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Author: John J. Accordino Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing USA ISBN: 0313000816 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 224
Book Description
The end of the Cold War in 1989 gave rise to hopes for a new, more peaceful international system and for the redirection of military expenditures—over one-half of annual U.S. federal discretionary spending—toward education and health care, renewing the nation's infrastructure, environmental mitigation, and alternative energy sources. At the beginning of the 21st Century, U.S. military spending remains stuck at 85% of the Cold War average. Why? As Accordino explains, at the federal level, the Iron Triangle comprised of the Pentagon, defense contractors, and a conservative Congress maintained defense spending at Cold War levels, encouraging contractors to stay focused on defense. When some procurement cutbacks and base closures occurred, growth interests recruited lower-wage branch plants, sports, and entertainment facilities, rather than supporting the hard work of defense conversion that creates higher-paying jobs. Nevertheless, some defense contractors and community interests did embrace conversion, showing remarkable potential. Of particular interest to scholars and researchers involved with urban and regional planning, public administration and local politics, and regional economic development.
Author: John J. Accordino Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing USA ISBN: 0313000816 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 224
Book Description
The end of the Cold War in 1989 gave rise to hopes for a new, more peaceful international system and for the redirection of military expenditures—over one-half of annual U.S. federal discretionary spending—toward education and health care, renewing the nation's infrastructure, environmental mitigation, and alternative energy sources. At the beginning of the 21st Century, U.S. military spending remains stuck at 85% of the Cold War average. Why? As Accordino explains, at the federal level, the Iron Triangle comprised of the Pentagon, defense contractors, and a conservative Congress maintained defense spending at Cold War levels, encouraging contractors to stay focused on defense. When some procurement cutbacks and base closures occurred, growth interests recruited lower-wage branch plants, sports, and entertainment facilities, rather than supporting the hard work of defense conversion that creates higher-paying jobs. Nevertheless, some defense contractors and community interests did embrace conversion, showing remarkable potential. Of particular interest to scholars and researchers involved with urban and regional planning, public administration and local politics, and regional economic development.
Author: Lloyd J. Dumas Publisher: Routledge ISBN: 1315482312 Category : Political Science Languages : en Pages : 333
Book Description
This text discusses the economic, social and political implications of redirecting labour and capital from a military-based to a post-Cold War economy.
Author: Ann R. Markusen Publisher: Basic Books ISBN: 9780465016655 Category : Psychology Languages : en Pages : 340
Book Description
A comprehensive reassessment of the military-industrial complex. Based on extensive interviews with defence industry executives, Pentagon officials and community and union leaders, this book shows in detail how Cold War technologies have distorted and drained the economy.
Author: Betty G. Lall Publisher: Routledge ISBN: 042972280X Category : Political Science Languages : en Pages : 323
Book Description
This book shows how to make the smoothest possible transition to civilian use of newly released military resources, especially the physical and human resources that have been devoted to defense production and thereby help people make the required economic adjustment.
Author: Philip Gummett Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 9400917309 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 222
Book Description
Countries establish defence industries for various reasons. Chief among these are usually a concern with national security, and a desire to be as independent as possible in the supply of the armaments which they believe they need. But defence industries are different from most other industries. Their customer is governments. Their product is intended to safeguard the most vital interests of the state. The effectiveness of these products (in the real, rather than the experimental sense) is not normally tested at the time of purchase. If, or when, it is tested, many other factors (such as the quality of political and military leadership) enter into the equation, so complicating judgments about the quality of the armaments, and about the reliability of the promises made by the manufacturers. All of these features make the defence sector an unusually political industrial sector. This has been true in both the command economies of the former Soviet Union and its satellites, and in the market or mixed economies of the west. In both cases, to speak only a little over-generally, the defence sector has been particularly privileged and particularly protected from the usual economic vicissitudes. In both cases, too, its centrality to the perceived vital interests of the state has given it an unusual degree of political access and support.
Author: Michael P. Claudon Publisher: ISBN: 9780814714881 Category : Economic conversion Languages : en Pages : 133
Book Description
In December 1988, President Gorbachev announced at the United Nations that the Soviet Union would unilaterally cut 500,000 troops from its military forces and begin conversion of its military-industrial complex, which dominates its economy. Since that formal declaration four years ago, the breakup of the East Bloc and the Soviet Union has dramatically changed and improved East-West relations. But the initial optimism at the "end" of the Cold War has now been replaced with the realization that building new economic, political, and military relationships will test the good will, patience, and creativity of both sides. Nowhere are the issues thornier and the potential rewards greater than in defense conversion in Russia. The pervasiveness of their military-industrial complex dwarfs that of the United States: one of five workers is employed by the defense industry; defense enterprises are the sole employers in half their communities; many consumer goods are produced only by defense industries; 80 percent of all research and development was devoted to defense; arms sales in the 1980s mainly to Third World countries were Russia's largest source of hard currency. In short, defense budgets have bankrupted Russia and distorted investment and production for decades. Russia's fledgling free-market economic reforms cannot succeed without the conversion and privatization of much of this military-industrial complex. But to date, there has been little progress, and Russia's conversion programs are long on intent and short on specifics. After the Cold War - Russian-American Defense Conversion for Economic Renewal contains papers presented at the Geonomics Institute fall 1992 seminar on defense conversion and examines some of the questions and policy choices that both countries face in defense conversion and economic restructuring. Where, for example, will a destitute Russian government find the billions of dollars that conversion will require? A smaller, stable military-industrial complex and a vibrant market economy that provides new jobs producing consumer goods is clearly in the interest of the West. How, for example, can Western public and private institutions best assist Russia in creating a legal and business infrastructure conducive to the development of a market economy and foreign investment? In adopting the Bread Loaf Charter, seminar participants proposed a series of recommendations to promote U.S.-Russian cooperation and to accelerate conversion. After the Cold War makes clear that defense conversion in Russia will require strong domestic leadership but also cooperation, technical help, and especially leadership from the United States.
Author: Diane B. Kunz Publisher: ISBN: Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 440
Book Description
In this masterful history of Cold War economics, Diane Kunz shows how America created its own prosperity through always shrewd and sometimes manipulative foreign policy.
Author: John J. Accordino
Author: John J. Accordino
Author: Lloyd J. Dumas
Author: Ann R. Markusen
Author: Marie R. Jones
Author: Ann R. Markusen
Author: Michael Renner
Author: Betty G. Lall
Author: Philip Gummett
Author: Michael P. Claudon
Author: Diane B. Kunz