Cocoa Trees--integrated Pest and Disease Management PDF Download

Author: Cocoa Producers' Alliance
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780950769103
Category : Cacao
Languages : en
Pages : 1010

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Book Description

Author: Peter J. Keane
Publisher: Food & Agriculture Org.
ISBN: 9789251030394
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 232

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Book Description

Author: Philip Frank Entwistle
Publisher: Longman Publishing Group
ISBN:
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 828

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Book Description
The cocoa tree. The cocoa tree and its insect fauna. Control of cocoa insects. Pollination. Pests of cocoa in storage.

Author: Godwin Kojo Ayenor
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Cacao
Languages : en
Pages : 186

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Book Description

Author: Bryan A. Bailey
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319247891
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 630

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Book Description
This book reviews the current state of knowledge concerning cacao pathogens and methods for their management. Topics discussed include the history, biology and genetic diversity of Moniliophthora species (which cause witches’ broom and frosty pod rot) and Phytophthora species (which cause black pod rot) that cause diseases resulting in major losses to cacao production. Emerging pathogens such as Cacao swollen shoot virus and Ceratobasidium theobromae (which causes vascular streak dieback) are also discussed in detail, along with many pathogens of significant local concern. Most of these pathogens represent major risks to global cacao production should they expand into new areas, breaking out of their current limited distributions. By considering cacao diseases as a group, similarities in the available tools and techniques used in their management become apparent, as do their limitations. Gaps in our current knowledge of cacao pathogens and the management of the diseases they cause are detailed, and suggestions for future research directions are provided. This insight allows readers to consider cacao disease threats from a more comprehensive, global perspective and paves the way for an improved synergy of efforts between the various research programs, agencies, and industries, both private and public, with vested interests in cacao production, and cacao farmers.

Author: John Konam
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :

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Book Description

Author: Dominique Mariau
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Tree crops
Languages : en
Pages : 196

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Book Description
This text covers significant research findings to ascertain the most appropriate methods of pest control against tropical perennial pests.

Author:
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781921434570
Category : Cacao
Languages : en
Pages : 36

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Book Description
This booklet addresses knowledge gaps in cocoa production. New management approaches, based on sound agronomic practices and integrated pest and disease management (IPDM) strategies, have been developed to assist farmers to optimise their cocoa production. Farmers can expect significantly higher yields if these approaches are implemented completely and correctly.

Author:
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781921434587
Category : Cacao
Languages : en
Pages : 0

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Book Description
This booklet addresses knowledge gaps in cocoa production. New management approaches, based on sound agronomic practices and integrated pest and disease management (IPDM) strategies, have been developed to assist farmers to optimise their cocoa production. Farmers can expect significantly higher yields if these approaches are implemented completely and correctly.

Author: Megan Wilkerson
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :

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Book Description
Ghana is the worlds second largest producer of cocoa beans. However, farmers are not able to maximize yield potential due to pests and plant diseases that destroy as much as 10- 80% of annual production. The arrival of devastating insect related diseases like black pod (Phytophthora megakarya) and cocoa swollen shoot (Badnavirus) means yield losses can approach 100%. Both diseases are influenced by ant communities. Cocoa ant species form mutualistic networks with honeydew producing mealybugs that supply the majority of their energy food source. In order to safeguard their food source, ants transport soil onto cocoa trees and build tent-like structures to shelter mealybugs. The virus-vector mealybugs are either transported around the cocoa tree by ants, which also protect the mealybugs as they feed. The water mold infects the tree after the ants have transported soils containing infectious spores to the developing pods. The ants do this to form soil tents over the colony of mealybugs feeding on the plant. The transport of disease agents means that ant attendance directly effects cocoa plant fitness. While the occurrence of tent building ant genera, Camponotous, Pheidole and Crematogaster, has a detrimental impact on yields, the presence of a different ant genus, Oecophylla, reduces pod damage by defending trees against pest prevalence. In order to control insect-related decline, farmers should be cognizant of insect dynamics and make decisions based on observations and availability of pest management resources. The ability to manage pests and aid the proliferating of beneficial species is contingent on the farmers ecological understanding of the cocoa ecosystem. 90% of farmers correctly implicated pests as responsible for causing holes, dark legions soil on cocoa pods. In addition to having awareness of major cocoa diseases and damage, 61% of farmers were correctly identified pests and beneficial insects. My approach includes testing the efficacy of pesticide alternatives, developing technologies to accurately detect pests and damage, and conduct sociological examinations to uncover the farmers ecological knowledge of cocoa insects. Recognizing the shortage of entomological experts to help farmers I also explored the application of machine learning to provide an AI assistant that could automatically identify pests of cocoa. Results from field interviews revealed that 66% of farmers make pest management decisions at the farm level and the majority are cognizant of major yield limiting constraints. Field experiments have shown that cocoa insect populations change overtime and between plantations. The farmers perception of cocoa insects directly impacts their management decisions, therefore it is imperative to equip farmers with management alternatives that are less toxic yet as effective as synthetic chemicals. High pressured soapy water has proven to be an effective pesticide replacement that does not require personal protective equipment and reduced the recolonization of virus transmitting mealybugs on 10 cocoa plantations. As a result of these efforts, I aspired to increase the agricultural knowledge and pest management artillery of low yielding cocoa farmers to encourage the adoption of sustainable alternatives to toxic chemicals inputs.