Changes in the Fire Regime and the Relative of Role Fuel and Climate of a Historically Flammability Limited Watershed in the Western Cascades as it Responds to Two Possible Future Climate Scenarios PDF Download
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Author: Jonathan Gendron Publisher: ISBN: Category : Climatic changes Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Anthropogenic climate change has shifted forest fire regimes in the Pacific Northwest U.S by increasing wildfire frequency and area burned and the shift is projected to continue during the 21st century if temperature and summertime aridity continually increase. Such changes threaten natural resources in these systems, including drinking water reservoirs, which could see reduced water quality during post-fire recovery. Productive forests with historically flammability-limited wildfire regimes are susceptible to large-scale high-severity events because of large fuel sinks; therefore, as flammability increases with climate change, the frequency of these events is also expected to increase. However, it is unclear how climate change and wildfire will alter long-term fuel availability in these forests; if a strong fuel limitation develops, it could potentially offset increases in fuel flammability. Herein, we apply RHESSys-WMFire, a process-based ecohydrological framework coupled with a stochastic fire-spread model and a post-fire effects model, to explore the long-term coevolution of climate, vegetation, and wildfire in a historically climate-limited forest in the western cascades as it responds to two future climate scenarios: (1) one that enforces extreme fire-weather, and (2) one that is less arid and more suitable for forest production. Both scenarios feature three 525-year climate sequences to capture the co-evolution of vegetation and fire behavior for three stable climate regimes: the present, near future (2040s), and distant future (2070s). Each sequence was constructed from 30 years of climate data from existing CMIP5 GCM using a randomized climate resampling technique. We found both climate storylines forced a fuel limitation that increased during the 21st-century; however, increases in fuel flammability were greater, and resulted in increases in wildfire size, frequency, and area burned in near and distant future relative to the present. The severity of fuel limitation also corresponded with shifts in the fire-size distribution and the fire recurrence interval of different elevations, wherein strong fuel limitation caused relatively smaller fires and lower frequency. We surmise that reduced fuel availability will scale with the severity of climate forcing; however, in forests where fuel flammability is presently low, it will begin to limit wildfire behavior until a certain threshold has been reached.
Author: Jonathan Gendron Publisher: ISBN: Category : Climatic changes Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Anthropogenic climate change has shifted forest fire regimes in the Pacific Northwest U.S by increasing wildfire frequency and area burned and the shift is projected to continue during the 21st century if temperature and summertime aridity continually increase. Such changes threaten natural resources in these systems, including drinking water reservoirs, which could see reduced water quality during post-fire recovery. Productive forests with historically flammability-limited wildfire regimes are susceptible to large-scale high-severity events because of large fuel sinks; therefore, as flammability increases with climate change, the frequency of these events is also expected to increase. However, it is unclear how climate change and wildfire will alter long-term fuel availability in these forests; if a strong fuel limitation develops, it could potentially offset increases in fuel flammability. Herein, we apply RHESSys-WMFire, a process-based ecohydrological framework coupled with a stochastic fire-spread model and a post-fire effects model, to explore the long-term coevolution of climate, vegetation, and wildfire in a historically climate-limited forest in the western cascades as it responds to two future climate scenarios: (1) one that enforces extreme fire-weather, and (2) one that is less arid and more suitable for forest production. Both scenarios feature three 525-year climate sequences to capture the co-evolution of vegetation and fire behavior for three stable climate regimes: the present, near future (2040s), and distant future (2070s). Each sequence was constructed from 30 years of climate data from existing CMIP5 GCM using a randomized climate resampling technique. We found both climate storylines forced a fuel limitation that increased during the 21st-century; however, increases in fuel flammability were greater, and resulted in increases in wildfire size, frequency, and area burned in near and distant future relative to the present. The severity of fuel limitation also corresponded with shifts in the fire-size distribution and the fire recurrence interval of different elevations, wherein strong fuel limitation caused relatively smaller fires and lower frequency. We surmise that reduced fuel availability will scale with the severity of climate forcing; however, in forests where fuel flammability is presently low, it will begin to limit wildfire behavior until a certain threshold has been reached.
