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Author: Chen Xu Publisher: ISBN: 9781267249647 Category : Cosmic rays Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Ground detector arrays have been used to measure high energy cosmic rays for decades to overcome their very low rate. IceCube is a special case with its 3D deployment and unique location--the South Pole. Although all 86 strings and 81 stations of IceCube were completed in 2011, IceCube began to take data in 2006, after the completion of the first 9 strings. In this thesis, experimental data taken in 2009 with 59 strings are used for composition analysis albeit some techniques are illustrated with the 40-string data. Simulation is essential in the composition work. Simulated data must be compared against the experimental data to find the right mix of cosmic ray components. However, because of limited computing resources and complexities of cosmic rays, the simulation in IceCube is well behind the experiment. The lower and upper bounds of primary energy in simulation for events that go through IceTop and the deep arrays of IceCube are 10 14 e V and 1017 e V. However, since IceCube has a threshold energy about several hundred TeV, and an upper limit of 10 18 e V, the full energy range cannot be explored in this thesis. The approach taken to the composition problem in this thesis is a 2D Bayesian unfolding. It takes account of the measured IceTop and InIce energy spectrum and outputs the expected primary energy spectrum of different mass components. Studies of the uncertainties in the results are not complete because of limited simulation and understanding of the new detector and South Pole environment.
Author: Chen Xu Publisher: ISBN: 9781267249647 Category : Cosmic rays Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Ground detector arrays have been used to measure high energy cosmic rays for decades to overcome their very low rate. IceCube is a special case with its 3D deployment and unique location--the South Pole. Although all 86 strings and 81 stations of IceCube were completed in 2011, IceCube began to take data in 2006, after the completion of the first 9 strings. In this thesis, experimental data taken in 2009 with 59 strings are used for composition analysis albeit some techniques are illustrated with the 40-string data. Simulation is essential in the composition work. Simulated data must be compared against the experimental data to find the right mix of cosmic ray components. However, because of limited computing resources and complexities of cosmic rays, the simulation in IceCube is well behind the experiment. The lower and upper bounds of primary energy in simulation for events that go through IceTop and the deep arrays of IceCube are 10 14 e V and 1017 e V. However, since IceCube has a threshold energy about several hundred TeV, and an upper limit of 10 18 e V, the full energy range cannot be explored in this thesis. The approach taken to the composition problem in this thesis is a 2D Bayesian unfolding. It takes account of the measured IceTop and InIce energy spectrum and outputs the expected primary energy spectrum of different mass components. Studies of the uncertainties in the results are not complete because of limited simulation and understanding of the new detector and South Pole environment.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 166
Book Description
Since the discovery of cosmic rays over a century ago, evidence of their origins has remained elusive. Deflected by galactic magnetic fields, the only direct evidence of their origin and propagation remain encoded in their energy distribution and chemical composition. Current models of galactic cosmic rays predict variations of the energy distribution of individual elements in an energy region around 3 x 1015 eV known as the knee. This work presents a method to measure the energy distribution of individual elemental groups in the knee region and its application to a year of data from the IceCube detector. The method uses cosmic rays detected by both IceTop, the surface-array component, and the deep-ice component of IceCube during the 2009-2010 operation of the IC-59 detector. IceTop is used to measure the energy and the relative likelihood of the mass composition using the signal from the cosmic-ray induced extensive air shower reaching the surface. IceCube, 1.5 km below the surface, measures the energy of the high-energy bundle of muons created in the very first interactions after the cosmic ray enters the atmosphere. These event distributions are fit by a constrained model derived from detailed simulations of cosmic rays representing five chemical elements. The results of this analysis are evaluated in terms of the theoretical uncertainties in cosmic-ray interactions and seasonal variations in the atmosphere. The improvements in high-energy cosmic ray hadronic-interaction models informed by this analysis, combined with increased data from subsequent operation of the IceCube detector, could provide crucial limits on the origin of cosmic rays and their propagation through the galaxy. In the course of developing this method, a number of analysis and statistical techniques were developed to deal with the difficulties inherent in this type of measurement. These include a composition-sensitive air shower reconstruction technique, a method to model simulated event distributions with limited statistics, and a method to optimize and estimate the error on a regularized fit.
Author: Emily Dvorak Publisher: ISBN: Category : Black hole Languages : en Pages : 372
Book Description
The IceCube is the world largest neutrino observatory located at the geographic South Pole. It consists of two components, the 1 km2 surface array IceTop, and 1 km3 InIce array. The main focus of the IceCube is neutrino astronomy and studying the physics of the neutrinos. IceCube also measures the direction, energy and mass composition of cosmic ray particles in the energy range between several hundred TeV (~1014 eV) and a few EeV (~1018 eV), the most enigmatic Galactic-to-extragalactic transition region. One unique advantage of the cosmic ray study with IceCube data comes from the fact that IceCube measures both the surface particles (with IceTop) and high energy muons (with the InIce array) in extensive air showers produced by cosmic rays. Previous cosmic ray studies are mainly done with the data from IceTop only, which are limited by the quality of cosmic ray reconstruction, and the number of high energy events. This work aims to improve the cosmic ray reconstructions in two ways. The first is to investigate and solve the angular resolution problem that occurred in the reconstruction of cosmic rays at high energies. The second is to develop a new cosmic ray reconstruction that uses data from both the IceTop and InIce arrays simultaneously. The first work significantly improves the direction reconstruction of cosmic rays. The second achieves, for the first time, a three-dimensional reconstruction of cosmic ray events in IceCube. It not only increases the number of events for physics study at high energies but also provides new parameters that may improve the accuracy of the measurement of cosmic ray primary energy and composition. The new reconstruction was also applied to data for a test analysis that uses machine learning techniques, which provides insights into future science analyses.
Author: Todor Stanev Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 3540851488 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 334
Book Description
Offers an accessible text and reference (a cosmic-ray manual) for graduate students entering the field and high-energy astrophysicists will find this an accessible cosmic-ray manual Easy to read for the general astronomer, the first part describes the standard model of cosmic rays based on our understanding of modern particle physics. Presents the acceleration scenario in some detail in supernovae explosions as well as in the passage of cosmic rays through the Galaxy. Compares experimental data in the atmosphere as well as underground are compared with theoretical models
Author: A. M. Hillas Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 1483151921 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 322
Book Description
Cosmic Rays is a two-part book that first elucidates the discovery, nature, and particles produced by cosmic rays. This part also looks into the primary cosmic radiation; radio waves from the galaxy; extensive air showers; origin of cosmic rays; and other cosmic radiations. Part 2 consists of reprinted papers involving cosmic rays. Papers 1 to 10 treat the nature of the radiation, arranged chronologically; in Papers 11 to 16 the scene moves away from the Earth.
Author: Claus Grupen Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 3642132715 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 1251
Book Description
The handbook centers on detection techniques in the field of particle physics, medical imaging and related subjects. It is structured into three parts. The first one is dealing with basic ideas of particle detectors, followed by applications of these devices in high energy physics and other fields. In the last part the large field of medical imaging using similar detection techniques is described. The different chapters of the book are written by world experts in their field. Clear instructions on the detection techniques and principles in terms of relevant operation parameters for scientists and graduate students are given.Detailed tables and diagrams will make this a very useful handbook for the application of these techniques in many different fields like physics, medicine, biology and other areas of natural science.
Author: Chen Xu
Author: Chen Xu
Author: Saul Alan Rappaport
Author: 
Author: M.M. Shapiro
Author: William Rex Webber
Author: Emily Dvorak
Author: Todor Stanev
Author: A. M. Hillas
Author: Claus Grupen
Author: Lawrence Hugh Aller