive facts about all insects from aphids, beetles and butterflies to weevils and yellowjackets. Insects are beautiful and dreadful, ravenous pests and devastating disease vectors, resilient and resistant to eradication, and the source of great benefit and great loss for civilization. Important for ecosystem health, they have infl.
Author: Benjamin Michael Fitzpatrick
Author: Benjamin Michael Fitzpatrick
Author: National Research Council
Author: Jamie M. Kilgo
Author: Carl Meyer
Author: Clive R. Wilkinson
Author: National Research Council
Author: Jeffrey C Carrier
Author: Jonathan Turnbull Phinney
Author: Peter F. Sale
Author: Peter F. Sale