Author: Rebecca Gustine Publisher: ISBN: Category : Wildfires Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Climate change has altered wildfire regimes in the Western United States in the past few decades. Fire season is becoming longer and burned area in the Western Cascades is projected to increase 200-400% above contemporary levels by the end of the century. Such changes in fire regimes can have cascading consequences for human and natural systems, including degradation of downstream water quality. Understanding the potential consequences of an altered fire regime will be necessary for managing forested watersheds to protect highly valued resources, especially high-quality drinking water, with the threat of a wildfire occurrence. In this study, we apply the ecohydrologic model RHESSys, coupled with the fire spread model WMFire and a fire effects model, to investigate how climate change and forest management techniques, such as stand thinning, can affect wildfire regimes in the Cedar River Watershed in Western Washington, which provides drinking water for people in the greater Seattle area. We run multiple simulations with different forest management and future representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenarios to assess future changes in fire activity due to climate change and the efficacy of management practices for reducing fire severity in this watershed. Both forest management and climate change alter the fire regime in the Cedar River watershed. With climate change, this basin becomes progressively more fuel-limited, which creates fuel conditions that allow thinning to become an effective method for managing wildfire.
Author: Heather E. Greaves Publisher: ISBN: Category : Climatic changes Languages : en Pages : 86
Book Description
Climate exerts considerable control on wildfire regimes, and climate and wildfire are both major drivers of forest growth and succession in interior Northwest forests. Estimating potential response of these landscapes to anticipated changes in climate helps researchers and land managers understand and mitigate impacts of climate change on important ecological and economic resources. Spatially explicit, mechanistic computer simulation models are powerful tools that permit researchers to incorporate climate and disturbance events along with vegetation physiology and phenology to explore complex potential effects of climate change over wide spatial and temporal scales. In this thesis, I used the simulation model FireBGCv2 to characterize potential response of fire, vegetation, and landscape dynamics to a range of possible future climate and fire management scenarios. The simulation landscape (~43,000 hectares) is part of Deschutes National Forest, which is located at the interface of maritime and continental climates and is known for its beauty and ecological diversity. Simulation scenarios included all combinations of +0°C, +3°C, and +6°C of warming; +10%, ±0%, and -10% historical precipitation; and 10% and 90% fire suppression, and were run for 500 years. To characterize fire dynamics, I investigated how mean fire frequency, intensity, and fuel loadings changed over time in all scenarios, and how fire and tree mortality interacted over time. To explore vegetation and landscape dynamics, I described the distribution and spatial arrangement of vegetation types and forest successional stages on the landscape, and used a nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMS) ordination to holistically evaluate overall similarity of composition, structure, and landscape pattern among all simulation scenarios over time. Changes in precipitation had little effect on fire characteristics or vegetation and landscape characteristics, indicating that simulated precipitation changes were not sufficient to significantly affect vegetation moisture stress or fire behavior on this landscape. Current heavy fuel loads controlled early fire dynamics, with high mean fire intensities occurring early in all simulations. Increases in fire frequency accompanied all temperature increases, leading to decreasing fuel loads and fire intensities over time in warming scenarios. With no increase in temperature or in fire frequency, high fire intensities and heavier fuel loads were sustained. Over time, more fire associated with warming or less fire suppression increased the percentage of the landscape occupied by non-forest and fire-sensitive early seral forest successional stages, which tended to increase the percentage of fire area burning at high severity (in terms of tree mortality). This fire-vegetation relationship may reflect a return to a more historical range of conditions on this landscape. Higher temperatures and fire frequency led to significant spatial migration of forest types across the landscape, with communities at the highest and lowest elevations particularly affected. Warming led to an upslope shift of warm mixed conifer and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests, severely contracting (under 3° of warming) or eliminating (under 6° of warming) area dominated by mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana) and cool, wet conifer forest in the high western portion of the landscape. In lower elevations, warming and fire together contributed to significant expansion of open (
Author: U.S. Global Change Research Program Publisher: Cambridge University Press ISBN: 0521144078 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 193
Book Description
Summarizes the science of climate change and impacts on the United States, for the public and policymakers.
