Chemical and Physical Processes that Control the Thermal Decomposition of RDX and HMX. PDF Download
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Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 18
Book Description
The current understanding of the chemical and physical processes that control the thermal decomposition of RDX and HMX, based on experiments conducted with a simultaneous thermogravimetric modulated beam mass spectrometer (STMBMS), is presented. The rate-limiting reactions and physical processes that control the decomposition of RDX and HMX in both the solid and liquid phases, which have been elucidated from over five hundred STMBMS experiments on these materials, are summarized in a general reaction scheme. This general reaction scheme is discussed and illustrated with selected results from the authors experimental work.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 18
Book Description
The current understanding of the chemical and physical processes that control the thermal decomposition of RDX and HMX, based on experiments conducted with a simultaneous thermogravimetric modulated beam mass spectrometer (STMBMS), is presented. The rate-limiting reactions and physical processes that control the decomposition of RDX and HMX in both the solid and liquid phases, which have been elucidated from over five hundred STMBMS experiments on these materials, are summarized in a general reaction scheme. This general reaction scheme is discussed and illustrated with selected results from the authors experimental work.
Author: Kenneth K. Kuo Publisher: Begell House Publishers ISBN: Category : Combustion Languages : en Pages : 1114
Book Description
This edited book contains state-of-the-art information associated with energetic material combustion. There are twelve topical areas, including: Reaction Kinetics of Energetic Materials (Solid, Liquid, and Gel Propellants); Recycling of Energetic Materials; Combustion Performance of Hybrid and Solid Rocket Motors; Ignition and Combustion of Energetic Materials; Energetic Material Defects and Rocket Engine Flowfields; Metal Combustion; Pyrolysis and Combustion Processes of New Ingredients and Applications; Theoretical Modeling and Numerical Simulation of Combustion Processes of Energetic Materials; Combustion Diagnostic Techniques; Propellant and Rocket Motor Stability; Commercial Applications of Energetic Materials (Airbags, Gas Generators, etc.); and Thermal Insulation and Ablation Processes.
Author: Donald L Thompson Publisher: World Scientific ISBN: 9814480908 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 531
Book Description
Few books cover experimental and theoretical methods to characterize decomposition, combustion and detonation of energetic materials. This volume, by internationally known and major contributors to the field, is unique because it summarizes the most important recent work, what we know with confidence, and what main areas remain to be investigated. Most chapters comprise summaries of work spanning decades and contain expert commentary available nowhere else. Although energetic materials are its focus, this book provides a guide to modern methods for investigations of condensed and gas-phase reactions. Although these energetic reactions are complex and difficult to study, the work discussed here provides readers with a substantial understanding of the behavior of materials now in use, and a predictive capability for the development of new materials based on target properties.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 11
Book Description
We use the recently developed reactive force field ReaxFF with molecular dynamics to study thermal induced chemistry in RDX [cyclic-[CH2N(NO2)]3] at various temperatures and densities. We find that the time evolution of the potential energy can be described reasonably well with a single exponential function from which we obtain an overall characteristic time of decomposition that increases with decreasing density and shows an Arrhenius temperature dependence. These characteristic timescales are in reasonable quantitative agreement with experimental measurements in a similar energetic material, HMX [cyclic-[CH2N(NO2)]4]. Our simulations show that the equilibrium population of CO and CO2 (as well as their time evolution! depend strongly of density: at low density almost all carbon atoms form CO molecules; as the density increases larger aggregates of carbon appear leading to a C deficient gas phase and the appearance of CO2 molecules. The equilibrium populations of N2 and H2O are more insensitive with respect to density and form in the early stages of the decomposition process with similar timescales.
Author: Michael A. Schroeder Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 116
Book Description
A summary of a critical interpretative literature review on product distributions from HMX and RDX decomposition is presented. Principal products formed include N2O, N2, H2CO, CO, CO2, and NO; these and a number of other products such as HCN, HCOOH, NO2( - ), NO3( - ), hydroxymethyl formamide, H2, and H2O are tabulated. NO2 appears to be formed, but is so reactive that many failures to report it may well be due to the fact that is disappears too rapidly due to further reaction. Relative amounts of HCN and NO2 may increase at high temperature, while H2CO, etc., decreases. A discussion of the first step of the decomposition is presented. A discussion of some possible unimolecular and bimolecular follow-up steps is also presented; among other things the N2/N20 ratio and some possible mechanisms for formation of molecular nitrogen (N2) are discussed. In conclusion, it is pointed out that possibly the most useful aspect of thermal decomposition studies at low temperatures and pressures is to elucidate the types of chemical deposition processes involved, including minor (at low temperatures and pressures) pathways, in addition to the principal ones. Informed extensive of this body of knowledge to combustion conditions could then provide the basis for improved understanding and control of combustion processes and operational properties such as stability, sensitivity, and burning rate behavior.
Author: M. A. Schroeder Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 36
Book Description
This paper presents some preliminary comments on a literature review on topics related to autocatalysis in the thermal decomposition of HMX and RDX. An attempt is made to focus on true homogeneous chemical affects in autocatalysis; it is pointed out that it is necessary to distinguish between true chemical effects on the one hand and autoacceleration due to physical factors such as liquefaction on the other hand. The subject is divided into two general areas: (a) autocatalysis due to the non-volatile residue that is formed in HMX and RDX decomposition; and (b) autocatalysis due to more volatile reaction products such as HOCH(2)NHCOH, H(2)CO and nitrogen oxides. There does seem to be evidence indicating the existence of homogeneous chemical autocatalysis by the decomposition residue. With regard to true chemical autocatalysis by more volatile reaction products, a number of pieces of information seem to suggest that such autocatalysis operates, but there are also a few confusing notes. Some possible chemical mechanisms that might be involved are presented and discussed, and it is pointed out that even if such reactions are unimportant under low-pressure conditions, they may become more important under the higher pressures characteristic of combustion and explosion. Suggestions for future work are made, with emphasis on studies allowing unambiguous interpretation in terms of true chemical effects, uncomplicated by physical factors such as liquefication and thermal effects.
Author: S.N. Bulusu Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 9400920350 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 756
Book Description
This book represents a collection of lectures presented at the NATO Advanced study Institute(ASI) on "Chemistry & Physics of the Molecular Processes in Energetic Materials", held at Hotel Torre Normanna, Altavilla Milicia, Sicily, Italy, September 3 to 15, 1989. The institute was attended by seventy participants including twenty lecturers, drawn from thirteen countries. The purpose of the institute was to review the major ad vances made in recent years in the theoretical and experi mental aspects of explosives and propellants. In accordance with the format of the NATO ASI, it was arranged to have a relatively small number of speakers to present in depth, re view type lectures emphasizing the basic research aspects of the subject, over a two week period. Most of the speakers gave two lectures, each in excess of one hour with addition al time for discussions. The scope of the meeting was limit ed to molecular and spectroscopic studies since the hydro dynamic aspects of detonation and various performance crite ria of energetic materials are often covered adequately in other international meetings. An attempt was made to have a coherent presentation of various theoretical, computational and spectroscopic approaches to help a better understanding of energetic materials from a molecular point of view. The progress already made in these areas is such that structure property (e. g.
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Author: Kenneth K. Kuo
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Author: Michael A. Schroeder
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