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Author: Ryan Carl Pankau Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 204
Book Description
Riparian buffers in agricultural landscapes are designed to trap pollutants in overland flow by slowing, filtering, and infiltrating surface runoff entering the buffer via sheet flow. However, observational evidence suggests that concentrated flow is prevalent from agricultural fields. Also, over time sediment can accumulate in riparian buffers forming berms that restrict sheet flow from moving into the buffers; these berms ultimately back up surface runoff, resulting in an eventual breakthrough which concentrates runoff. Breakthrough by concentrated flow can lead to gully formation that may reduce the filtering capacities of buffer systems by providing direct conduits to stream channels. This study explores the frequency of concentrated flow paths in riparian buffers at both the field and watershed scale. At the field scale, intensive topographic surveys were conducted at 10 field sites in southern Illinois to characterize concentrated flow paths, accumulated berm sediments, and field area drained by concentrated flow. At each site, soil samples were analyzed to characterize sediment deposition patterns within the buffer. To assess the prevalence of concentrated flow paths at the watershed scale, three watersheds in southern Illinois were selected for walking stream surveys. Results from the watershed scale analysis suggest that concentrated flow paths are significantly more abundant in agricultural land cover, than forested land. Current riparian buffer design principles are based on the assumption that sheet flow is the primary form of surface runoff entering buffers. Furthermore, buffers are installed and not maintained which can lead to berm accumulation and buffer failure. Results from this study indicate that concentrated flow was the prevalent form of runoff at field scale sites. Managers need to consider the occurrence of concentrated flow paths when designing riparian buffers to protect stream water quality.
Author: Ryan Carl Pankau Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 204
Book Description
Riparian buffers in agricultural landscapes are designed to trap pollutants in overland flow by slowing, filtering, and infiltrating surface runoff entering the buffer via sheet flow. However, observational evidence suggests that concentrated flow is prevalent from agricultural fields. Also, over time sediment can accumulate in riparian buffers forming berms that restrict sheet flow from moving into the buffers; these berms ultimately back up surface runoff, resulting in an eventual breakthrough which concentrates runoff. Breakthrough by concentrated flow can lead to gully formation that may reduce the filtering capacities of buffer systems by providing direct conduits to stream channels. This study explores the frequency of concentrated flow paths in riparian buffers at both the field and watershed scale. At the field scale, intensive topographic surveys were conducted at 10 field sites in southern Illinois to characterize concentrated flow paths, accumulated berm sediments, and field area drained by concentrated flow. At each site, soil samples were analyzed to characterize sediment deposition patterns within the buffer. To assess the prevalence of concentrated flow paths at the watershed scale, three watersheds in southern Illinois were selected for walking stream surveys. Results from the watershed scale analysis suggest that concentrated flow paths are significantly more abundant in agricultural land cover, than forested land. Current riparian buffer design principles are based on the assumption that sheet flow is the primary form of surface runoff entering buffers. Furthermore, buffers are installed and not maintained which can lead to berm accumulation and buffer failure. Results from this study indicate that concentrated flow was the prevalent form of runoff at field scale sites. Managers need to consider the occurrence of concentrated flow paths when designing riparian buffers to protect stream water quality.
Author: Jessica Erin Pease Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 310
Book Description
Riparian buffers are a commonly utilized best management practice (BMP) for mitigating non-point source pollution from agricultural fields. This practice is most effective when runoff enters the buffer as sheet flow. However runoff from becomes concentrated and forms concentrated flow paths (CFPs) breaking through the buffer in critical erosional areas. These critical areas can be determined prior to the implementation of a BMP such as a riparian buffer through incorporation of the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) with Geographic Information Systems (GIS). This approach utilizes field characteristics with hydrological processes in order to determine the erosion risk areas from observed field data throughout an entire watershed. In order to re-establish a riparian buffer in critical areas managers need a method that can prevent erosion and the loss of top soil. This study evaluates an innovative method, "Buffer in a Bag", used to restore riparian buffer benefits and to prevent further erosion in CFPs. There needs to be an effective method developed to address the volumetric difference within CFPs forming in these high risk erosion areas. Using a GIS/RUSLE approach to indicate these high risk erosion areas will hopefully facilitate the prevention of the formation of concentrated flow paths prior to the implementation of a BMP, such as riparian buffers.
