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Author: Settimio Rossi Publisher: Frontiers Media SA ISBN: 2889718352 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 135
Book Description
We would like to acknowledge and thank Francesco Petrillo, Carlo Gesualdo, Chiara Bianca Maria Platania and Maria Consiglia Trottafor their support on the collection’s Editorial article.
Author: Settimio Rossi Publisher: Frontiers Media SA ISBN: 2889718352 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 135
Book Description
We would like to acknowledge and thank Francesco Petrillo, Carlo Gesualdo, Chiara Bianca Maria Platania and Maria Consiglia Trottafor their support on the collection’s Editorial article.
Author: Jesus Avila Publisher: Frontiers E-books ISBN: 288919261X Category : Medicine (General) Languages : en Pages : 114
Book Description
Neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) composed of intracellular aggregates of tau protein are a key neuropathological feature of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases, collectively termed tauopathies. The abundance of NFTs has been reported to correlate positively with the severity of cognitive impairment in AD. However, accumulating evidences derived from studies of experimental models have identified that NFTs themselves may not be neurotoxic. Now, many of tau researchers are seeking a “toxic” form of tau protein. Moreover, it was suggested that a “toxic” tau was capable to seed aggregation of native tau protein and to propagate in a prion-like manner. However, the exact neurotoxic tau species remain unclear. Because mature tangles seem to be non-toxic component, “tau oligomers” as the candidate of “toxic” tau have been investigated for more than one decade. In this topic, we will discuss our consensus of “tau oligomers” because the term of “tau oligomers” [e.g. dimer (disulfide bond-dependent or independent), multimer (more than dimer), granular (definition by EM or AFM) and maybe small filamentous aggregates] has been used by each researchers definition. From a biochemical point of view, tau protein has several unique characteristics such as natively unfolded conformation, thermo-stability, acid-stability, and capability of post-translational modifications. Although tau protein research has been continued for a long time, we are still missing the mechanisms of NFT formation. It is unclear how the conversion is occurred from natively unfolded protein to abnormally mis-folded protein. It remains unknown how tau protein can be formed filaments [e.g. paired helical filament (PHF), straight filament and twisted filament] in cells albeit in vitro studies confirmed tau self-assembly by several inducing factors. Researchers are still debating whether tau oligomerization is primary event rather than tau phosphorylation in the tau pathogenesis. Inhibition of either tau phosphorylation or aggregation has been investigated for the prevention of tauopathies, however, it will make an irrelevant result if we don’t know an exact target of neurotoxicity. It is a time to have a consensus of definition, terminology and methodology for the identification of “tau oligomers”.
Author: Michael R. Hamblin Publisher: Academic Press ISBN: 0128153067 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 656
Book Description
Photobiomodulation in the Brain: Low-Level Laser (Light) Therapy in Neurology and Neuroscience presents the fundamentals of photobiomodulation and the diversity of applications in which light can be implemented in the brain. It will serve as a reference for future research in the area, providing the basic foundations readers need to understand photobiomodulation’s science-based evidence, practical applications and related adaptations to specific therapeutic interventions. The book covers the mechanisms of action of photobiomodulation to the brain, and includes chapters describing the pre-clinical studies and clinical trials that have been undertaken for diverse brain disorders, including traumatic events, degenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders. Provides a much-needed reference on photobiomodulation with an unprecedented focus on the brain and its disorders Features a body of world-renowned editors and chapter authors that promote research, policy and funding Discusses the recent and rapid accumulation of literature in this area of research and the shift towards the use of non-invasive techniques in therapy
Author: Bo Peng Publisher: ISBN: 9781361025130 Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
This dissertation, "The Role and Origin of Microglia in Retinal Neurodegenerative Disorders" by Bo, Peng, 彭勃, was obtained from The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong) and is being sold pursuant to Creative Commons: Attribution 3.0 Hong Kong License. The content of this dissertation has not been altered in any way. We have altered the formatting in order to facilitate the ease of printing and reading of the dissertation. All rights not granted by the above license are retained by the author. Abstract: Microglia are the mononuclear phagocytes in the central nervous system (CNS), which constitute the first defense line of the innate immune system. In neurodegenerative disorders, microglia react rapidly and exert protective roles by scavenging pathogens and cell debris. However, the over-activated microglia in chronic neurodegenerative disorders produce pro-inflammatory cytokines and exacerbate neuronal loss. Thus, a dual role of microglia complicates the microglial contribution to neurodegeneration. In the present studies, we investigated the role of microglia in retinal neurodegenerative disorders. We first studied the role of microglial activation in retinitis pigmentosa (RP), an inherited photoreceptor-degenerative disease. In some RP patients, rod-specific genetic mutations lead to rod degeneration followed by cone death. It has been previously shown that microglia respond to pathological disruptions and become activated in RP. However, the role of microglial activation in RP remains elusive. In this study, we investigated the contribution of microglial activation to photoreceptor degeneration in the rd10 mouse model of RP. First, we found microglial activation was an early event prior to photoreceptor death in RP retinas. Pharmacological suppression of microglial activation by minocycline ameliorated photoreceptor degeneration preserved photoreceptor structure and improved retinal function and visual behavior in the rd10 mouse. Second, we determined that the neuroprotective effects of minocycline were exerted via both anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic mechanisms. Third, we found that Cx3cr1 deficiency enhanced microglial neurotoxicity and subsequently accelerated photoreceptor loss in rd10 mice, suggesting that the fractalkine/Cx3cr1 signaling pathway might protect microglial from activation. Collectively, we concluded that suppression of microglial activation could be a potential therapeutic approach to the treatment of human RP. Microglia respond to neural insults by rapidly changing their phenotype and contributing to inflammation. However, the origin of activated microglia in the CNS is hotly debated. In the other study, we investigated the origin of activated microglia in the optic nerve transection (ONT) model. The ONT induces the retrograde degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). In response to RGC degeneration, retinal microglia were activated and exhibited a rod microglia phenotype, which displayed sausage-shaped cell bodies and slender processes and aligned parallelly with the axon bundles of RGCs. We first characterized temporal and spatial appearances of rod microglia in the ONT model. We found that rod microglia were capable of phagocytosing RGC debris. Moreover, we found that retinal resident microglia rather than bone-marrow-derived precursors were the major contributor to microgliosis. Collectively, this study sheds light on the function and origin of activated microglia in neurodegeneration, which may facilitate therapeutic interventions aiming at restraining the neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative disorders. Subjects: Retinitis pigmentosa Retinal degeneration Microglia
Author: Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 0128211067 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 238
Book Description
Glaucoma: A Pancitopatia of the Retina and Beyond, Volume 257, the latest release in the Progress in Brain Research series, highlights new advances in the field, with this new volume presenting interesting chapters written by an international board of authors. Chapters in this volume include the Genetics of glaucoma, Artificial intelligence and deep learning in glaucoma detection and monitoring, The role of commensal microflora-induced T cells responses in glaucoma neurodegeneration, Retinal cell death in experimental glaucoma, Experimental and clinical evidence on the neuroprotective properties of Citicoline in glaucoma, Glaucoma neurodegeneration and myopia, Neuronal regeneration with pluripotent stem cells in glaucoma, and more. Covers all key aspects of current research on glaucoma Provides extensively referenced chapters, giving readers a comprehensive list of resources on topics covered Includes comprehensive and in-depth background information written in a clear form that is accessible to both specialists and non-specialists
Author: Robert R. Rich Publisher: Mosby Incorporated ISBN: 9780323044042 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 1578
Book Description
Offers answers to challenges in clinical immunology. This book contains immunology knowledge and includes a companion web site to give you two ways to find the answers you need.
Author: Shamim I. Ahmad Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 1461406536 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 421
Book Description
The editor of this volume, having research interests in the field of ROS production and the damage to cellular systems, has identified a number of enzymes showing ·OH scavenging activities details of which are anticipated to be published in the near future as confirmatory experiments are awaited. It is hoped that the information presented in this book on NDs will stimulate both expert and novice researchers in the field with excellent overviews of the current status of research and pointers to future research goals. Clinicians, nurses as well as families and caregivers should also benefit from the material presented in handling and treating their specialised cases. Also the insights gained should be valuable for further understanding of the diseases at molecular levels and should lead to development of new biomarkers, novel diagnostic tools and more effective therapeutic drugs to treat the clinical problems raised by these devastating diseases.
Author: Maurice Ptito Publisher: Mdpi AG ISBN: 9783036526539 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 498
Book Description
Vision is the most important sense in higher mammals. The retina is the first step in visual processing and the window to the brain. It is not surprising that problems arising in the retina lead to moderate to severe visual impairments. We offer here a collection of reviews as well as original papers dealing with various aspects of retinal function as well as dysfunction. New approaches in retinal research are described, such as the expression and localization of the endocannabinoid system in the normal retina and the role of cannabinoid receptors that could offer new avenues of research in the development of potential treatments for retinal diseases. Moreover, new insights are offered in advancing knowledge towards the prevention and cure of visual pathologies, mainly AMD, RP, and diabetic retinopathy.
Author: Settimio Rossi
Author: Settimio Rossi
Author: Settimio Rossi
Author: Henri Leinonen
Author: Jesus Avila
Author: Michael R. Hamblin
Author: Bo Peng
Author: 
Author: Robert R. Rich
Author: Shamim I. Ahmad
Author: Maurice Ptito