Author: Karen Elsa Kopper Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
There has been a significant increase in fire activity in the western United States over the past two decades, attributed to climate change, but much of the data that support this attribution are from fires in frequent, low-severity fire regimes. Recent increases in fires with mixed- and high-severity fire regimes of the Pacific Northwest have highlighted the importance of collecting baseline data and understanding fire-climate interactions in forests with less frequent fire to inform research and guide management. My dissertation focuses on these objectives in three chapters. In the first chapter, I characterized historical fire frequency and severity over 400 years in a dry, mixed conifer forest in Stehekin, Lake Chelan National Recreation Area in Washington state, and used ANOVA and GLM to identify the bottom-up controls on fire in this mountainous terrain. I found that fire frequency was high before the fire suppression era (31-year mean fire-interval), increased significantly during the non-Indigenous settlement period, and was impacted by fire suppression (51-year mean fire interval following suppression). Both fire frequency and severity are controlled by a complex interaction among topography, site, and environmental variables, which could increase resilience to climate change. In the second chapter, I classified and mapped fuel characteristics (fuelbeds) and fire potentials across a low-frequency, high-severity fire regime (Mount Rainier National Park, (the Park)) using a combination of field data, LiDAR, and climate data. Using this examination at high-resolution, I identified higher fuel loadings and fire potentials on the west side of the Park that could eventually indicate greater impacts and changes there, although the effects of climate change are more certain and will come sooner on the east side. In the last chapter, I reviewed bottom-up controls (topography and fuels) on fire frequency across the continuum of moist, high-severity fire regimes to dry, low-severity fire regimes from the west side of the Olympic Mountains to the east side of the north and central Cascades. Using this examination, I identify and describe a corresponding “fuel management continuum” to inform wildfire and forest management strategies.
Author: Michael S. Balshi Publisher: ISBN: Category : Atmospheric carbon dioxide Languages : en Pages : 386
Book Description
"The boreal forest contains large reserves of carbon, and across this region wildfire is a common occurrence. To improve the understanding of how wildfire influences the carbon dynamics of this region, methods were developed to incorporate the spatial and temporal effects of fire into the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM). The historical role of fire on carbon dynamics of the boreal region was evaluated within the context of ecosystem responses to changing atmospheric CO2 and climate. These results show that the role of historical fire on boreal carbon dynamics resulted in a net carbon sink; however, fire plays a major role in the interannual and decadal scale variation of source/sink relationships. To estimate the effects of future fire on boreal carbon dynamics, spatially and temporally explicit empirical relationships between climate and fire were quantified. Fuel moisture, monthly severity rating, and air temperature explained a significant proportion of observed variability in annual area burned. These relationships were used to estimate annual area burned for future scenarios of climate change and were coupled to TEM to evaluate the role of future fire on the carbon dynamics of the North American boreal region for the 21st Century. Simulations with TEM indicate that boreal North America is a carbon sink in response to CO2 fertilization, climate variability, and fire, but an increase in fire leads to a decrease in the sink strength. While this study highlights the importance of fire on carbon dynamics in the boreal region, there are uncertainties in the effects of fire in TEM simulations. These uncertainties are associated with sparse fire data for northern Eurasia, uncertainty in estimating carbon consumption, and difficulty in verifying assumptions about the representation of fires that occurred prior to the start of the historical fire record. Future studies should incorporate the role of dynamic vegetation to more accurately represent post-fire successional processes, incorporate fire severity parameters that change in time and space, and integrate the role of other disturbances and their interactions with future fire regimes"--Leaf iii.
