Conservation Biology of Cheetahs Acinonyx Jubatus (Schreber, 1775) and African Wild Dogs Lycaon Pictus (Temminck, 1820) in South Africa PDF Download
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Author: Kelly Marnewick Publisher: ISBN: Category : African wild dog Languages : en Pages : 214
Book Description
Large carnivores play a key role in regulating terrestrial ecosystems and their removal can cause effects that cascade through the lower trophic levels. Despite this, the geographic range and density of most large carnivore species are declining globally due to anthropogenic factors. Large carnivores are particularly difficult to conserve because they often come into conflict with humans, have large ranges, normally occur at low densities and are not confined to protected areas. This is particularly true for Vulnerable cheetahs Acinonyx jubatus and Endangered African wild dogs Lycaon pictus that are two of the widest ranging carnivores and are threatened by killing due to conflict, habitat fragmentation and snaring. Wild dogs are further susceptible to being killed on roads and cheetahs are often traded into captivity. Conservation planning for cheetahs and wild dogs in South Africa is hampered by a lack of information on suitable habitat for conservation action and connectivity between these habitats. Ecological niche models show that there are 21 410km2 of suitable habitat for both species in South Africa, both inside and outside of their current distribution ranges. Key areas are identified for conflict mitigation work, reintroduction projects and range expansion. With the exception of the Kruger National Park, the current protected area network is inefficient in conserving cheetah and wild dog habitat. To supply relevant information for conservation action, the range use of cheetahs outside of protected areas was investigated. Male home ranges ranged from 121.5 km2 to 607 km2 while females ranged from 14.7 km2 to 703.3 km2. Cheetahs utilised several ranches and mean home ranges sizes were larger than mean ranch size. This provides valuable and relevant information on cheetahs and aids conservation practitioners in mitigating human-cheetah conflict on South African farmland. The Kruger National Park is a stronghold for cheetah and wild dog conservation in South Africa thus monitoring the status of these populations is important. Tourist photographic surveys were used to obtain data for photographic-based capture-recapture analysis for open populations. Results show that 412 (329-495; SE 41.95) cheetahs and 151 (144-157; SE 3.21) wild dogs occur in the Kruger National Park. Cheetah capture probabilities were affected by time (number of entries) and sex, whereas wild dog capture probabilities were affected by the region of the park. The cheetah population of Kruger appears to be healthy, while the wild dog population size and density are of concern. Because cheetahs and wild dogs have been extirpated from most of South Africa, reintroduction programmes have resulted in cheetahs and wild dogs being introduced into fenced reserves. These are fragmented from each other and populations need to be managed to ensure demographic and genetic integrity. The survival of cheetahs introduced into reserves from the free roaming population was examined using data from 29 reserves and 189 cheetahs: 92 adults: 59 males and 33 females, plus 94 cubs born on the reserves. The Kaplan-Meier (product limit) estimator with staggered entry (Pollock et al. 1989) was used and the mean annual survivorship for all cheetahs, including cubs born, was 82.8%. The final survivorship value for all adult cheetahs was 0.23 and for cubs was 0.04. Cubs had significantly higher survival on reserves where other competing predators were absent. The median survival time was 38 months for adult males and more than 53 months for adult females. Cheetah and wild dog conservation needs to be addressed in three key geographically areas due to the different challenges and management interventions required: 1) free roaming populations outside of protected areas, 2) the Kruger National Park and 3) reintroduced populations in fenced reserves. Each area provides unique opportunities and challenges for conservation of these species.