Author: Prabisha Shrestha Publisher: ISBN: Category : Agriculture Languages : en Pages : 398
Book Description
Field scale research shows concentrated flow paths (CFPs) are prevalent in agricultural watersheds. They are an important source of soil erosion in cropland and significantly contribute to the transport and delivery of agricultural pollutants such as sediment and nutrients to nearby water resources. High resolution LiDAR data have enabled the investigation of the prevalence of concentrated flow at a large geographic extent. This study focused on identifying CFPs in 389 agricultural fields in Jackson County in southern Illinois and estimating the contribution of the CFPs to drainage of the fields. Addressing the lack of literature on factors influencing CFP characteristics, this study also investigates various topographical and soil factors that influence CFP development. LiDAR derived DEMs with a cell resolution of 3 meters were used to identify areas of flow concentration and delineate a drainage basin of each CFP using the Hydrology tools in the Spatial Analyst toolbox in ArcMap 10.3.1. Information on the topographical and soil characteristics were obtained from the DEMs and SSURGO database using the Soil Data Viewer 6.2 extension for ArcMap. Multiple regression analysis in SAS v. 9.4 was used to identify factors influencing CFP characteristics, while CART analysis in R v. 3.3.1 was conducted to detect linear dependencies among predictor variables. An average of 5 CFPs per agricultural field were observed in the study area with a minimum of 0 and maximum of 17 CFPs, but only two fields had no CFPs indicating a high prevalence of CFPs throughout the study area. The mean percent of field area drained by CFPs was estimated to be 81 percent with minimum of 36 percent and ii maximum of 100 percent. The majority of the fields, 85 percent, had more than 70 percent of their area drained by CFPs. Statistically significant regression equations were found for all CFP characteristics with slope, LS factor, K factor and organic matter as the factors influencing CFP characteristics. However, the factors only explained 2 to 22 percent of variation observed. Both multiple regression and CART analysis indicated slope as the most important influencing factor. Variation in CFP characteristics followed regional trends with higher values in the floodplain region and lower values in the rough hills region suggesting residual variation could be explained by other environmental factors along with topographical and climatological factors which were not included in the study. Results from this study highlight the prevalence of CFPs at a regional scale and their substantial contribution to field drainage identifying a need for research in quantifying the impacts of CFP on soil loss and water quality. This study also reports a need of future research to identify important factors controlling CFP formation and development that could help build empirical and physical models to accurately predict CFP locations and morphology. Such information could be useful in designing and targeting conservation practices that protect both soil health and water quality.
Author: Jorge A. Delgado Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 0891183558 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 400
Book Description
Precision conservation is a reality, and we are moving towards improved effectiveness of conservation practices by accounting for temporal and spatial variability within and off field. This is the first book to cover the application of the principles of precision conservation to target conservation practices across fields and watersheds. It has clearly been established that the 21st century will present enormous challenges, from increased yield demands to climate change. Without improved conservation practices it will not be possible to ensure food security and conservation effectiveness. Readers will appreciate the application of the precision conservation concept to increase conservation effectiveness in a variety of contexts, with a focus on recent advances in technology, methods, and improved results. IN PRESS! This book is being published according to the “Just Published” model, with more chapters to be published online as they are completed.
Author: Harold E. Gene Garrett Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 0891183779 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 580
Book Description
North American Agroforestry Explore the many benefits of alternative land-use systems with this incisive resource Humanity has become a victim of its own success. While we’ve managed to meet the needs—to one extent or another—of a large portion of the human population, we’ve often done so by ignoring the health of the natural environment we rely on to sustain our planet. And by deteriorating the quality of our air, water, and land, we’ve put into motion consequences we’ll be dealing with for generations. In the newly revised Third Edition of North American Agroforestry, an expert team of researchers delivers an authoritative and insightful exploration of an alternative land-use system that exploits the positive interactions between trees and crops when they are grown together and bridges the gap between production agriculture and natural resource management. This latest edition includes new material on urban food forests, as well as the air and soil quality benefits of agroforestry, agroforestry’s relevance in the Mexican context, and agroforestry training and education. The book also offers: A thorough introduction to the development of agroforestry as an integrated land use management strategy Comprehensive explorations of agroforestry nomenclature, concepts, and practices, as well as an agroecological foundation for temperate agroforestry Practical discussions of tree-crop interactions in temperate agroforestry, including in systems such as windbreak practices, silvopasture practices, and alley cropping practices In-depth examinations of vegetative environmental buffers for air and water quality benefits, agroforestry for wildlife habitat, agroforestry at the landscape level, and the impact of agroforestry on soil health Perfect for environmental scientists, natural resource professionals and ecologists, North American Agroforestry will also earn a place in the libraries of students and scholars of agricultural sciences interested in the potential benefits of agroforestry.
Author: National Research Council Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309082951 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 449
Book Description
The Clean Water Act (CWA) requires that wetlands be protected from degradation because of their important ecological functions including maintenance of high water quality and provision of fish and wildlife habitat. However, this protection generally does not encompass riparian areasâ€"the lands bordering rivers and lakesâ€"even though they often provide the same functions as wetlands. Growing recognition of the similarities in wetland and riparian area functioning and the differences in their legal protection led the NRC in 1999 to undertake a study of riparian areas, which has culminated in Riparian Areas: Functioning and Strategies for Management. The report is intended to heighten awareness of riparian areas commensurate with their ecological and societal values. The primary conclusion is that, because riparian areas perform a disproportionate number of biological and physical functions on a unit area basis, restoration of riparian functions along America's waterbodies should be a national goal.
Author: Jonathan Stewart Publisher: ISBN: Category : Agricultural pollution Languages : en Pages : 142
Book Description
Sediment and nutrient transport in agricultural surface runoff has been a challenge for watershed managers for decades. Excessive nutrient loading to streams and rivers has led to problems ranging from hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico to drinking water contaminations throughout the world. In addition, these agricultural pollutants have impaired the water quality in many lakes and rivers which in turn have negatively affected both human and aquatic life. In order to reduce the environmental impacts from agricultural surface runoff many farmers, landowners, and land managers have implemented riparian buffers to reduce both sediment and nutrient loading in surface runoff. This study utilized fifteen 1x10 m flumes, with three replicates of each treatment, to determine the effectiveness of various riparian buffer species for their ability to attenuate nutrients and sediment from surface runoff. Treatments included, Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), giant cane ( Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl.), corn (Zea maize), and non-vegetated bare soil buffers (controls). Surface runoff samples were collected from every natural rainfall event that produced overland flow and were analyzed for sediment and a suite of nutrients. Giant cane, Kentucky bluegrass, and orchardgrass buffers were effective vegetated buffer species for reducing turbidity, total suspended solids, ammonium, and total phosphorus concentrations. The giant cane, Kentucky bluegrass, and orchardgrass buffers performed better than the corn and control buffers at removing turbidity, total suspended solids, and total phosphorus. When comparing the giant cane, Kentucky bluegrass, and orchardgrass buffers to the control buffer the removal of sediment was substantial. For example, giant cane, Kentucky bluegrass, and orchardgrass removed from 6 to 14 times more total suspended solids than the bare ground control treatment. Furthermore, the giant cane, Kentucky bluegrass, and orchardgrass also removed from 5 to 9 times more turbidity than the control treatment. The removal of nutrients was also significant for the giant cane, Kentucky bluegrass, and orchardgrass treatments. For example, giant cane, Kentucky bluegrass, and orchardgrass removed from 2 to 4 times more ammonium than the control and from 4 to 5 times more total phosphorus than the control treatment. The giant cane, Kentucky bluegrass, and orchardgrass did not remove dissolved reactive phosphorus better than the control treatment and they were less effective at removing nitrate levels when compared to the control treatment. The giant cane buffer proved to be a very effective riparian buffer species because it had significantly higher soil infiltration rates than that of the control, corn, Kentucky bluegrass, and orchardgrass buffers. Giant cane had an infiltration rate of 103.6 cm hr-1, while the infiltration rates of the control, corn, Kentucky bluegrass, and orchardgrass were 8.8 cm hr -1, 11.2 cm hr-1, 14.1 cm hr-1, and 24.9 cm hr-1, respectively. Data suggest that giant cane, Kentucky bluegrass, and orchardgrass buffers may be promising riparian buffer species for the removal of both sediment and nutrients in agricultural surface runoff.
Author: Ryan Carl Pankau
Author: Ryan Carl Pankau
Author: Jessica Erin Pease
Author: Prabisha Shrestha
Author: Jorge A. Delgado
Author: Harold E. Gene Garrett
Author: National Research Council
Author: Jonathan Stewart
Author: David J. Welsch
Author: 
Author: