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Author: Wei-Chung Allen Lee Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 100
Book Description
(Cont.) This suggests that cpg15 is an excellent molecular marker for the visual system's capacity for plasticity and predicts that neural remodeling normally occurs in the extragranular layers of the adult visual cortex. To examine the extent of neuronal remodeling that occurs in the brain on a daily basis, we used a multi-photon based microscopy system for chronic in vivo imaging and reconstruction of entire neurons in the superficial layers of the rodent cerebral cortex. Here, we show the first unambiguous evidence of dendrite growth and remodeling in adult neurons. Over a period of months, neurons could be seen extending and retracting existing branches, and in rare cases adding new branch tips. Neurons exhibiting dynamic arbor rearrangements were GABA positive non-pyramidal interneurons, while pyramidal cells remained stable. These results are consistent with the idea that dendritic structural remodeling is a substrate for adult plasticity and suggest that circuit rearrangement in the adult cortex is restricted by cell type-specific rules.
Author: Wei-Chung Allen Lee Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 100
Book Description
(Cont.) This suggests that cpg15 is an excellent molecular marker for the visual system's capacity for plasticity and predicts that neural remodeling normally occurs in the extragranular layers of the adult visual cortex. To examine the extent of neuronal remodeling that occurs in the brain on a daily basis, we used a multi-photon based microscopy system for chronic in vivo imaging and reconstruction of entire neurons in the superficial layers of the rodent cerebral cortex. Here, we show the first unambiguous evidence of dendrite growth and remodeling in adult neurons. Over a period of months, neurons could be seen extending and retracting existing branches, and in rare cases adding new branch tips. Neurons exhibiting dynamic arbor rearrangements were GABA positive non-pyramidal interneurons, while pyramidal cells remained stable. These results are consistent with the idea that dendritic structural remodeling is a substrate for adult plasticity and suggest that circuit rearrangement in the adult cortex is restricted by cell type-specific rules.
Author: Federico Bermudez-Rattoni Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 1420008412 Category : Psychology Languages : en Pages : 368
Book Description
A comprehensive, multidisciplinary review, Neural Plasticity and Memory: From Genes to Brain Imaging provides an in-depth, up-to-date analysis of the study of the neurobiology of memory. Leading specialists share their scientific experience in the field, covering a wide range of topics where molecular, genetic, behavioral, and brain imaging techniq
Author: Charles Watson Publisher: Academic Press ISBN: 0123694973 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 815
Book Description
The Mouse Nervous System provides a comprehensive account of the central nervous system of the mouse. The book is aimed at molecular biologists who need a book that introduces them to the anatomy of the mouse brain and spinal cord, but also takes them into the relevant details of development and organization of the area they have chosen to study. The Mouse Nervous System offers a wealth of new information for experienced anatomists who work on mice. The book serves as a valuable resource for researchers and graduate students in neuroscience. Systematic consideration of the anatomy and connections of all regions of the brain and spinal cord by the authors of the most cited rodent brain atlases A major section (12 chapters) on functional systems related to motor control, sensation, and behavioral and emotional states A detailed analysis of gene expression during development of the forebrain by Luis Puelles, the leading researcher in this area Full coverage of the role of gene expression during development and the new field of genetic neuroanatomy using site-specific recombinases Examples of the use of mouse models in the study of neurological illness
Author: Yigal H. Ehrlich Publisher: Springer ISBN: 0306460408 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 229
Book Description
Numerous studies have proven the biological basis of memory formation and have begun to identify the biochemical traces and cellular circuits that are formed by experience, and which participate int the storage of information in the brain, its retention for long durations, and its retrieval upon demand. Cells in the nervous system have the capability of undergoing extremely long-lasting alterations in response to hormonal, pharmacological, and environmental stimulations. The mechanisms underlying this neuronal plasticity are activated by experiential inputs and operate in the process of learning and the formation of memories in the brain. This volume presents research areas which have not been highlighted in the past. In addition to studies on the involement of functional proteins in neuronal adaptation, this volume presents recent developments on the critical roles of bioactive lipids and nucleotides in these processes. In addition to the widely studied role of second messengers, a review of studies on extracellular phosphorylation systems operating on the surface of brain neurons is presented.The first section of the volume presents studies of basic mechanisms operating in a wide range of adaptive processes. The second section presents recent advances in investigations that have demonstrated the clinical implications of this research. These include: state of the art use of transgenic models in studies of molecular and cellular mechanisms implicated in familial Alzheimer's disease and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis; studies of specific proteins implicated in Alzheimer's disease, including an adapter that binds to the beta-amyloid precurser protein (beta-APP) and the microtubular protein Tau and its membrane-bound counterpart. The advantages of using cell culture models for elucidating the causes of neuronal degeneration and for identifying mechanisms of neuroprotection are also presented among the chapters in the section on clinical implications.
Author: James Hyun-Woo Park Publisher: ISBN: 9781369594829 Category : Brain Languages : en Pages : 379
Book Description
Single-cell transcriptional heterogeneity pervades the fully differentiated brain. This heterogeneity is particularly prevalent in brain nuclei involved in the autonomic regulation of physiological functions such as cardiovascular homeostasis. Because neuronal function largely depends on its transcriptome, such heterogeneity confounds our understanding of how heterogeneous neurons contribute to their broader phenotypic function. In addition to the transcriptome, functional connectivity and in vivo anatomical environment are additional factors central to defining a neuron’s functional state. Given their importance, these factors may provide the added context necessary to understand how a distribution of heterogeneous neurons contributes to phenotypic function. Consequently, the overall goal of this work is to establish an organizational framework that characterizes single-neuron heterogeneity within a brain nucleus and elucidates its functional relevance. ☐ Towards this goal, we have taken a combined experimental and computational approach to determine the organizing principles driving complex interaction networks within and among transcriptionally diverse neurons within a brain nucleus. First, we generated a large-scale gene expression dataset from several hundred neurons, selected on the basis of their synaptic input types, taken from the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), a brainstem nucleus involved in the central regulation of blood pressure. Our analysis of these neurons revealed an organizational structure in which transcriptional variability aligns with synaptic input type along a continuum of graded gene expression. This continuum is populated by distinct neuronal subtypes characterized by gene groups exhibiting correlated expression. ☐ In order to identify the molecular mechanisms driving this correlated behavior, we next developed a fuzzy logic modeling-based methodology to model quantitatively causal gene interaction networks from single-cell transcriptomic data. Our modeling results suggest that distinct input stimuli operating on distinct network structures corresponding to these subtypes can drive neurons through various transcriptional states. These results suggest that transcriptional heterogeneity represents a neuron’s adaptive response to various inputs. Based on these results, we propose that neuronal adaptation may be a mechanism through which the NTS robustly regulates blood pressure and cardiovascular homeostasis. ☐ To test this proposal, we examined what impact adaptation to neuronal subtypes in the NTS and brainstem would have on the short-term autonomic regulation of cardiovascular homeostasis under the simulated disease state of systolic heart failure via mathematical modeling. We developed a closed-loop control model characterizing neuronal regulation of the cardiovascular system by integrating previous quantitative models that simulated various aspects of the cardiovascular system. Because the goal of this study was to investigate the effects of neuronal subtype adaptation, we incorporated brainstem neuronal subtypes, such as those identified in our analysis of the NTS. Modeling simulation results suggest that adaptation of these neuronal components can compensate for an impaired cardiovascular state due to systolic heart failure by decreasing neuronal inhibition (i.e. parasympathetic tone) of cardiac contractility. ☐ Finally, we tested the utility of a single-cell analysis approach to interpret single-cell heterogeneity throughout the brain by identifying a cellular network organization in a distinct brain nucleus – the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which regulates circadian rhythms in mammals. Similar to our analysis of the NTS, we generated and analyzed a high-dimensional gene expression dataset consisting of hundreds of transcriptionally heterogeneous SCN neurons. Our multivariate analysis of these neurons revealed both known and previously undescribed SCN neuron-types, which organize into a neuronal interaction network via known paracrine signaling mechanisms underlying the synchronizing functions of the SCN. ☐ Based on the analysis of heterogeneous single neurons, we have identified an organizational framework with which we can now interpret single-cell heterogeneity; a heterogeneous neuronal population comprises a mixture of distinct neuronal subtypes whose adaptive response to inputs is driven by distinct regulatory networks. Such adaptation provides a mechanism in which the brain is able to regulate robustly physiological functions by providing compensatory effects under perturbed or challenged states.
Author: Stanislav Reinis Publisher: Springer ISBN: Category : Psychology Languages : en Pages : 632
Book Description
This book discusses a particular aspect of brain function, that of storage and retrieval of memory of past experience, in terms of neuronal plasticity. In discussing this aspect of brain functions, however, it discusses brain mecha nisms in their wider sense as well. Clearly, the central nervous system is a highly interconnected system from all points of view, and it would not be possible to understand function in terms of only a single event or only a sin gle neurotransmitter. This is true for any biochemical activity that accompanies neuronal functional activity and accompanies behavior. The authors have commendably recognized this complexity, and recognize still more the need to present information in a compact and uniform manner in spite of the tremendous expansion of our knowledge in recent years. It is a somewhat easier task to gather a set of authors and record their results for a multiauthor symposium, but it is a most admirable endeavor for two authors to summarize a field that encompasses subjects such as transmission barri ers, lipids, proteins, energy, hormones, to name a few that this book covers so well in a compact manner, and in such depth as well. Metabolism and func tion cannot really be understood without understanding structural factors, changes in membrane properties, and changes in metabolism.
Author: Daniel Laskowitz Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 1498766579 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 388
Book Description
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a significant source of death and permanent disability, contributing to nearly one-third of all injury related deaths in the United States and exacting a profound personal and economic toll. Despite the increased resources that have recently been brought to bear to improve our understanding of TBI, the developme
Author: Melanie A. Woodin Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 1441969780 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 191
Book Description
This volume will explore the most recent findings on cellular mechanisms of inhibitory plasticity and its functional role in shaping neuronal circuits, their rewiring in response to experience, drug addiction and in neuropathology. Inhibitory Synaptic Plasticity will be of particular interest to neuroscientists and neurophysiologists.
Author: Wei-Chung Allen Lee
Author: Wei-Chung Allen Lee
Author: Federico Bermudez-Rattoni
Author: Charles Watson
Author: Yigal H. Ehrlich
Author: 
Author: James Hyun-Woo Park
Author: Stanislav Reinis
Author: Daniel Laskowitz
Author: Aage R. Møller
Author: Melanie A. Woodin