Author: Kelly Marnewick Publisher: ISBN: Category : African wild dog Languages : en Pages : 214
Book Description
Large carnivores play a key role in regulating terrestrial ecosystems and their removal can cause effects that cascade through the lower trophic levels. Despite this, the geographic range and density of most large carnivore species are declining globally due to anthropogenic factors. Large carnivores are particularly difficult to conserve because they often come into conflict with humans, have large ranges, normally occur at low densities and are not confined to protected areas. This is particularly true for Vulnerable cheetahs Acinonyx jubatus and Endangered African wild dogs Lycaon pictus that are two of the widest ranging carnivores and are threatened by killing due to conflict, habitat fragmentation and snaring. Wild dogs are further susceptible to being killed on roads and cheetahs are often traded into captivity. Conservation planning for cheetahs and wild dogs in South Africa is hampered by a lack of information on suitable habitat for conservation action and connectivity between these habitats. Ecological niche models show that there are 21 410km2 of suitable habitat for both species in South Africa, both inside and outside of their current distribution ranges. Key areas are identified for conflict mitigation work, reintroduction projects and range expansion. With the exception of the Kruger National Park, the current protected area network is inefficient in conserving cheetah and wild dog habitat. To supply relevant information for conservation action, the range use of cheetahs outside of protected areas was investigated. Male home ranges ranged from 121.5 km2 to 607 km2 while females ranged from 14.7 km2 to 703.3 km2. Cheetahs utilised several ranches and mean home ranges sizes were larger than mean ranch size. This provides valuable and relevant information on cheetahs and aids conservation practitioners in mitigating human-cheetah conflict on South African farmland. The Kruger National Park is a stronghold for cheetah and wild dog conservation in South Africa thus monitoring the status of these populations is important. Tourist photographic surveys were used to obtain data for photographic-based capture-recapture analysis for open populations. Results show that 412 (329-495; SE 41.95) cheetahs and 151 (144-157; SE 3.21) wild dogs occur in the Kruger National Park. Cheetah capture probabilities were affected by time (number of entries) and sex, whereas wild dog capture probabilities were affected by the region of the park. The cheetah population of Kruger appears to be healthy, while the wild dog population size and density are of concern. Because cheetahs and wild dogs have been extirpated from most of South Africa, reintroduction programmes have resulted in cheetahs and wild dogs being introduced into fenced reserves. These are fragmented from each other and populations need to be managed to ensure demographic and genetic integrity. The survival of cheetahs introduced into reserves from the free roaming population was examined using data from 29 reserves and 189 cheetahs: 92 adults: 59 males and 33 females, plus 94 cubs born on the reserves. The Kaplan-Meier (product limit) estimator with staggered entry (Pollock et al. 1989) was used and the mean annual survivorship for all cheetahs, including cubs born, was 82.8%. The final survivorship value for all adult cheetahs was 0.23 and for cubs was 0.04. Cubs had significantly higher survival on reserves where other competing predators were absent. The median survival time was 38 months for adult males and more than 53 months for adult females. Cheetah and wild dog conservation needs to be addressed in three key geographically areas due to the different challenges and management interventions required: 1) free roaming populations outside of protected areas, 2) the Kruger National Park and 3) reintroduced populations in fenced reserves. Each area provides unique opportunities and challenges for conservation of these species.
