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Author: Virginia Selz Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Sea ice algae, primary producers inhabiting sea ice, are a vital food source for upper trophic levels in spring prior to the development of summer phytoplankton blooms. As ice algae melt out of the sea ice they are eaten by zooplankton, exported to the benthos, or hypothesized to remain in the water column and seed phytoplankton blooms. Over the last few decades, ice conditions have dramatically changed on regional scales in the Arctic and Antarctic. This dissertation work seeks to understand how these drastic environmental changes impact early spring primary producers. Even though ice algal measurements have increased in recent years, they are still relatively scarce given the hostile nature of polar regions. In this dissertation, I expand ice algal measurements in the Chukchi Sea pack ice and provide the first measurements of spring ice algae along the west Antarctic Peninsula, while advancing our understanding of the linkages between ice algal and phytoplankton communities in polar oceans using a combination of fieldwork and ecosystem modeling. In the Arctic, I characterized the biomass, physiology, and community composition of the spring ice algal bloom and identified drivers of bloom decline in the Chukchi Sea. Furthermore, I explored the ice algal seeding hypothesis using multivariate statistical analyses and growth model simulations constrained with paired ice and water column taxonomic composition and algal physiology field data (Chapter 1). To go beyond annual snapshots of ice algal communities, I applied a 1-D sea ice ecosystem state model to the Chukchi Sea region and examined how changing sea ice conditions impacted ice algal production over the 1980 to 2015 period (Chapter 2). Results from these studies suggest that ice algal production has decreased 22% over time due to sea ice melting earlier in the spring season. Ice algal production is likely to continue to decline into the future as ice continues to melt earlier in spring. Our field study suggests that declines in Chukchi Sea ice algal communities will have little effect on the timing of under-ice phytoplankton blooms. In the Antarctic (Chapter 3), I characterized the taxonomic composition and physiological characteristics of the high biomass slush ice layer and used a combination of experiments to explore the fate of ice algae following ice melt. Combined, results from field samples and experiments suggest that the sea ice environment along the wAP does act as a reservoir and seeds water column populations of certain taxa that are better adapted to both low and high light conditions than their water column counterparts in spring. However, the dominant taxa seeded by sea ice has a higher sinking rate compared to other phytoplankton groups and therefore sinks following ice melt and does not persist in phytoplankton and contribute to summer phytoplankton blooms. Comparison of the ice algal communities and the linkages between ice algae and phytoplankton communities of the Arctic and Southern Oceans shows lower trophic level responses to environmental change in polar marine ecosystems are diverse and dependent on the system in question. Understanding how physical and biological drivers impact lower trophic levels is important to advance our knowledge on how continued climatic change will impact regional food web processes as well as broader global biogeochemical cycles.
Author: Virginia Selz Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Sea ice algae, primary producers inhabiting sea ice, are a vital food source for upper trophic levels in spring prior to the development of summer phytoplankton blooms. As ice algae melt out of the sea ice they are eaten by zooplankton, exported to the benthos, or hypothesized to remain in the water column and seed phytoplankton blooms. Over the last few decades, ice conditions have dramatically changed on regional scales in the Arctic and Antarctic. This dissertation work seeks to understand how these drastic environmental changes impact early spring primary producers. Even though ice algal measurements have increased in recent years, they are still relatively scarce given the hostile nature of polar regions. In this dissertation, I expand ice algal measurements in the Chukchi Sea pack ice and provide the first measurements of spring ice algae along the west Antarctic Peninsula, while advancing our understanding of the linkages between ice algal and phytoplankton communities in polar oceans using a combination of fieldwork and ecosystem modeling. In the Arctic, I characterized the biomass, physiology, and community composition of the spring ice algal bloom and identified drivers of bloom decline in the Chukchi Sea. Furthermore, I explored the ice algal seeding hypothesis using multivariate statistical analyses and growth model simulations constrained with paired ice and water column taxonomic composition and algal physiology field data (Chapter 1). To go beyond annual snapshots of ice algal communities, I applied a 1-D sea ice ecosystem state model to the Chukchi Sea region and examined how changing sea ice conditions impacted ice algal production over the 1980 to 2015 period (Chapter 2). Results from these studies suggest that ice algal production has decreased 22% over time due to sea ice melting earlier in the spring season. Ice algal production is likely to continue to decline into the future as ice continues to melt earlier in spring. Our field study suggests that declines in Chukchi Sea ice algal communities will have little effect on the timing of under-ice phytoplankton blooms. In the Antarctic (Chapter 3), I characterized the taxonomic composition and physiological characteristics of the high biomass slush ice layer and used a combination of experiments to explore the fate of ice algae following ice melt. Combined, results from field samples and experiments suggest that the sea ice environment along the wAP does act as a reservoir and seeds water column populations of certain taxa that are better adapted to both low and high light conditions than their water column counterparts in spring. However, the dominant taxa seeded by sea ice has a higher sinking rate compared to other phytoplankton groups and therefore sinks following ice melt and does not persist in phytoplankton and contribute to summer phytoplankton blooms. Comparison of the ice algal communities and the linkages between ice algae and phytoplankton communities of the Arctic and Southern Oceans shows lower trophic level responses to environmental change in polar marine ecosystems are diverse and dependent on the system in question. Understanding how physical and biological drivers impact lower trophic levels is important to advance our knowledge on how continued climatic change will impact regional food web processes as well as broader global biogeochemical cycles.
