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Author: Meagan Julia Kerry Moore Publisher: ISBN: 9781124543123 Category : Languages : en Pages : 281
Book Description
Atmospheric aerosol particles are a major component of the troposphere and affect regional and global atmospheric chemistry and climate. The size and chemistry of these particles influences the warm and cold cloud nucleation ability and optical properties of the aerosol particles. This dissertation investigates the atmospheric chemistry of aerosol particles and their role in warm cloud nucleation through a combination of laboratory experiments and field measurements. The effect of organics on the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity of sea spray aerosols is described in Chapter 2. Sea spray aerosol produced by bubbling solutions composed of simplistic mixtures of NaCl and oleic acid or SDS had a significant effect on CCN activity, even in very small amounts; while artificial seawater solutions containing microorganisms, the common cyanobacteria (Synechococcus) and DMS-producing green algae (Ostreococcus), produced particles containing ~34 times more carbon than the particles produced from pure ASW, with no significant change observed in the overall CCN activity. During the fall of 2007 and 2008, over 300,000 acres burned in San Diego County wildfires. The resulting particle chemistry and estimated hygroscopicity during these wildfire events are explored in Chapter 3. The contribution of wildfire emissions were much larger and played a more significant role in affecting cloud condensation nuclei and total particle concentrations in 2007 than in 2008. The overall particle hygroscopicity during the biomass burning dominated periods was very similar; however in 2008, the particle hygroscopicity was dominated by local sources rather than biomass burning, due to the much smaller particle size mode. Owens Lake is one of the largest sources of PM2.5 in the Western Hemisphere, producing highly soluble dust plumes, and therefore there is great potential for those particles to impact cloud formation and possibly precipitation in the region. Chapter 4 explores particle chemistry and estimated hygroscopicity at Owens Lake. No significant change in particle hygroscopicity or CCN activity occurred concurrently with the change in mixing of particle classes during two different dust events at Owens Lake; indicating that the large dust particles were most likely completely CCN active and the smaller particles are likely dictating the hygroscopicity, as most of the dust particles are large enough and would activate to become CCN regardless of their hygroscopicity. The Cloud Indirect Forcing Experiment (CIFEX) took place to study the influence of aerosols on cloud properties at Trinidad Head, a coastal site in northern California representing clean marine air with periodic long-range transport. Chapters 5 & 6 explore particle chemistry, mixing state, optical properties and estimated hygroscopicity during CIFEX. Our measurements demonstrate how changes in hygroscopicity and optical properties evolve over time in the atmosphere as a function of particle chemistry and the mixing state of the aerosol. Two distinct oxalate events with enrichment of oxalate on different particle types and sizes suggest two separate sources of oxalate.
Author: Meagan Julia Kerry Moore Publisher: ISBN: 9781124543123 Category : Languages : en Pages : 281
Book Description
Atmospheric aerosol particles are a major component of the troposphere and affect regional and global atmospheric chemistry and climate. The size and chemistry of these particles influences the warm and cold cloud nucleation ability and optical properties of the aerosol particles. This dissertation investigates the atmospheric chemistry of aerosol particles and their role in warm cloud nucleation through a combination of laboratory experiments and field measurements. The effect of organics on the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity of sea spray aerosols is described in Chapter 2. Sea spray aerosol produced by bubbling solutions composed of simplistic mixtures of NaCl and oleic acid or SDS had a significant effect on CCN activity, even in very small amounts; while artificial seawater solutions containing microorganisms, the common cyanobacteria (Synechococcus) and DMS-producing green algae (Ostreococcus), produced particles containing ~34 times more carbon than the particles produced from pure ASW, with no significant change observed in the overall CCN activity. During the fall of 2007 and 2008, over 300,000 acres burned in San Diego County wildfires. The resulting particle chemistry and estimated hygroscopicity during these wildfire events are explored in Chapter 3. The contribution of wildfire emissions were much larger and played a more significant role in affecting cloud condensation nuclei and total particle concentrations in 2007 than in 2008. The overall particle hygroscopicity during the biomass burning dominated periods was very similar; however in 2008, the particle hygroscopicity was dominated by local sources rather than biomass burning, due to the much smaller particle size mode. Owens Lake is one of the largest sources of PM2.5 in the Western Hemisphere, producing highly soluble dust plumes, and therefore there is great potential for those particles to impact cloud formation and possibly precipitation in the region. Chapter 4 explores particle chemistry and estimated hygroscopicity at Owens Lake. No significant change in particle hygroscopicity or CCN activity occurred concurrently with the change in mixing of particle classes during two different dust events at Owens Lake; indicating that the large dust particles were most likely completely CCN active and the smaller particles are likely dictating the hygroscopicity, as most of the dust particles are large enough and would activate to become CCN regardless of their hygroscopicity. The Cloud Indirect Forcing Experiment (CIFEX) took place to study the influence of aerosols on cloud properties at Trinidad Head, a coastal site in northern California representing clean marine air with periodic long-range transport. Chapters 5 & 6 explore particle chemistry, mixing state, optical properties and estimated hygroscopicity during CIFEX. Our measurements demonstrate how changes in hygroscopicity and optical properties evolve over time in the atmosphere as a function of particle chemistry and the mixing state of the aerosol. Two distinct oxalate events with enrichment of oxalate on different particle types and sizes suggest two separate sources of oxalate.
Author: Ryan Christopher Sullivan Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 369
Book Description
Mineral dust particles are a major component of tropospheric aerosol mass and affect regional and global atmospheric chemistry and climate. Dust particles experience heterogeneous reactions with atmospheric gases that alter the gas and particle-phase chemistry. These in turn influence the warm and cold cloud nucleation ability and optical properties of the dust particles. This dissertation investigates the atmospheric chemistry of mineral dust particles and their role in warm cloud nucleation through a combination of synergistic field measurements, laboratory experiments, and theoretical modeling. In-situ measurements made with a single-particle mass spectrometer during the ACE-Asia field campaign in 2001 provide the motivation for this work. The observed mixing state of the individual ambient particles with secondary organic and inorganic components is described in Chapter 2. A large Asian dust storm occurred during the campaign and produced dramatic changes in the aerosol's composition and mixing state. The effect of particle size and mineralogy on the atmospheric processing of individual dust particles is explored in Chapters 3 & 4. Sulfate was found to accumulate preferentially in submicron iron and aluminosilicate-rich dust particles, while nitrate and chloride were enriched in supermicron calcite-rich dust. The mineral dust (and sea salt particles) were also enriched in oxalic acid, the dominant component of water soluble organic carbon. Chapter 5 explores the roles of gas-phase photochemistry and partitioning of the diacids to the alkaline particles in producing this unique behavior. The effect of the dust's mixing state with secondary organic and inorganic components on the dust particles' solubility, hygroscopicity, and thus warm cloud nucleation properties is explored experimentally and theoretically in Chapter 6. Cloud condensation nucleation (CCN) activation curves revealed that while calcium nitrate and calcium chloride particles were very hygroscopic and CCN-active, due to the high solubility of these compounds, calcium sulfate and calcium oxalate were not. Particles composed of these two sparingly soluble compounds had apparent hygroscopicities similar to pure calcium carbonate. This implies that the commonly made assumption that all dust particles become more hygroscopic after atmospheric processing must be revisited. Calcium sulfate and oxalate represent two forms of aged mineral dust particles that remain non-hygroscopic and thus have poor CCN nucleation ability. The particle generation method (dry versus wet) was found to significantly affect the chemistry and hygroscopicity of the aerosolized particles. Finally, in Chapter 7 the timescale for the atmospheric conversion of insoluble calcite particles to soluble, CCN-active calcium nitrate particles was derived from aerosol flow tube experiments. The reaction rate is rapid was used to estimate the conversion of calcite particles to very hygroscopic particles can occur in just a few hours of exposure to tropospheric levels of nitric acid. This process will therefore be controlled by the availability of nitric acid and its precursors, as opposed to the available atmospheric reaction time.
Author: Milton Kerker Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 0323153941 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 367
Book Description
Aerosols and Atmospheric Chemistry is a collection of papers presented at the American Chemical Society Kendall Award Symposium honoring Professor Milton Kerker, held in Los Angeles, California, on March 28-April 2, 1971. Contributors focus on the physical chemistry of aerosols and their relationship to atmospheric chemistry. Topics covered range from the optical and dynamical properties of aerosols to the kinetics of growth of an aerosol in a flow reactor. The formation and chemical reactions of atmospheric particles are also discussed. This book is comprised of 30 chapters and begins with an overview of some of the optical and dynamical properties of aerosols, along with the preparation of submicron aerosols by condensation. The discussion then turns to the formation and properties of neutral ultrafine particles and small ions conditioned by gaseous impurities of the air; preparation of ultrafine metal oxide particles in a hydrogen-oxygen flame; production of aerosols by X-rays; and condensational growth of atmospheric aerosols. A comparison of synthetic and smog aerosols is also presented. The final section is devoted to the Los Angeles (Pasadena) Smog Project—its genesis, objectives, and scope—and provides a detailed description of the Minnesota Aerosol Analyzing System used in the project. This monograph will be a useful resource for chemists as well as students and researchers interested in aerosol and atmospheric chemistry.
Author: Hayder Abdul-Razzak Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand ISBN: 9535107283 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 494
Book Description
The book is divided into two sections. The first section presents characterization of atmospheric aerosols and their impact on regional climate from East Asia to the Pacific. Ground-based, air-born, and satellite data were collected and analyzed. Detailed information about measurement techniques and atmospheric conditions were provided as well. In the second section, authors provide detailed information about the organic and inorganic constituents of atmospheric aerosols. They discuss the chemical and physical processes, temporal and spatial distribution, emissions, formation, and transportation of aerosol particles. In addition, new measurement techniques are introduced. This book hopes to serve as a useful resource to resolve some of the issues associated with the complex nature of the interaction between atmospheric aerosols and climatology.
Author: M. Kulmala Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 0080537820 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 995
Book Description
This volume is a collection of papers presented at the 14th International Conference on Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols, Helsinki, 26 - 30 August 1996. The first conference of this series took place in Dublin (1955); second, Basel and Locarno (1956); third, Cambridge (1958); fourth, Frankfurt am Main and Heidelberg (1961); fifth, Clermont-Ferrand and Tolouse (1963); sixth, Albany and University Park (1966); seventh, Prague and Vienna (1969); eighth, Leningrad (1973); ninth, Galway (1977); tenth, Hamburg (1981); eleventh Budapest (1984); twelfth, Vienna (1988); thirteenth, Salt Lake City (1992). The Atmospheric Aerosol conference has been held jointly with the Nucleation Symposium since 1988 in Vienna in order to stimulate contacts between researchers in these closely related fields. The broad nature of the meeting and the scientific program resulted in 32 countries submitting papers for presentation. Covering both experimental and theoretical studies these papers are divided amongst the chapters on Nucleation, Stratospheric Aerosols and Ice Nucleation, Tropospheric Aerosols and Aerosol-Cloud-Climate Interaction. In addition to these contributed papers invitations to present a plenary lecture on topics of particular current interest were accepted by P.J. Crutzen, J. Gras, J.L. Katz, A.A. Lushnikov, D. Oxtoby, J.E. Penner, Th. Peter, F. Raes, S.E. Schwartz, R. Strey and G. Vali. These plenary papers together with the contributed papers provide a well-balanced perspective of the current research over the entire field and highlight some important issues.
Author: Ian Colbeck Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 1405139196 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 276
Book Description
Aerosol particles are ubiquitous in the Earth’s atmosphere and are central to many environmental issues such as climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion and air quality. In urban environments, aerosol particles can affect human health through their inhalation. Atmospheric aerosols originate from naturally occurring processes, such as volcanic emissions, sea spray and mineral dust emissions, or from anthropogenic activity such as industry and combustion processes. Aerosols present pathways for reactions, transport, and deposition that would not occur in the gas phase alone. Understanding the ways in which aerosols behave, evolve, and exert these effects requires knowledge of their formation and removal mechanism, transport processes, as well as their physical and chemical characteristics. Motivated by climate change and adverse health effects of traffic-related air pollution, aerosol research has intensified over the past couple of decades, and recent scientific advances offer an improved understanding of the mechanisms and factors controlling the chemistry of atmospheric aerosols. Environmental Chemistry of Aerosols brings together the current state of knowledge of aerosol chemistry, with chapters written by international leaders in the field. It will serve as an authoritative and practical reference for scientists studying the Earth’s atmosphere and as an educational and training resource for both postgraduate students and professional atmospheric scientists.
Author: Kirill Ya. Kondratyev Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 3540376984 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 595
Book Description
This book provides the first comprehensive analysis of how aerosols form in the atmosphere through in situ processes as well as via transport from the surface (dust storms, seas spray, biogenic emissions, forest fires etc.). Such an analysis has been followed by the consideration of both observation data (various field observational experiments) and numerical modeling results to assess climate impacts of aerosols bearing in mind that these impacts are the most significant uncertainty in studying natural and anthropogenic causes of climate change.
Author: Ernő Mészáros Publisher: Akademiai Kiads ISBN: Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 316
Book Description
Gives a short and coherent presentation of the chemical composition of aerosol particles contributing to detrimental atmospheric and environmental conditions. After review of physical properties and measuring procedures, the formation of aerosol particles in the atmosphere determining aerosol composition is summarized. Present knowledge of particle composition is discussed, and the impact of aerosol particles on cloud formation, visibility degradation, climate variations, and ozone depletion is described. For graduate students and researchers in environmental science. The author is affiliated with the University of Veszprem. Distributed by ISBS. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR.
Author: Hind A. Al-Abadleh Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG ISBN: 1501512560 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 268
Book Description
Atmospheric aerosols are an important and a highly complex component of the Earth’s atmosphere that alter the radiative forcing and the chemical composition of the gas phase. These effects have impacts on local air quality and the global climate. Atmospheric Aerosol Chemistry outlines research findings to date in aerosol chemistry and advances in analytical tools used in laboratory settings for studying their surface and bulk reactivity.
Author: Colin D. O'Dowd Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 1402064748 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 1275
Book Description
Atmospheric particles are ubiquitous in the atmosphere: they form the seeds for cloud droplets and they form haze layers, blocking out incoming radiation and contributing to a partial cooling of our climate. They also contribute to poor air quality and health impacts. A large fraction of aerosols are formed from nucleation processes – that is a phase transition from vapour to liquid or solid particles. Examples are the formation of stable clusters about 1 nm in size from molecular collisions and these in turn can grow into larger (100 nm or more) haze particles via condensation to the formation of ice crystals in mixed phase or cold clouds. This book brings together the leading experts from the nucleation and atmospheric aerosols research communities to present the current state-of-the-art knowledge in these related fields. Topics covered are: Nucleation Experiment & Theory, Binary, Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Nucleation, Ion & Cluster Properties During Nucleation, Aerosol Characterisation & Properties, Aerosol Formation, Dynamics and Growth, Marine Aerosol Production, Aerosol-Cloud Interactions, Chemical Composition & Cloud Drop Activation, Remote Sensing of aerosol & clouds and Air Quality-Climate Interactions
Author: Meagan Julia Kerry Moore
Author: Meagan Julia Kerry Moore
Author: Ryan Christopher Sullivan
Author: Milton Kerker
Author: Hayder Abdul-Razzak
Author: M. Kulmala
Author: Ian Colbeck
Author: Kirill Ya. Kondratyev
Author: Ernő Mészáros
Author: Hind A. Al-Abadleh
Author: Colin D. O'Dowd