Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Abstract : The U.S. Army and many NATO affiliates have adopted a 'one fuel forward fuel policy' (OFF). The goal of the OFF policy is reducing the logistics and cost involved with providing fuel for military vehicles. With this policy, the logical choice fuel is military grade jet petroleum, JP-8, because of the fuel constraints of turbo-jet engines. This requirement has made it necessary to run military compression ignited engines on JP-8. To reduce the Army's reliance on petroleum based fuels an alternative fuel, synthetic JP-8, derived from coal and made in the Fischer-Tropsch production method is allowed to be blended up to 50% with JP-8. The two fuels have varying cetane numbers of for 43.1 for JP-8 and 25 for the synthetic JP-8 which influence combustion characteristics. Therefore, the goal of the current work is to characterize the ignition characteristics of synthetic JP-8 as compared to the reference JP-8 under the same test conditions. A JP-8 surrogate fuel is also developed and compared against the baseline fuel in terms of both ignition behavior and liquid penetration. Testing is conducted in an optically accessible combustion vessel sweeping ambient temperatures and densities of 800 - 1100 K and 7.3 - 30.2 kg/m3, respectively. The resultant data is used in comparison of all three fuels in ignition delay and steady state liquid penetration characteristics. Correlations are also developed for calculating the ignition delay of both the JP-8 and the synthetic JP-8 fuel and is used to compare to the surrogate fuel and to compare to a pool of data from past work on JP-8. Results of these comparisons show a 50% increase in the ignition delay and a 10% shorter steady state liquid penetration of the low cetane value synthetic JP-8 over the baseline JP-8 fuel sample. Findings also show the surrogate matches the baseline fuel to within 10% for ignition delays but it over penetrates the baseline fuel by around 30% for liquid penetration.
Author: Amit Shrestha Publisher: ISBN: Category : Computational fluid dynamics Languages : en Pages : 170
Book Description
The results of the engine validation tests indicated that the surrogate S2 closely reproduced the autoignition, combustion, and emissions characteristics (Carbon Monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons, and oxides of Nitrogen) of the target JP-8 at the tested conditions. However, the particulate matter concentrations were lower for the surrogate than for the target JP-8. Further, the results of the 3D CFD simulation, which utilized the reduced chemical mechanism of the surrogate S2, were in fairly good agreement with the autoignition, combustion, and emissions data of the surrogate S2 obtained from engine experiments.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 35
Book Description
For many years, aircraft turbine fuel Jp-5 has been used in diesel engines as an alternate fuel for DF-2, and is listed as such in Army Regulation 703-1. Since 1965, diesel engine endurance tests have been conducted in a variety of compression-ignition engines using JP-5 or JP-8 as the fuel and comparing performances with DF-2. None of these tests showed engine failures or excessive wear attributable to the use of kerosene-type aircraft turbine fuels, although slightly reduced fuel injection delivery volumes and lower power output were experienced in most engines, due to lower viscosity and lower heat content of JP-5 and JP-8 compared to DF-2. These results not withstanding, periodically, concerns are raised about the use of JP-5 and JP-8 in diesel engines over long periods in the 500- to 1000-hour time frame, especially in new engine designs. This report is primarily an annotated bibliography of 23 references consisting of technical notes, letters, letter reports, and interim reports, on the subject of using aircraft turbine fuels JP-5 and JP-8 in diesel engines. Originator supplied keywords include: Diesel Fuel, JP-5, JP-8, Diesel Engines Tests, and Alternate Fuel.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 111
Book Description
With the help of the Defense Fuel Supply Center, JP-8, Jet A-1, and JP-5 samples from worldwide sources, representing tenders of products destined for Department of Defense bases, have been received at Belvoir Fuels and Lubricants Research Facility at Southwest Research Institute for evaluation. Inspection data for each sample on DD Form 250 or other data reporting form were also received and entered into a data base. The evaluation of these samples consisted of a few inspection tests for comparison with the data provided by the supplier, and tests related to the use of these fuels in diesel engines, which were measured cetane number, calculated cetane indices by two methods, net heat of combustion, and kinematic viscosity measurements at 40 and 70 C. Jet fuel, Aircraft turbine fuel, J-5, JP-8, Diesel fuel. (jes).
Author: Naeim A. Henein Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 4
Book Description
The goal of this project is to reduce the cold starting problems of military and commercial heavy-duty diesel engines, particularly the emission of white smoke. The failure of the autoignition process and/or combustion instability has been found to be the major causes of the cold starting problems. The approach is mainly experimental, supported by detailed analysis of the autoignition process. Models for the ignition delay period are developed considering the heterogeneity of the charge and the effect of piston motion during the ignition delay period. The maps developed for the stable combustion zone agreed fairly well with the experimental data. Also, the effect of diluents, such as exhaust gas recirculated into the fresh air (EGR) is experimentally investigated in two single-cylinder diesel engines. The effect of EGR on the global activation energy of the autoignition reactions is currently under investigation.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 42
Book Description
MIL-T-83133C grade JP-8 is of interest to the U.S. Army as the single fuel for the battlefield. The conversion to JP-8 occurred primarily to improve the safety of aircraft, although the single fuel for the battlefield concept (and the similarity of jet fuel to diesel fuel) is centered on the use of aviation kerosene in all Air Force and Army aircraft and ground vehicles. Detailed chemical kinetic mechanisms that describe combustion of many of the components in JP-8 are not available and are unlikely to be developed in the near future. Hence there is a need to study the characteristics of JP-8 experimentally. The following is the final progress report on our developments and accomplishments through May 2001- May 2004. The detail of the experimental facilities including two combustion chambers, spherical and cylindrical, optical set up, a high temperature oven and also our thermodynamic model used to calculate burning speed were discussed in the last reports and will be briefly discussed here. Measurements have been done in these facilities for gaseous and liquid fuels over the wide range of temperature and pressure. In the last year we developed a new heating system for fuel injection line in cylindrical vessel. The liquid fuel line in the spherical vessel was redesigned. Burning speeds of premixed JP-8 air have been measured for a range of temperature and pressure. Pictures of JP-8 flame have been taken using the high speed CCD camera in the cylindrical chamber. The results are presented in this report.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 158
Book Description
The object of this project was to investigate the operational and environmental effects associated with burning aviation fuel JP-8 in traditional heating plant boilers. JP-8 was compared to 2 fuel oil and diesel fuel in small- scale testing at tyndall AFB FL and diesel fuel in full-scale testing at McClellan AFB CA. System performance was evaluated with respect to the boilers' thermal efficiencies, fuel pump and burner pump performance, and environmentally significant combustion products. The operational performance of JP-8, in comparison with DF-2 and fuel oil, was satisfactory, with fuel to steam conversion ranging from 7 percent less with JP-8 to performance that exceeded that of 2 fuel oil and DF-2. The calculated theoretical drop in heat output when switching from DF-2 or 2 fuel oil to JP-8 is approximately 10 percent, based on the energy value of the fuels. Stack emissions showed a significant drop in SOx with JP-8, and lower values of NOx and particulate. There was negligible difference between the organic measurements among the full-scale test conditions. The research conducted in support of this effort was designed to provide guidance to the base civil engineer and the boiler operator to allow safe, efficient, and environmentally clean operation of existing systems with JP-8.
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Author: Amit Shrestha
Author: Jayakishan Balagurunathan
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Author: Naeim A. Henein
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Author: David Cory Kirk
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