Author: David N. Thomas Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 1118778383 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 666
Book Description
Over the past 20 years the study of the frozen Arctic and Southern Oceans and sub-arctic seas has progressed at a remarkable pace. This third edition of Sea Ice gives insight into the very latest understanding of the how sea ice is formed, how we measure (and model) its extent, the biology that lives within and associated with sea ice and the effect of climate change on its distribution. How sea ice influences the oceanography of underlying waters and the influences that sea ice has on humans living in Arctic regions are also discussed. Featuring twelve new chapters, this edition follows two previous editions (2001 and 2010), and the need for this latest update exhibits just how rapidly the science of sea ice is developing. The 27 chapters are written by a team of more than 50 of the worlds’ leading experts in their fields. These combine to make the book the most comprehensive introduction to the physics, chemistry, biology and geology of sea ice that there is. This third edition of Sea Ice will be a key resource for all policy makers, researchers and students who work with the frozen oceans and seas.
Author: Anna Szymanski Publisher: ISBN: Category : Marine algae Languages : en Pages : 134
Book Description
Sea ice algae are an essential part of Arctic and subarctic ecosystems. They significantly contribute to total algal primary production, serve as an early spring food source for both pelagic and benthic biota, and can seed the spring phytoplankton bloom during periods of ice melt. In the subarctic Bering Sea, virtually nothing has been known about the composition of the ice algal community, its magnitude, and its connection to pelagic and benthic ecosystems. This study, therefore, focused on the diversity, abundance, and ultimate fate of ice algae in the Bering Sea using sea ice, water and sub-ice sediment trap samples collected during two spring periods: ice growth (March to mid-April) and ice melt (mid-April to May) in 2008 and 2009. Ice algal species composition was comparable to those in Arctic regions. The phytoplankton species inventory was similar to that found in the overlying ice, suggesting that the spring phytoplankton were seeded from the ice algae. Algal abundance in the ice was on average three orders of magnitude higher than in the water column throughout both periods, as the extensive Bering Sea ice cover in 2008-2009 delayed the phytoplankton bloom. There was a substantial increase in the vertical flux of algal cells beneath the ice during the period of ice melt, but measurable amounts appeared as early as mid-March. The majority of this flux was composed of healthy algal cells, making it a rich food source for benthic organisms. Differences in the relative species composition between ice and trap samples indicate that algal fate was influenced by the species specific sinking rate of algal cells, among other factors, in the water column. In conclusion, ice algae in the Bering Sea are diverse and abundant, and contribute to both pelagic and benthic systems.
Author: Michael J.R. Fasham Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 3642558445 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 324
Book Description
Oceans account for 50% of the anthropogenic CO2 released into the atmosphere. During the past 15 years an international programme, the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS), has been studying the ocean carbon cycle to quantify and model the biological and physical processes whereby CO2 is pumped from the ocean's surface to the depths of the ocean, where it can remain for hundreds of years. This project is one of the largest multi-disciplinary studies of the oceans ever carried out and this book synthesises the results. It covers all aspects of the topic ranging from air-sea exchange with CO2, the role of physical mixing, the uptake of CO2 by marine algae, the fluxes of carbon and nitrogen through the marine food chain to the subsequent export of carbon to the depths of the ocean. Special emphasis is laid on predicting future climatic change.
Author: Paul F. J. Wassmann Publisher: Frontiers Media SA ISBN: 288971229X Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 297
Book Description
The Topic Editors Paul F. J. Wassmann, dorte Krause-Jensen, Markus A. Janout, and Bodil Annikki Bluhm declare that they are collaborating with pan-arctic community.
Author: Jacques Nihoul Publisher: Springer ISBN: 1402094604 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 236
Book Description
The current warming trends in the Arctic may shove the Arctic system into a seasonally ice-free state not seen for more than one million years. The melting is accelerating, and researchers were unable to identify natural processes that might slow the deicing of the Arctic. Such substantial additional melting of Arctic and Antarctic glaciers and ice sheets would raise the sea level worldwide, flooding the coastal areas where many of the world's population lives. Studies, led by scientists at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) and the University of Arizona, show that greenhouse gas increases over the next century could warm the Arctic by 3-5°C in summertime. Thus, Arctic summers by 2100 may be as warm as they were nearly 130,000 years ago, when sea levels eventually rose up to 6 m higher than today.
Author: Jacques Nihoul Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 1402094582 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 237
Book Description
The current warming trends in the Arctic may shove the Arctic system into a seasonally ice-free state not seen for more than one million years. The melting is accelerating, and researchers were unable to identify natural processes that might slow the deicing of the Arctic. Such substantial additional melting of Arctic and Antarctic glaciers and ice sheets would raise the sea level worldwide, flooding the coastal areas where many of the world's population lives. Studies, led by scientists at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) and the University of Arizona, show that greenhouse gas increases over the next century could warm the Arctic by 3-5°C in summertime. Thus, Arctic summers by 2100 may be as warm as they were nearly 130,000 years ago, when sea levels eventually rose up to 6 m higher than today.
Author: Achim A. Beylich Publisher: Cambridge University Press ISBN: 1316594726 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 421
Book Description
Amplified climate change and ecological sensitivity of polar and cold climate environments are key global environment issues. Understanding how projected climate change will alter surface environments in these regions is only possible when present day source-to-sink fluxes can be quantified. The book provides the first global synthesis and integrated analysis of environmental drivers and quantitative rates of solute and sedimentary fluxes in cold environments, and the likely impact of projected climate change. The focus on largely undisturbed cold environments allows ongoing climate change effects to be detected and, moreover, distinguished from anthropogenic impacts. A novel approach for co-ordinated and integrative process geomorphic research is introduced to enable better comparison between studies. This highly topical and multidisciplinary book, which includes case studies covering Arctic, Antarctic, and alpine environments, will be of interest to graduate students and researchers in the fields of geomorphology, sedimentology and global environmental change.
Author: Edward F. DeLong Publisher: Springer ISBN: 9783642301193 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 567
Book Description
The Prokaryotes is a comprehensive, multi-authored, peer reviewed reference work on Bacteria and Achaea. This fourth edition of The Prokaryotes is organized to cover all taxonomic diversity, using the family level to delineate chapters. Different from other resources, this new Springer product includes not only taxonomy, but also prokaryotic biology and technology of taxa in a broad context. Technological aspects highlight the usefulness of prokaryotes in processes and products, including biocontrol agents and as genetics tools. The content of the expanded fourth edition is divided into two parts: Part 1 contains review chapters dealing with the most important general concepts in molecular, applied and general prokaryote biology; Part 2 describes the known properties of specific taxonomic groups. Two completely new sections have been added to Part 1: bacterial communities and human bacteriology. The bacterial communities section reflects the growing realization that studies on pure cultures of bacteria have led to an incomplete picture of the microbial world for two fundamental reasons: the vast majority of bacteria in soil, water and associated with biological tissues are currently not culturable, and that an understanding of microbial ecology requires knowledge on how different bacterial species interact with each other in their natural environment. The new section on human microbiology deals with bacteria associated with healthy humans and bacterial pathogenesis. Each of the major human diseases caused by bacteria is reviewed, from identifying the pathogens by classical clinical and non-culturing techniques to the biochemical mechanisms of the disease process. The 4th edition of The Prokaryotes is the most complete resource on the biology of prokaryotes. The following volumes are published consecutively within the 4th Edition: Prokaryotic Biology and Symbiotic Associations Prokaryotic Communities and Ecophysiology Prokaryotic Physiology and Biochemistry Applied Bacteriology and Biotechnology Human Microbiology Actinobacteria Firmicutes Alphaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria Gammaproteobacteria Deltaproteobacteria and Epsilonproteobacteria Other Major Lineages of Bacteria and the Archaea
Author: Virginia Selz
Author: Virginia Selz
Author: David N. Thomas
Author: Anna Szymanski
Author: Michael J.R. Fasham
Author: Paul F. J. Wassmann
Author: Jacques Nihoul
Author: Jacques Nihoul
Author: Achim A. Beylich
Author: Edward F. DeLong
Author: