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Author: Chunlai Chen Publisher: ISBN: Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 318
Book Description
China's large and growing population places heavy requirements on domestic grain production. Grain shortages have been a frequent problem in China over the last 50 years. The Chinese government has struggled for many years to find a way of guaranteeing the supply of grain to its citizens, often relying on ineffective or counterproductive policy measures such as forced supply quotas or subsidies. Since the 1970s, the Chinese government has gradually, haltingly introduced policies that seek to introduce market forces and profit incentives to the production of grain. This book analyzes this process, examining advances in grain marketing reforms over the last three decades, the regional grain trade within China, and the level of integration in Chinese grain markets. China has not moved to a full market system. Many characteristics of a centrally planned economy remain, and government intervention is still common. China's future grain supply will depend on the capacity of the Chinese leader
Author: Chunlai Chen Publisher: ISBN: Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 318
Book Description
China's large and growing population places heavy requirements on domestic grain production. Grain shortages have been a frequent problem in China over the last 50 years. The Chinese government has struggled for many years to find a way of guaranteeing the supply of grain to its citizens, often relying on ineffective or counterproductive policy measures such as forced supply quotas or subsidies. Since the 1970s, the Chinese government has gradually, haltingly introduced policies that seek to introduce market forces and profit incentives to the production of grain. This book analyzes this process, examining advances in grain marketing reforms over the last three decades, the regional grain trade within China, and the level of integration in Chinese grain markets. China has not moved to a full market system. Many characteristics of a centrally planned economy remain, and government intervention is still common. China's future grain supply will depend on the capacity of the Chinese leader
Author: Fred Gale Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform ISBN: 9781497528734 Category : Agricultural industries Languages : en Pages : 54
Book Description
China is perhaps the most prominent example of a developing country that has transitioned from taxing to supporting agriculture. In recent years, Chinese price supports and subsidies have risen at an accelerating pace after they were linked to rising production costs. Per-acre subsidy payments to grain producers now equal 7 to 15 percent of those producers' gross income, but grain payments appear to have little influence on production decisions. Chinese authorities began raising price supports annually to bolster incentives, and Chinese prices for major farm commodities are rising above world prices, helping to attract a surge of agricultural imports. U.S. agricultural exports to China tripled in value during the period when China's agricultural support was accelerating. Overall, China's expansion of support is loosely constrained by World Trade Organization (WTO) commitments, but the country's price-support programs could exceed WTO limits in coming years. Chinese officials promise to continue increasing domestic policy support for agriculture, but the mix of policies may evolve as the Chinese agricultural sector becomes more commercialized and faces competitive pressures.
Author: Ashok Gulati Publisher: Johns Hopkins University Press ISBN: 9780801887864 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
China and India are the most extraordinary economic success stories of the developing world. Both nations’ economies have grown dramatically over the past few decades, elevating them from two of the world’s poorest countries into projected economic superpowers. As a result, the numbers of Chinese and Indians living in poverty have rapidly fallen and per capita incomes in China and India have quadrupled and doubled, respectively. This book investigates the reasons for these staggering accomplishments and the lessons that can be applied both to other developing nations and to the problem of poverty that remains in these two countries. The contributors pay particular attention to agriculture and the rural economy, examining how initial conditions and investments and the prioritization and sequencing of different policies and strategies have led to successes, and how the agricultural and rural sectors connect to overall economic expansion. They also emphasize the importance of anti-poverty programs and safety nets in helping poor people escape poverty. The book offers a set of policy and strategic options for future growth and poverty reduction. These include setting the right priorities for public spending, identifying trade and market reforms, building social safety nets for the poorest of the poor, and building accountable institutions that can provide public goods and services effectively. The book concludes by examining future challenges to China and India’s economic development, such as the need to ensure growth that is sustainable, equitable, and environmentally friendly. The Dragon and the Elephant offers valuable insights to development specialists anxious to multiply the benefits experienced by two of the greatest economic successes in recent times.
Author: Congressional Research Service Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform ISBN: 9781976466953 Category : Languages : en Pages : 52
Book Description
Prior to the initiation of economic reforms and trade liberalization 36 years ago, China maintained policies that kept the economy very poor, stagnant, centrally-controlled, vastly inefficient, and relatively isolated from the global economy. Since opening up to foreign trade and investment and implementing free market reforms in 1979, China has been among the world's fastest-growing economies, with real annual gross domestic product (GDP) growth averaging nearly 10% through 2016. In recent years, China has emerged as a major global economic power. It is now the world's largest economy (on a purchasing power parity basis), manufacturer, merchandise trader, and holder of foreign exchange reserves.The global economic crisis that began in 2008 greatly affected China's economy. China's exports, imports, and foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows declined, GDP growth slowed, and millions of Chinese workers reportedly lost their jobs. The Chinese government responded by implementing a $586 billion economic stimulus package and loosening monetary policies to increase bank lending. Such policies enabled China to effectively weather the effects of the sharp global fall in demand for Chinese products, but may have contributed to overcapacity in several industries and increased debt by Chinese firms and local government. China's economy has slowed in recent years. Real GDP growth has slowed in each of the past six years, dropping from 10.6% in 2010 to 6.7% in 2016, and is projected to slow to 5.7% by 2022.The Chinese government has attempted to steer the economy to a "new normal" of slower, but more stable and sustainable, economic growth. Yet, concerns have deepened in recent years over the health of the Chinese economy. On August 11, 2015, the Chinese government announced that the daily reference rate of the renminbi (RMB) would become more "market-oriented." Over the next three days, the RMB depreciated against the dollar and led to charges that China's goal was to boost exports to help stimulate the economy (which some suspect is in worse shape than indicated by official Chinese economic statistics). Concerns over the state of the Chinese economy appear to have often contributed to volatility in global stock indexes in recent years.The ability of China to maintain a rapidly growing economy in the long run will likely depend largely on the ability of the Chinese government to implement comprehensive economic reforms that more quickly hasten China's transition to a free market economy; rebalance the Chinese economy by making consumer demand, rather than exporting and fixed investment, the main engine of economic growth; boost productivity and innovation; address growing income disparities; and enhance environmental protection. The Chinese government has acknowledged that its current economic growth model needs to be altered and has announced several initiatives to address various economic challenges. In November 2013, the Communist Party of China held the Third Plenum of its 18th Party Congress, which outlined a number of broad policy reforms to boost competition and economic efficiency. For example, the communique stated that the market would now play a "decisive" role in allocating resources in the economy. At the same time, however, the communique emphasized the continued important role of the state sector in China's economy. In addition, many foreign firms have complained that the business climate in China has worsened in recent years. Thus, it remains unclear how committed the Chinese government is to implementing new comprehensive economic reforms.China's economic rise has significant implications for the United States and hence is of major interest to Congress. This report provides background on China's economic rise; describes its current economic structure; identifies the challenges China faces to maintain economic growth; and discusses the challenges, opportunities, and implications of China's economic rise.
Author: World Bank Publisher: World Bank Publications ISBN: 1464802068 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 583
Book Description
In the last 30 years, China’s record economic growth lifted half a billion people out of poverty, with rapid urbanization providing abundant labor, cheap land, and good infrastructure. While China has avoided some of the common ills of urbanization, strains are showing as inefficient land development leads to urban sprawl and ghost towns, pollution threatens people’s health, and farmland and water resources are becoming scarce. With China’s urban population projected to rise to about one billion – or close to 70 percent of the country’s population – by 2030, China’s leaders are seeking a more coordinated urbanization process. Urban China is a joint research report by a team from the World Bank and the Development Research Center of China’s State Council which was established to address the challenges and opportunities of urbanization in China and to help China forge a new model of urbanization. The report takes as its point of departure the conviction that China's urbanization can become more efficient, inclusive, and sustainable. However, it stresses that achieving this vision will require strong support from both government and the markets for policy reforms in a number of area. The report proposes six main areas for reform: first, amending land management institutions to foster more efficient land use, denser cities, modernized agriculture, and more equitable wealth distribution; second, adjusting the hukou household registration system to increase labor mobility and provide urban migrant workers equal access to a common standard of public services; third, placing urban finances on a more sustainable footing while fostering financial discipline among local governments; fourth, improving urban planning to enhance connectivity and encourage scale and agglomeration economies; fifth, reducing environmental pressures through more efficient resource management; and sixth, improving governance at the local level.
Author: Chunlai Chen Publisher: ISBN: Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 300
Book Description
China's large and growing population places heavy requirements on domestic grain production. Grain shortages have been a frequent problem in China over the last 50 years. The Chinese government has struggled for many years to find a way of guaranteeing the supply of grain to its citizens, often relying on ineffective or counterproductive policy measures such as forced supply quotas or subsidies. Since the 1970s, the Chinese government has gradually, haltingly introduced policies that seek to introduce market forces and profit incentives to the production of grain. This book analyzes this process, examining advances in grain marketing reforms over the last three decades, the regional grain trade within China, and the level of integration in Chinese grain markets. China has not moved to a full market system. Many characteristics of a centrally planned economy remain, and government intervention is still common. China's future grain supply will depend on the capacity of the Chinese leader
Author: Eswar Prasad Publisher: International Monetary Fund ISBN: Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 80
Book Description
China’s transformation into a dynamic private-sector-led economy and its integration into the world economy have been among the most dramatic global economic developments of recent decades. This paper provides an overview of some of the key aspects of recent developments in China’s macroeconomy and economic structure. It also surveys the main policy challenges that will need to be addressed for China to maintain sustained high growth and continued global integration.
Author: Nicholas R. Lardy Publisher: Rowman & Littlefield ISBN: 9780815798699 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 266
Book Description
China's accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) has been hailed as the biggest coming-out party in the history of capitalism. Its membership eventually will contribute to higher standards of living for its citizens and increased growth for its economy. But why would the Chinese communist regime voluntarily agree to comply with the many complex rules of the global trading system since it has already become the world's seventh largest trading country while avoiding these constraints by remaining outside the system? The answer to this question forms the basis for this new book. Nicholas Lardy explores the many pressures on the Chinese government, both external and internal, to comply with the standards of the rule-based international trading system. Lardy points out that, prior to entry into the WTO, China enjoyed high growth rates and more foreign direct investment than any other emerging economy. He draws on a wealth of scholarship and experience to explain how China's leadership expects to leverage the increased foreign competition inherent in its WTO commitments to accelerate its domestic economic reform program, leading to the shrinkage and transformation of inefficient, money-losing companies and hastening the development of a commercial credit culture in its banks. Lardy answers a number of other questions about China's new WTO membership, including its effects on bilateral trade with the United States; the possibility that China will use its power to reshape the WTO in the future; the degree to which the terms of China's entry were more or less demanding than those for other new members; the ability of China's economy to successfully open to new imports; and the prospects for new growth in various sectors of China's economy made possible by WTO accession. This book will become an important tool for those who wish to understand China's new role in the global trading system, to take advantage of the new opportunities for investment in China
Author: Mariko Watanabe Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing ISBN: 1783476427 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 361
Book Description
øIn the past two decades, China has experienced rapid industrial and economic growth. This fascinating book explores the unique Chinese business strategy of vigorous market entry and low prices, which has been the key feature of this accelerated indust
Author: Chunlai Chen
Author: Chunlai Chen
Author: Fred Gale
Author: Ashok Gulati
Author: Congressional Research Service
Author: World Bank
Author: Chunlai Chen
Author: Ross Garnaut
Author: Eswar Prasad
Author: Nicholas R. Lardy
Author: Mariko Watanabe