Characterization of Tensile and Fracture Properties of X52 Steel Pipes and Their Girth Welds PDF Download
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Author: Meng Lin Publisher: ISBN: Category : Fracture mechanics Languages : en Pages : 182
Book Description
Enbridge vintage Norman Wells Pipeline made of X52 steels has transported crude oil from Norman Wells, Northwest Territories (NWT) to Zama, Alberta since 1985. It is the first fully buried pipeline that traverses permafrost regions in Canada, and is often subjected to adverse geotechnical conditions. It is significant to investigate the resistance of the buried X52 steel pipeline in response to the imposed substantial stresses and strains caused by impacts and displacements from geotechnical instability. In this thesis, tensile and fracture properties of X52 steel pipes and their girth welds are determined by small scale material tests. An original girth weld which was manufactured in 1980s and a new girth weld which was manufactured in 2013 are both studied and their material properties compared to the corresponding heat-affected zones and the pipe base metal. Tension tests are conducted to obtain stress-strain curves and determine the tensile properties of X52 pipe. The strain-hardening region of the true stress-strain curve is characterized into the empirical mathematical expressions otherwise known as the Hollomon equation and the Ramberg-Osgood equation. The stress-strain curve of X52 steel pipe is compared to curves obtained from higher grades of steel pipes and the comparison between the ductility of X52 steel pipe and other grades is discussed. Charpy V-notch impact tests are conducted to measure the energy required to fracture a V-notched specimen and determine the fracture properties of the pipe material. The decrease of the test temperature reduces the impact toughness and increases the probability of brittle fracture. The empirical correlation between the test CVN energy and the fracture toughness of X52 pipe is emphasized. Based on the test results, the tensile strain capacity of X52 pipe is predicted according to the empirical equation provided by CSA Z662-11. While the tensile strain capacity equations were developed based on tests conducted on higher grades of steel, the results of this work allowed the use of these equations to predict the amount of reduction of tensile strain capacity due to the presence of girth weld defects.
Author: Meng Lin Publisher: ISBN: Category : Fracture mechanics Languages : en Pages : 182
Book Description
Enbridge vintage Norman Wells Pipeline made of X52 steels has transported crude oil from Norman Wells, Northwest Territories (NWT) to Zama, Alberta since 1985. It is the first fully buried pipeline that traverses permafrost regions in Canada, and is often subjected to adverse geotechnical conditions. It is significant to investigate the resistance of the buried X52 steel pipeline in response to the imposed substantial stresses and strains caused by impacts and displacements from geotechnical instability. In this thesis, tensile and fracture properties of X52 steel pipes and their girth welds are determined by small scale material tests. An original girth weld which was manufactured in 1980s and a new girth weld which was manufactured in 2013 are both studied and their material properties compared to the corresponding heat-affected zones and the pipe base metal. Tension tests are conducted to obtain stress-strain curves and determine the tensile properties of X52 pipe. The strain-hardening region of the true stress-strain curve is characterized into the empirical mathematical expressions otherwise known as the Hollomon equation and the Ramberg-Osgood equation. The stress-strain curve of X52 steel pipe is compared to curves obtained from higher grades of steel pipes and the comparison between the ductility of X52 steel pipe and other grades is discussed. Charpy V-notch impact tests are conducted to measure the energy required to fracture a V-notched specimen and determine the fracture properties of the pipe material. The decrease of the test temperature reduces the impact toughness and increases the probability of brittle fracture. The empirical correlation between the test CVN energy and the fracture toughness of X52 pipe is emphasized. Based on the test results, the tensile strain capacity of X52 pipe is predicted according to the empirical equation provided by CSA Z662-11. While the tensile strain capacity equations were developed based on tests conducted on higher grades of steel, the results of this work allowed the use of these equations to predict the amount of reduction of tensile strain capacity due to the presence of girth weld defects.
Author: E. Lucon Publisher: ISBN: Category : Crack resistance curves Languages : en Pages : 14
Book Description
The safety and reliability of large-diameter pipelines for the transport of fluid hydrocarbons is being improved by the development of high-strength steels, advanced weld technologies, and strain-based design (SBD) methodologies. In SBD, a limit is imposed on the applied strains rather than the applied stresses. For high-pressure pipelines, SBD requires an assured strength overmatch for the weld metal as compared to the base material, in order to avoid strain localization in the weldment during service. Achieving the required level of strength overmatch, as well as acceptable ductility and low-temperature fracture toughness, is a challenge as the pipe strength increases. Published studies show that low constraint geometries such as single-edge tension [SE(T)] or shallow-notched single-edge bend [SE(B)] specimens represent a better match to the constraint conditions of surface-breaking circumferential cracks in large-diameter pipelines during service (Shen, G., Bouchard, R., Gianetto, J. A., and Tyson, W. R., "Fracture Toughness Evaluation of High Strength Steel Pipe," Proceedings of PVP2008, ASME Pressure Vessel and Piping Division Conference, Chicago, IL, July 27-31, ASME, New York, 2008). However, the SE(T) geometry is not included in any of the most widely used elastic-plastic fracture mechanics (EPFM) test standards. A procedure has been developed for performing and analyzing SE(T) toughness tests using a single-specimen technique that includes formulas for calculating the J-integral and crack-tip opening displacement, as well as for estimating crack size using rotation-corrected elastic unloading compliance. Here, crack-resistance curves and critical toughness values obtained from shallow-crack SE(T) specimens (a0/W ? 0.25) are compared to shallow-crack (a0/W ? 0.25) SE(B) specimens. We believe that the SE(T) methodology is mature enough to be considered for inclusion in future revisions of EPFM standards such as ASTM E1820 and ISO 12135, although additional work is needed to establish validity limits for SE(T) specimens.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
The degradation of fracture toughness, tensile, and Charpy-impact properties of Type 308 stainless steel (SS) pipe welds due to thermal aging has been characterized at room temperature and 290 C. Thermal aging of SS welds results in moderate decreases in Charpy-impact strength and fracture toughness. For the various welds in this study, upper-shelf energy decreased by 50-80 J/cm2. The decrease in fracture toughness J-R curve or JIC is relatively small. Thermal aging had little or no effect on the tensile strength of the welds. Fracture properties of SS welds are controlled by the distribution and morphology of second-phase particles. Failure occurs by the formation and growth of microvoids near hard inclusions; such processes are relatively insensitive to thermal aging. The ferrite phase has little or no effect on the fracture properties of the welds. Differences in fracture resistance of the welds arise from differences in the density and size of inclusions. Mechanical-property data from the present study are consistent with results from other investigations. The existing data have been used to establish minimum expected fracture properties for SS welds.
Author: D. Angeles-Herrera Publisher: ISBN: Category : Metals Languages : en Pages : 11
Book Description
In this paper, the fracture-toughness and fatigue crack growth rates of the deposited seam weld on the longitudinal pipeline API 5L X52 were evaluated. The study was performed with nonstandard curved specimens, which were machined in the transversal direction of the seam weld with a crack-initiating notch aligned perpendicular to the direction of the deposited seam weld metal. The fractographic analysis showed that the low fracture-toughness of the weld can be attributed to the the existence of elements capable of nucleating brittle fracture and the fact that the intrinsic porosity in the transversal direction provided a favorable crack path for separating the fracture plane, resulting in low fracture-toughness values. Finally, the resistance decrease with respect to the fatigue crack growth was attributed to the small grain size because of the effect of roughness-induced crack closure as well as the interaction of the crack and the inherent porosity.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 86
Book Description
Degradation of fracture toughness, tensile, and Charpy-impact properties of Type 304 and 304/308 SS pipe welds due to thermal aging was studied at room temperature and 290 C. Thermal aging of SS welds results in moderate decreases in charpy-impact strength and fracture toughness. Upper-shelf energy decreased by 50-80 J/cm2. Decrease in fracture toughness J-R curve or J{sub IC} is relatively small. Thermal aging had no or little effect on tensile strength of the welds. Fracture properties of SS welds are controlled by the distribution and morphology of second-phase particles. Failure occurs by formation and growth of microvoids near hard inclusions; such processes are relatively insensitive to thermal aging. The ferrite phase has little or no effect on fracture properties of the welds. Differences in fracture resistance of the welds arise from differences in the density and size of inclusions. Mechanical-property data from the present study are consistent with results from other investigations. The existing data have been used to establish minimum expected fracture properties for SS welds.
Author: JW. Cardinal Publisher: ISBN: Category : Circumferentially cracked pipes Languages : en Pages : 12
Book Description
Elastic-plastic finite-element fracture mechanics analyses were conducted on 102-mm (4-in.) and 406-mm (16-in.)-nominal-diameter Type 304 stainless steel pipes containing circumferential through-wall cracks located in girth welds. The 406-mm (16-in.) pipe was analyzed for a fixed axial load combined with a monotonically increasing bending moment. The 102-mm (4-in.)-diameter pipe analysis was performed under a four-point bending load. Material J-resistance curves appropriate for each problem were used to initiate and grow the initial crack. Calculations were performed to analyze the 406-mm (16-in.) welded pipe treated as (1) a monolithic pipe entirely composed of base metal and (2) a composite of base metal and weldment. The 102-mm (4-in.) welded pipe analysis modeled the material as a composite of base metal and weldment and utilized a material J-resistance curve generated from an elastic-plastic analysis of a welded compact tension specimen. The results of the 406-mm (16-in.)-diameter pipe analysis demonstrated that the predictions of the extent of stable crack growth and the applied load at fracture instability depend on whether or not the pipe is modeled monolithically or as a composite of base metal and weldment. The 102-mm (4-in.) pipe fracture analysis, using a normalized interpretation of the material J-resistance curve, produced good agreement with corresponding experimental crack growth and deflection data.
Author: HI. McHenry Publisher: ISBN: Category : Carbon-manganese steel Languages : en Pages : 11
Book Description
Size limits for surface flaws in pipeline girthwelds are calculated on the basis of fracture mechanics analysis. Parameters for the analysis were selected from data on a 1.22-m-diameter (48 in.), 12-mm-thick (0.46 in.) pipe welded by the shielded metal-arc process. The minimum fracture toughness of the welds as determined by the crack opening displacement (COD) method was 0.1 and 0.18 mm (0.004 and 0.007 in.), depending on the flaw location. The yield strength of the welds was 413 MPa (60 ksi). Because the toughness to yield strength ratio was high, elastic-plastic fracture mechanics analysis methods were required to determine critical flaw sizes. Four approaches were employed: (1) a critical COD method based on the ligament-closure-force model of Irwin; (2) the COD procedure of the Draft British Standard Rules for Derivation of Acceptance Levels for Defects in Fusion Welded Joints; (3) a plastic instability method based on a critical net ligament strain developed by Irwin; and (4) a semi-empirical method that uses plastic instability as the fracture criterion developed by Kiefner on the basis of full-scale pipe rupture tests. Allowable flaw sizes determined by the Draft British Standard method are compared with the critical flaw sizes calculated using critical-COD and plastic instability as the respective fracture criteria. The results for both axial- and circumferential-aligned flaws vary significantly depending on the analysis model chosen. Thus, experimental work is needed to verify which model most accurately predicts girthweld behavior.
Author: John C. Lippold Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 1118210034 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 370
Book Description
The most up-to-date coverage of welding metallurgy aspects and weldability issues associated with Ni-base alloys Welding Metallurgy and Weldability of Nickel-Base Alloys describes the fundamental metallurgical principles that control the microstructure and properties of welded Ni-base alloys. It serves as a practical how-to guide that enables engineers to select the proper alloys, filler metals, heat treatments, and welding conditions to ensure that failures are avoided during fabrication and service. Chapter coverage includes: Alloying additions, phase diagrams, and phase stability Solid-solution strengthened Ni-base alloys Precipitation strengthened Ni-base alloys Oxide dispersion strengthened alloys and nickel aluminides Repair welding of Ni-base alloys Dissimilar welding Weldability testing High-chromium alloys used in nuclear power applications With its excellent balance between the fundamentals and practical problem solving, the book serves as an ideal reference for scientists, engineers, and technicians, as well as a textbook for undergraduate and graduate courses in welding metallurgy.
Author: Meng Lin
Author: Meng Lin![Fracture Toughness Characterization of High-Pressure Pipe Girth Welds Using Single-Edge Notched Tension [SE(T)] Specimens PDF](https://books.google.com/books/content/images/frontcover/iL12zgEACAAJ?fife=w80-h100)
Author: E. Lucon
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