Author: Publisher: Academic Press ISBN: 012804120X Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 598
Book Description
Cheetahs: Biology and Conservation reports on the science and conservation of the cheetah. This volume demonstrates the interdisciplinary nature of research and conservation efforts to study and protect the cheetah. The book begins with chapters on the evolution, genetics, physiology, ecology and behavior of the species, as well as distribution reports from range countries. These introductory chapters lead into discussions of the challenges facing cheetah survival, including habitat loss, declining prey base, human-wildlife conflict, illegal trade, and newly-emerging threats, notably climate change. This book also focuses on conservation strategies and solutions, including environmental education and alternative livelihoods. Chapters on the role of captive cheetahs to conservation and the long-term research of the species are included, as are a brief discussion of the methods and analyses used to study the cheetah. The book concludes with the conservation status and future outlook of the species. Cheetahs: Biology and Conservation is a valuable resource for the regional and global communities of cheetah conservationists, researchers, and academics. Although cheetah focussed the book provides information relevant to the study of broader topics such as wildlife conservation, captive breeding, habitat management, conservation biology and animal behaviour. Cover photograph by Angela Scott Includes chapters by the world’s leading cheetah researchers and practitioners, who have focused their efforts on this high-profile species of conservation concern Provides findings as a combination of scientific detail and basic explanations so that they can be available not only to cheetah researchers and conservationists, but also to policy makers, business leaders, zoo managers, academics, students, and people interested in the cheetah and its future Presents the current knowledge of the species, helping lay the foundations and best practices for cheetah conservation and research worldwide Additional protocols and forms (which were provided by authors) can be found at the Cheetahs: Biology and Conservation companion site: https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals/book-companion/9780128040881
Author: Scott Creel Publisher: Princeton University Press ISBN: 0691207003 Category : Science Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
With only 5,000 surviving, the African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) is one of the world's most endangered large carnivores--and one of the most remarkable. This comprehensive portrait of wild dogs incorporates previously scattered information with important new findings from a six-year study in Tanzania's Selous Game Reserve, Africa's largest protected area. The book emphasizes ecology, concentrating on why wild dogs fare poorly in protected areas that maintain healthy populations of lions, hyenas, or other top carnivores. In addition to conservation issues, it covers fascinating aspects of wild dog behavior and social evolution. The Creels use demographic, behavioral, endocrine, and genetic approaches to examine how and why nonbreeding pack mates help breeding pairs raise their litters. They also present the largest data set ever collected on mammalian predator-prey interactions and the evolution of cooperative hunting, allowing them to account for wild dogs' prowess as hunters. By using a large sample size and sophisticated analytical tools, the authors step well beyond previous research. Their results include some surprises that will cause even specialists to rethink certain propositions, such as the idea that wild dogs are unusually vulnerable to infectious disease. Several findings apply broadly to the management of other protected areas. Of clear appeal to ecologists studying predation and cooperation in any population, this book collects and expands a cache of information useful to anyone studying conservation as well as to amateurs intrigued by the once-maligned but extraordinary wild dog.
Author: Luke Hunter Publisher: Penguin Random House South Africa ISBN: 1775841081 Category : Nature Languages : en Pages : 263
Book Description
Esteemed for its speed and athleticism, admired for its grace and beauty, coveted for its hunting prowess, the cheetah has nonetheless been harrassed and hounded to the point of extinction. Author Luke Hunter, a specialist on African carnivores, looks into the history, evolution, behaviour and day-to-day survival of one of the most fascinating of the big cats. He discusses the ancestry of the cheetah, its hunting strategies, reproduction, social behaviour and status throughout African and Iran - the last remaining pocket of the species in Asia. Hunter also focuses on the tenuous future of the cheetah, its decreasing habitat and declining numbers, and deals with the immediate and long-term conservation issues facing the species. His authoritative text highlights the latest research on cheetahs, dispelling the myths and providing a comprehensive overview of the cheetah in the wild. Throughout the book, his first-hand field observations supplement data on the latest ecological discoveries from cheetah researchers across Africa. Powerful, full-colour photographs by Dave Hamman make this book a visual feast and reveal a world that is both intensely private and highly dramatic. Hamman's portrayal of the many modes and activities of this elusive animal presents a sumptuous gallery of photographs, while at the same time serving to broaden our knowledge - and help ensure the survival - of this remarkable and beautiful cat.
Author: IUCN/SSC Candid Specialist Group Publisher: IUCN ISBN: 2831704189 Category : African wild dog Languages : en Pages : 182
Book Description
Over the last 30 years the African wild dog population has declined dramatically. Dogs have disappeared from 25 of the 39 countries where they were previously found, and only 6 populations are believed to number more than 100. Today it is believed that only between 3,000-5,500 dogs remain in 600-1,000 packs with most to be found in eastern and southern Africa. The dramatic reduction in their population is attributed to a number of factors including human population growth and activities, deterioration of habitat, and contact with domestic dogs and their diseases. This Action Plan explores some of the reasons behind their disappearance and provides a number of proposed solutions split into 3 priority areas, ranging from habitat management and conservation to monitoring domestic dogs.
Author: Roger De la Harpe Publisher: Jonathan Ball Publishers ISBN: Category : Nature Languages : en Pages : 166
Book Description
Arguable the most successful hunter in Africa, the African wild dog, ironically finds itself on the brink of extinction. Part of the Canidae family, and sharing a general similarity with the various canids worldwide, the African wild dog differs fundamentally from other canids: it belongs to the genus, Lycaon, which formed a new branch on the family tree some 3 million years back and subsequently evolved independently. Today it is the only survivor of this unique line and, because of its genetic difference, is unable to interbreed with any of its canid relatives or even with the domestic dog. Previously found in diverse habitats across the continent, it has tragically disappeared from much of its former range. Today there are only an estimated 3,000 to 5,500 wild dogs left in the whole of Africa, a mere 500 of which occur in South Africa.In spite of, or perhaps because of, the elusive nature of the wild dogs and their limited population numbers, Roger and Pat have produced their best book yet.
Author: Janet Marguerite Edwards Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
The African wild dog Lycaon pictus is Africa's second most endangered carnivore. Only 14 out of 39 countries in Africa still have wild dogs present. This makes the populations of wild dogs in South Africa very valuable with respect to the entire species. Kruger National Park (Kruger) has the only self-sustaining and viable population of wild dogs in South Africa, making Kruger the core area of conservation for South African wild dogs. It is of vital importance to know the numbers of wild dogs present in Kruger. In chapter 2 of this dissertation I monitored and gathered demographic information from as many southern Kruger wild dog packs and individuals as possible over a three month period. I used real time text messaging to collect the information. A wild dog hotline number was used for tourists to contact immediately after they sighted a pack, noting location, time and number of wild dogs sighted. This new technique resulted in more than 300 reported wild dog sightings in three months enabling a count of individuals and packs. This also created an opportunity to take identification photographs and to collect DNA samples. In 1997 it was decided to establish and manage several small wild dog populations in various geographically isolated reserves in South Africa as one large managed metapopulation. In order to simulate the natural dispersal patterns of wild dogs, individuals are translocated between the managed metapopulation reserves, imitating natural gene flow and hopefully preventing inbreeding. To date, all decisions have been made using demographic data only. This in time is likely to result in a loss of genetic diversity and subsequent inbreeding. The aim of chapter 3 was to obtain genetic information from wild dogs in the managed metapopulation and Kruger (chapter 2) to provide a basis for sound population management including monitoring of inbreeding and maintaining levels of genetic diversity similar to those found in large self-sustaining populations (such as Kruger). This study included both mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and nuclear microsatellite loci to determine the genetic structure of South Africa's wild dogs specifically with regards to genetic diversity, population structure and relatedness. The results showed a difference in historical and recent diversity between the managed metapopulation and Kruger. Two genetic clusters were evident in South Africa, however one was due to wild dogs from Botswana being translocated into the managed metapopulation. After the Botswana influence was removed from the analysis, three genetic clusters were observed in the South African wild dogs. These three genetic clusters comprise too few wild dogs to manage them as separate units. Relatedness between and within populations, reserves and packs were estimated and can in future be used to guide translocations of wild dogs to maximise their genetic variability. It is suggested that due to the low numbers, and historical and recent trends in genetic structure of South Africa's wild dogs, they should be managed as one unit, allowing movements to and from neighbouring countries. All translocations should follow an isolation-by-distance pattern.
Author: Kelly Marnewick
Author: Kelly Marnewick
Author: 
Author: Scott Creel
Author: George Frame
Author: Luke Hunter
Author: IUCN/SSC Candid Specialist Group
Author: Norman Myers
Author: Chris Johns
Author: Roger De la Harpe
Author: Janet Marguerite Edwards