Author: Robert E. Keane Publisher: Springer ISBN: 3319090151 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 195
Book Description
A new era in wildland fuel sciences is now evolving in such a way that fire scientists and managers need a comprehensive understanding of fuels ecology and science to fully understand fire effects and behavior on diverse ecosystem and landscape characteristics. This is a reference book on wildland fuel science; a book that describes fuels and their application in land management. There has never been a comprehensive book on wildland fuels; most wildland fuel information was put into wildland fire science and management books as separate chapters and sections. This book is the first to highlight wildland fuels and treat them as a natural resource rather than a fire behavior input. Moreover, there has never been a comprehensive description of fuels and their ecology, measurement, and description under one reference; most wildland fuel information is scattered across diverse and unrelated venues from combustion science to fire ecology to carbon dynamics. The literature and data for wildland fuel science has never been synthesized into one reference; most studies were done for diverse and unique objectives. This book is the first to link the disparate fields of ecology, wildland fire, and carbon to describe fuel science. This just deals with the science and ecology of wildland fuels, not fuels management. However, since expensive fuel treatments are being planned in fire dominated landscapes across the world to minimize fire damage to people, property and ecosystems, it is incredibly important that people understand wildland fuels to develop more effective fuel management activities.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 186
Book Description
A long history of fire suppression by federal land management agencies has interrupted fire regimes in much of the western United States. Many forest types that historically burned frequently have undergone significant changes in species composition and have heavy accumulations of surface and canopy fuels. Fuel quantity and flammability are important local predictors of fire severity. The climate system operates at both broad and fine spatial and temporal scales to favor conditions that increase fuel loading through biomass accumulation and accelerate drying of fuels; and maintain active fires under favorable concurrent atmospheric conditions. Observed increases in large fire occurrence and area burned in recent decades are explained by warmer, drier, and longer growing season conditions in the West. There has not yet been a large-scale study that examines patterns and controls of high severity fire in the western US. We use a 30 year record of fire severity to identify the controls of high severity fire across the western US, develop statistical probability models for high severity fire occurrence and area burned, and examine the impacts of climate change on high severity fire risk. In examining topography, vegetation and fire-year climate as predictors we found that inclusion of both vegetation and fire-year climate predictors was critical for identifying fires with high fractional fire severity and capturing inter-annual variation in high severity fire occurrence. While a single, west-wide model was able to predict high severity fire occurrence with some accuracy, it was necessary to develop regional models to accurately predict high severity area burned for forests in extreme fire years. A simple generalized Pareto distribution model with maximum temperature the month of fire, annual normalized moisture deficit and location explains forest high severity area burned in a west-wide model, with the exception of years with especially large areas burned with high severity fire: 1988, 2002. With respect to mitigation or management of high severity fire, understanding what drives extreme fire years is critical. For the Northern Rocky Mountains, Sierra Nevada Mountains, and Southwest forests, topography, spring temperature and snowpack condition, and vegetation condition class variables improved our prediction of high severity burned area in extreme fire years. We used the models developed for the Northern Rocky Mountains to examine how fractional area of high severity fire will change with climate. Application of output from global circulation models to large fire occurrence and size models in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem indicates that climate conditions by mid-century will result in an increase in the frequency of large fire events and area burned. We applied GCM output to a set of probabilistic models for high severity fire occurrence and burned area for the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. We found that fraction of high severity burned area increases to levels by mid-century that are three times greater than a 1961-1990 reference period. These potential changes in high severity area burned and frequency of occurrence may result in changes to species composition in these high elevation forests. If a goal of management is to mitigate extreme fire events in terms of fire severity, we would conclude that knowledge of fire year climate is essential. All of the models we developed predict high severity fire occurrence and area burned with reasonable accuracy in all years when fire year climate and vegetation predictors are included. The inclusion of fire-year climate variables allows these models to forecast inter-annual variability in areas at future risk of high severity fire, beyond what slower-changing fuel conditions alone can accomplish. This allows for more targeted land management, including resource allocation for fuels reduction treatments to decrease the risk of high severity fire. Models like this will be important tools for assessing interactions between changing climate and fuel profiles under a diverse menu of future climate and management scenarios.
Author: Jonathan Gendron
Author: Jonathan Gendron
Author: Rebecca Gustine
Author: Heather E. Greaves
Author: Peter H. Morrison
Author: U.S. Global Change Research Program
Author: Karen Elsa Kopper
Author: Thomas T Veblen
Author: Michael S. Balshi
Author: Robert E. Keane
Author: