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Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 7
Book Description
Fuel cell development has seen remarkable progress in the past decade because of an increasing need to improve energy efficiency as well as to address concerns about the environmental consequences of using fossil fuel for producing electricity and for propulsion of vehicles [1]. The lack of an infrastructure for producing and distributing H2 has led to a research effort to develop on-board fuel processing technology for reforming hydrocarbon fuels to generate H2 [2]. The primary focus is on reforming gasoline, because a production and distribution infrastructure for gasoline already exists to supply internal combustion engines [3]. Existing reforming technology for the production of H2 from hydrocarbon feedstocks used in large-scale manufacturing processes, such as ammonia synthesis, is cost prohibitive when scaled down to the size of the fuel processor required for transportation applications (50-80 kWe) nor is it designed to meet the varying power demands and frequent shutoffs and restarts that will be experienced during normal drive cycles. To meet the performance targets required of a fuel processor for transportation applications will require new reforming reactor technology developed to meet the volume, weight, cost, and operational characteristics for transportation applications and the development of new reforming catalysts that exhibit a higher activity and better thermal and mechanical stability than reforming catalysts currently used in the production of H2 for large-scale manufacturing processes.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 7
Book Description
Fuel cell development has seen remarkable progress in the past decade because of an increasing need to improve energy efficiency as well as to address concerns about the environmental consequences of using fossil fuel for producing electricity and for propulsion of vehicles [1]. The lack of an infrastructure for producing and distributing H2 has led to a research effort to develop on-board fuel processing technology for reforming hydrocarbon fuels to generate H2 [2]. The primary focus is on reforming gasoline, because a production and distribution infrastructure for gasoline already exists to supply internal combustion engines [3]. Existing reforming technology for the production of H2 from hydrocarbon feedstocks used in large-scale manufacturing processes, such as ammonia synthesis, is cost prohibitive when scaled down to the size of the fuel processor required for transportation applications (50-80 kWe) nor is it designed to meet the varying power demands and frequent shutoffs and restarts that will be experienced during normal drive cycles. To meet the performance targets required of a fuel processor for transportation applications will require new reforming reactor technology developed to meet the volume, weight, cost, and operational characteristics for transportation applications and the development of new reforming catalysts that exhibit a higher activity and better thermal and mechanical stability than reforming catalysts currently used in the production of H2 for large-scale manufacturing processes.
Author: Terry Grice DuBois Publisher: ISBN: Category : Fuel Languages : en Pages : 343
Book Description
The effect of oxygen-enriched catalytic reforming of heavy liquid hydrocarbon fuels has been theoretically and experimentally investigated. The objective of this research is to analyze the reactions, reaction products, and reformer and system level effects from oxygen enriched reforming of heavy hydrocarbon fuels (JP-8). To achieve the objective of this dissertation analytical modeling was employed to develop a theoretical basis for experimental work; a research grade experimental apparatus was designed, constructed, and tested; via experimentation, a JP-8 surrogate fuel was developed; and autothermal reformer performance was characterized with air and enriched oxygen under various operating scenarios. Notable contributions of this work were: good carbon conversion (~100%) and hydrogen yield can be achieved in autothermal reforming of heavy liquid hydrocarbon fuels; the development of a JP-8 surrogate fuel through experimental evaluation of the major hydrocarbon chemical classes present in JP-8: n-paraffin, cyclo-paraffin and mono-aromatics; a detailed study of the influence of each chemical class was evaluated under broad operating conditions and the contribution of each along with synergistic effects in mixtures was studied and contrasted with a target JP-8 fuel; oxygen enriched reforming of the surrogate fuel under varying oxygen concentration, fuel flows, and oxygen-to-carbon ratios was experimentally evaluated; and the influence of oxygen enriched reforming on the fuel cell system was analyzed. Oxygen enrichment is shown to allow for independent control of both reactor space time and the oxygen-to-carbon ratio during autothermal reforming. This allows for much better control over the reformer and allows for significant gains in reformer through-put without negative impacts to reformer performance. Additionally, the use of oxygen enriched reforming is shown to result in enhanced reformer performance and also enhanced fuel cell stack performance due to greatly increased hydrogen concentration in the reformate.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 11
Book Description
Argonne National Laboratory is developing a process to convert hydrocarbon fuels to clean hydrogen feeds for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell. The process incorporates an autothermal reforming catalyst that can process hydrocarbon feeds at lower temperatures than existing commercial catalysts. The authors have tested the catalyst with three diesel-type fuels: hexadecane, certified low-sulfur grade 1 diesel, and a standard grade 2 diesel. Hexadecane yielded products containing 60% hydrogen on a dry, nitrogen-free basis at 850 C, while maximum hydrogen product yields for the two diesel fuels were near 50%. Residual products in all cases included CO, CO2, ethane, and methane. Further studies with grade 1 diesel showed improved conversion as the water:fuel ratio was increased from 1 to 2 at 850 C. Soot formation was reduced when the oxygen:carbon ratio was maintained at 1 at 850 C. There were no significant changes in hydrogen yield as the space velocity and the oxygen:fuel ratio were varied. Tests with a microchannel monolithic catalyst yielded similar or improved hydrogen levels at higher space velocities than with extruded pellets in a packed bed.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 7
Book Description
Onboard reforming of petroleum-based fuels, such as gasoline, may help ease the introduction of fuel cell vehicles to the marketplace. Although gasoline can be reformed, it is optimized to meet the demands of ICEs. This optimization includes blending to increase the octane number and addition of oxygenates and detergents to control emissions. The requirements for a fuel for onboard reforming to hydrogen are quite different than those for combustion. Factors such as octane number and flame speed are not important; however, factors such as hydrogen density, catalyst-fuel interactions, and possible catalyst poisoning become paramount. In order to identify what factors are important in a hydrocarbon fuel for reforming to hydrogen and what factors are detrimental, we have begun a program to test various components of gasoline and blends of components under autothermal reforming conditions. The results indicate that fuel composition can have a large effect on reforming behavior. Components which may be beneficial for ICEs for their octane enhancing value were detrimental to reforming. Fuels with high aromatic and naphthenic content were more difficult to reform. Aromatics were also found to have an impact on the kinetics for reforming of paraffins. The effects of sulfur impurities were dependent on the catalyst. Sulfur was detrimental for Ni, Co, and Ru catalysts. Sulfur was beneficial for reforming with Pt catalysts, however, the effect was dependent on the sulfur concentration.
Author: David Kashevaroff Publisher: ISBN: 9781124907383 Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
This study investigates autothermal reformation of fuel cell grade methanol using a copper-based steam reformation catalyst as a method for hydrogen production in vehicle applications. Previous onboard fuel processing systems for hydrogen have relied on steam reformers, which suffer from high thermal resistance in packed-bed catalyst designs, causing long startup times, poor response to transient loads, and reactor performance to degrade as flow rates increase. Autothermal reformation (ATR) has a faster dynamic response, which may eliminate these concerns. Traditionally, ATR has been performed on noble metal catalysts because of their ability to withstand the heat generated by the reaction. With noble metal catalysts, 0.23 has been shown to be the theoretical optimal O2/C ratio for reforming methanol. Newer studies, however, have shown that it is possible to use copper-based catalysts in ATR. When doing so, lower O2/C ratios may be used, resulting in less dilution by nitrogen in the product stream, which would significantly enhance the performance of an integrated fuel cell. This project investigates the roles of O2/C ratio, fuel flow rate, and reformer inlet temperature on this type of "hybrid mode" ATR. A background on steam reformation, partial oxidation, and autothermal reformation is presented. The experimental facility consists of an ATR reformer and air supply system that were designed for integration within a pre-existing reforming infrastructure. The effect of O2/C ratio, fuel flow rate, and inlet temperature were investigated in relation to the output parameters of fuel conversion, hydrogen selectivity, hydrogen yield, and reformer exit temperature. Catalyst degradation was also investigated. The results for this experiment can be used as a baseline for important further research in autothermal reforming of hydrocarbon fuels in mobile applications. Conclusions and recommendations calling for further investigation into hybrid mode reformation and its associated catalyst degradation are drawn from the presented results.
Author: Dr. Nigel N.P Brandon Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 0080457258 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 639
Book Description
Fuel cells continue to be heralded as the energy source of the future, and every year an immense amount of research time and money is devoted making them more economically and technically viable. Fuel Cells Compendium brings together an up-to-date review of the literature and commentary surrounding fuel cells research. Covering all relevant disciplines from science to engineering to policy, it is an exceptional resource for anyone with an invested interest in the field. Provides an comprehensive selection of reviews and other industrially focused material on fuel cells research Broadly scoped to encompass many disciplines, from science to engineering, to applications and policy In-depth coverage of the two major types of fuel cells: Ceramic (Solid Oxide) and Polymers (Proton Exchange Membranes)
Author: Ke Liu Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 0471719757 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 572
Book Description
Covers the timely topic of fuel cells and hydrogen-based energy from its fundamentals to practical applications Serves as a resource for practicing researchers and as a text in graduate-level programs Tackles crucial aspects in light of the new directions in the energy industry, in particular how to integrate fuel processing into contemporary systems like nuclear and gas power plants Includes homework-style problems
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Author: Mike Krumpelt
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Author: Terry Grice DuBois
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Author: Paul Jakob Dauenhauer
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Author: David Kashevaroff
Author: Dr. Nigel N.P Brandon
Author: Ke Liu