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Author: National Research Council Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309278937 Category : Law Languages : en Pages : 463
Book Description
Adolescence is a distinct, yet transient, period of development between childhood and adulthood characterized by increased experimentation and risk-taking, a tendency to discount long-term consequences, and heightened sensitivity to peers and other social influences. A key function of adolescence is developing an integrated sense of self, including individualization, separation from parents, and personal identity. Experimentation and novelty-seeking behavior, such as alcohol and drug use, unsafe sex, and reckless driving, are thought to serve a number of adaptive functions despite their risks. Research indicates that for most youth, the period of risky experimentation does not extend beyond adolescence, ceasing as identity becomes settled with maturity. Much adolescent involvement in criminal activity is part of the normal developmental process of identity formation and most adolescents will mature out of these tendencies. Evidence of significant changes in brain structure and function during adolescence strongly suggests that these cognitive tendencies characteristic of adolescents are associated with biological immaturity of the brain and with an imbalance among developing brain systems. This imbalance model implies dual systems: one involved in cognitive and behavioral control and one involved in socio-emotional processes. Accordingly adolescents lack mature capacity for self-regulations because the brain system that influences pleasure-seeking and emotional reactivity develops more rapidly than the brain system that supports self-control. This knowledge of adolescent development has underscored important differences between adults and adolescents with direct bearing on the design and operation of the justice system, raising doubts about the core assumptions driving the criminalization of juvenile justice policy in the late decades of the 20th century. It was in this context that the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) asked the National Research Council to convene a committee to conduct a study of juvenile justice reform. The goal of Reforming Juvenile Justice: A Developmental Approach was to review recent advances in behavioral and neuroscience research and draw out the implications of this knowledge for juvenile justice reform, to assess the new generation of reform activities occurring in the United States, and to assess the performance of OJJDP in carrying out its statutory mission as well as its potential role in supporting scientifically based reform efforts.
Author: National Research Council Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309278937 Category : Law Languages : en Pages : 463
Book Description
Adolescence is a distinct, yet transient, period of development between childhood and adulthood characterized by increased experimentation and risk-taking, a tendency to discount long-term consequences, and heightened sensitivity to peers and other social influences. A key function of adolescence is developing an integrated sense of self, including individualization, separation from parents, and personal identity. Experimentation and novelty-seeking behavior, such as alcohol and drug use, unsafe sex, and reckless driving, are thought to serve a number of adaptive functions despite their risks. Research indicates that for most youth, the period of risky experimentation does not extend beyond adolescence, ceasing as identity becomes settled with maturity. Much adolescent involvement in criminal activity is part of the normal developmental process of identity formation and most adolescents will mature out of these tendencies. Evidence of significant changes in brain structure and function during adolescence strongly suggests that these cognitive tendencies characteristic of adolescents are associated with biological immaturity of the brain and with an imbalance among developing brain systems. This imbalance model implies dual systems: one involved in cognitive and behavioral control and one involved in socio-emotional processes. Accordingly adolescents lack mature capacity for self-regulations because the brain system that influences pleasure-seeking and emotional reactivity develops more rapidly than the brain system that supports self-control. This knowledge of adolescent development has underscored important differences between adults and adolescents with direct bearing on the design and operation of the justice system, raising doubts about the core assumptions driving the criminalization of juvenile justice policy in the late decades of the 20th century. It was in this context that the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) asked the National Research Council to convene a committee to conduct a study of juvenile justice reform. The goal of Reforming Juvenile Justice: A Developmental Approach was to review recent advances in behavioral and neuroscience research and draw out the implications of this knowledge for juvenile justice reform, to assess the new generation of reform activities occurring in the United States, and to assess the performance of OJJDP in carrying out its statutory mission as well as its potential role in supporting scientifically based reform efforts.
Author: Amy Bishop Publisher: Routledge ISBN: 0429854625 Category : Law Languages : en Pages : 214
Book Description
Educational Planning of Court-Involved Youth provides a framework for alleviating chronic barriers for youth in the child welfare and juvenile justice systems. This guide combines best-practice recommendations from national research with direct service tactics employed successfully in multiple counties. Included are the necessary components to implement a collaborative, community-centered intervention system that meets the needs of the county, family, and individual. With the understanding that each county carries its own strengths, barriers, and resources, these tools serve as a model for assessing and adapting the system to cater to the unique needs of each area in which it is implemented. This text helps facilitate the coordination and collaboration necessary to foster comprehensive systems and individualized planning for youth.
Author: Frank Schmalleger Publisher: SAGE Publications ISBN: 1071862693 Category : Social Science Languages : en Pages : 327
Book Description
Built on the philosophy of rehabilitation and treatment rather than retribution and punishment, the key of the juvenile justice system is to deter delinquency before adolescents make their way into the harsher adult system. Frank Schmalleger′s Juvenile Justice 2e provides an in-depth exploration of the United States juvenile justice system and the response from police, courts, and correctional institutions to crimes committed by juveniles, as well as the strategies used to deter these crimes. Using an active-learning approach, renowned authors Frank Schmalleger and Cathy Marcum provide students with a foundational understanding of the juvenile justice system, while also giving them with the opportunity to put what they learn into action - increasing their ability to comprehend and retain information and to carefully analyze the juvenile justice system.
Author: David P. Farrington Publisher: SAGE Publications, Incorporated ISBN: Category : Political Science Languages : en Pages : 222
Book Description
Crime prevention is necessary in any society. Without it, crime would continue to skyrocket and the society as a whole would suffer. This special volume of The Annals, What Works in Preventing Crime? Systematic Reviews of Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Research, originated with the 2001 Jerry Lee Crime Prevention Symposium. This 2-day conference focused on systematic reviews of criminological interventions. From there, many articles were put together discussing the methods of conducting systematic reviews, research findings from prevention and intervention studies, and what this means for the future of crime prevention. This special volume of The Annals also focuses on the Campbell Collaboration and its Crime and Justice Group. It is set up to prepare, maintain, and disseminate evidence-based research in crime and make it available electronically to the general public. This is an important organization, and its findings make it easier for the general public as well as policy makers to see where things need to be changed in order to continue preventing crime that would have happened without the prevention programs in place.
Author: Bradley D. Edwards Publisher: Routledge ISBN: 1317522311 Category : Social Science Languages : en Pages : 576
Book Description
This student-friendly introductory text describes the criminal justice process—outlining the decisions, practices, people, and issues involved. It provides a solid introduction to the mechanisms of the criminal justice system, with balanced coverage of the issues presented by each facet of the process, including a thorough review of practices and controversies in law enforcement, the criminal courts, and corrections.
Author: James Q. Wilson Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA ISBN: 0195399358 Category : Law Languages : en Pages : 657
Book Description
Crime in the United States has fluctuated considerably over the past thirty years, as have the policy approaches to deal with it. During this time, criminologists and other scholars have helped to shed light on the roles of incarceration, prevention, drugs, guns, policing, and numerous other aspects to crime control. Yet the latest research is rarely heard in public discussions and is often missing from the desks of policymakers. This book summarizes the latest scientific information on the causes of crime and the evidence about what does and does not work to control it. As with previous editions, each essay reviews the existing literature, discusses the methodological rigor of the studies, identifies what policies and programs the studies suggest, and then points to policies now implemented that fail to reflect the evidence. The chapters cover the principle institutions of the criminal justice system (juvenile justice, police, prisons, probation and parole, sentencing), how broader aspects of social life inhibit or encourage crime (biology, schools, families, communities), and topics currently generating a great deal of attention (criminal activities of gangs, sex offenders, prisoner reentry, changing crime rates).
Author: National Research Council
Author: National Research Council
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Author: Lode Walgrave
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Author: Amy Bishop
Author: Frank Schmalleger
Author: Thomas L. Sexton
Author: David P. Farrington
Author: Bradley D. Edwards
Author: James Q. Wilson