Author: John Webster
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1118279409
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 616
Book Description
Through successive editions, Management and Welfare of Farm Animals has gained international recognition as a classic introductory textbook for students of agriculture and veterinary science. Conceived by the Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW), the book has always sought to promote the humane treatment of livestock within the practical business context of modern farming. Now fully revised and updated, this fifth edition remains the most comprehensive and accessible guide available. Three animal groups appear here for the first time (game birds, South American camelids, and ostriches), and a chapter on horses has also been restored. Throughout, the book offers clear advice for the humane management of all major farmed species in the primary context of large-scale food production. However, this edition also takes full account of consumer demand (and legal requirements) for alternative farming methods and enhanced welfare standards, whether in conventional agriculture or the smallest of ‘hobby' farms. Brand new chapters reflect fresh understanding of welfare science, ethics, and the role of society in ensuring the best possible farm conditions. It remains an indispensable resource for students, and for all those seeking to promote animal welfare. Published as a part of the prestigious Wiley-Blackwell – UFAW Animal Welfare series. UFAW, founded 1926, is an internationally recognised, independent, scientific and educational animal welfare charity. For full details of all titles available in the UFAW series, please visit www.wiley.com/go/ufaw.
Management and Welfare of Farm Animals
Author: John Webster
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1118279409
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 616
Book Description
Through successive editions, Management and Welfare of Farm Animals has gained international recognition as a classic introductory textbook for students of agriculture and veterinary science. Conceived by the Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW), the book has always sought to promote the humane treatment of livestock within the practical business context of modern farming. Now fully revised and updated, this fifth edition remains the most comprehensive and accessible guide available. Three animal groups appear here for the first time (game birds, South American camelids, and ostriches), and a chapter on horses has also been restored. Throughout, the book offers clear advice for the humane management of all major farmed species in the primary context of large-scale food production. However, this edition also takes full account of consumer demand (and legal requirements) for alternative farming methods and enhanced welfare standards, whether in conventional agriculture or the smallest of ‘hobby' farms. Brand new chapters reflect fresh understanding of welfare science, ethics, and the role of society in ensuring the best possible farm conditions. It remains an indispensable resource for students, and for all those seeking to promote animal welfare. Published as a part of the prestigious Wiley-Blackwell – UFAW Animal Welfare series. UFAW, founded 1926, is an internationally recognised, independent, scientific and educational animal welfare charity. For full details of all titles available in the UFAW series, please visit www.wiley.com/go/ufaw.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1118279409
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 616
Book Description
Through successive editions, Management and Welfare of Farm Animals has gained international recognition as a classic introductory textbook for students of agriculture and veterinary science. Conceived by the Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW), the book has always sought to promote the humane treatment of livestock within the practical business context of modern farming. Now fully revised and updated, this fifth edition remains the most comprehensive and accessible guide available. Three animal groups appear here for the first time (game birds, South American camelids, and ostriches), and a chapter on horses has also been restored. Throughout, the book offers clear advice for the humane management of all major farmed species in the primary context of large-scale food production. However, this edition also takes full account of consumer demand (and legal requirements) for alternative farming methods and enhanced welfare standards, whether in conventional agriculture or the smallest of ‘hobby' farms. Brand new chapters reflect fresh understanding of welfare science, ethics, and the role of society in ensuring the best possible farm conditions. It remains an indispensable resource for students, and for all those seeking to promote animal welfare. Published as a part of the prestigious Wiley-Blackwell – UFAW Animal Welfare series. UFAW, founded 1926, is an internationally recognised, independent, scientific and educational animal welfare charity. For full details of all titles available in the UFAW series, please visit www.wiley.com/go/ufaw.
Management and Welfare of Farm Animals
Author: John Webster
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119532485
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 596
Book Description
Management and Welfare of Farm Animals provides comprehensive and up-to-date information on the humane management of all major farmed species in both large-scale food production and alternative farming systems. Designed for agricultural and veterinary science students, this classic textbook covers the management and welfare of species including dairy and beef cattle, veal calves, sheep, pigs, chickens, turkeys, goats, horses, and farmed fish. The sixth edition incorporates recent developments throughout, including an entirely new chapter on international developments in animal welfare law, politics, and practice. Updated chapters discuss topics such as 'high welfare' livestock systems, the impact of automation and new technologies on production and welfare, the ecological impact and sustainability issues of large-scale production systems, and more. Provides a basic understanding of the principles and practices of professional and humane farm animal management Covers animal husbandry, behavior as an indicator of animal welfare, and the assessment, monitoring, and promotion of improved welfare at the farm level Offers updated information on free-range poultry, robot milking, automated disease scanning, and pastoral systems in the developing world Includes less-common farm species such as South American camelids, ostriches, and game birds Management and Welfare of Farm Animals, Sixth Edition remains the ideal textbook for students in professional, technical, or vocational education courses on the management and welfare of farm animals.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119532485
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 596
Book Description
Management and Welfare of Farm Animals provides comprehensive and up-to-date information on the humane management of all major farmed species in both large-scale food production and alternative farming systems. Designed for agricultural and veterinary science students, this classic textbook covers the management and welfare of species including dairy and beef cattle, veal calves, sheep, pigs, chickens, turkeys, goats, horses, and farmed fish. The sixth edition incorporates recent developments throughout, including an entirely new chapter on international developments in animal welfare law, politics, and practice. Updated chapters discuss topics such as 'high welfare' livestock systems, the impact of automation and new technologies on production and welfare, the ecological impact and sustainability issues of large-scale production systems, and more. Provides a basic understanding of the principles and practices of professional and humane farm animal management Covers animal husbandry, behavior as an indicator of animal welfare, and the assessment, monitoring, and promotion of improved welfare at the farm level Offers updated information on free-range poultry, robot milking, automated disease scanning, and pastoral systems in the developing world Includes less-common farm species such as South American camelids, ostriches, and game birds Management and Welfare of Farm Animals, Sixth Edition remains the ideal textbook for students in professional, technical, or vocational education courses on the management and welfare of farm animals.
Management of Animal Care and Use Programs in Research, Education, and Testing
Author: Robert H. Weichbrod
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1498748457
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 917
Book Description
AAP Prose Award Finalist 2018/19 Management of Animal Care and Use Programs in Research, Education, and Testing, Second Edition is the extensively expanded revision of the popular Management of Laboratory Animal Care and Use Programs book published earlier this century. Following in the footsteps of the first edition, this revision serves as a first line management resource, providing for strong advocacy for advancing quality animal welfare and science worldwide, and continues as a valuable seminal reference for those engaged in all types of programs involving animal care and use. The new edition has more than doubled the number of chapters in the original volume to present a more comprehensive overview of the current breadth and depth of the field with applicability to an international audience. Readers are provided with the latest information and resource and reference material from authors who are noted experts in their field. The book: - Emphasizes the importance of developing a collaborative culture of care within an animal care and use program and provides information about how behavioral management through animal training can play an integral role in a veterinary health program - Provides a new section on Environment and Housing, containing chapters that focus on management considerations of housing and enrichment delineated by species - Expands coverage of regulatory oversight and compliance, assessment, and assurance issues and processes, including a greater discussion of globalization and harmonizing cultural and regulatory issues - Includes more in-depth treatment throughout the book of critical topics in program management, physical plant, animal health, and husbandry. Biomedical research using animals requires administrators and managers who are knowledgeable and highly skilled. They must adapt to the complexity of rapidly-changing technologies, balance research goals with a thorough understanding of regulatory requirements and guidelines, and know how to work with a multi-generational, multi-cultural workforce. This book is the ideal resource for these professionals. It also serves as an indispensable resource text for certification exams and credentialing boards for a multitude of professional societies Co-publishers on the second edition are: ACLAM (American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine); ECLAM (European College of Laboratory Animal Medicine); IACLAM (International Colleges of Laboratory Animal Medicine); JCLAM (Japanese College of Laboratory Animal Medicine); KCLAM (Korean College of Laboratory Animal Medicine); CALAS (Canadian Association of Laboratory Animal Medicine); LAMA (Laboratory Animal Management Association); and IAT (Institute of Animal Technology).
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1498748457
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 917
Book Description
AAP Prose Award Finalist 2018/19 Management of Animal Care and Use Programs in Research, Education, and Testing, Second Edition is the extensively expanded revision of the popular Management of Laboratory Animal Care and Use Programs book published earlier this century. Following in the footsteps of the first edition, this revision serves as a first line management resource, providing for strong advocacy for advancing quality animal welfare and science worldwide, and continues as a valuable seminal reference for those engaged in all types of programs involving animal care and use. The new edition has more than doubled the number of chapters in the original volume to present a more comprehensive overview of the current breadth and depth of the field with applicability to an international audience. Readers are provided with the latest information and resource and reference material from authors who are noted experts in their field. The book: - Emphasizes the importance of developing a collaborative culture of care within an animal care and use program and provides information about how behavioral management through animal training can play an integral role in a veterinary health program - Provides a new section on Environment and Housing, containing chapters that focus on management considerations of housing and enrichment delineated by species - Expands coverage of regulatory oversight and compliance, assessment, and assurance issues and processes, including a greater discussion of globalization and harmonizing cultural and regulatory issues - Includes more in-depth treatment throughout the book of critical topics in program management, physical plant, animal health, and husbandry. Biomedical research using animals requires administrators and managers who are knowledgeable and highly skilled. They must adapt to the complexity of rapidly-changing technologies, balance research goals with a thorough understanding of regulatory requirements and guidelines, and know how to work with a multi-generational, multi-cultural workforce. This book is the ideal resource for these professionals. It also serves as an indispensable resource text for certification exams and credentialing boards for a multitude of professional societies Co-publishers on the second edition are: ACLAM (American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine); ECLAM (European College of Laboratory Animal Medicine); IACLAM (International Colleges of Laboratory Animal Medicine); JCLAM (Japanese College of Laboratory Animal Medicine); KCLAM (Korean College of Laboratory Animal Medicine); CALAS (Canadian Association of Laboratory Animal Medicine); LAMA (Laboratory Animal Management Association); and IAT (Institute of Animal Technology).
Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309168643
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 286
Book Description
Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations: Current Knowledge, Future Needs discusses the need for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to implement a new method for estimating the amount of ammonia, nitrous oxide, methane, and other pollutants emitted from livestock and poultry farms, and for determining how these emissions are dispersed in the atmosphere. The committee calls for the EPA and the U.S. Department of Agriculture to establish a joint council to coordinate and oversee short - and long-term research to estimate emissions from animal feeding operations accurately and to develop mitigation strategies. Their recommendation was for the joint council to focus its efforts first on those pollutants that pose the greatest risk to the environment and public health.
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309168643
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 286
Book Description
Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations: Current Knowledge, Future Needs discusses the need for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to implement a new method for estimating the amount of ammonia, nitrous oxide, methane, and other pollutants emitted from livestock and poultry farms, and for determining how these emissions are dispersed in the atmosphere. The committee calls for the EPA and the U.S. Department of Agriculture to establish a joint council to coordinate and oversee short - and long-term research to estimate emissions from animal feeding operations accurately and to develop mitigation strategies. Their recommendation was for the joint council to focus its efforts first on those pollutants that pose the greatest risk to the environment and public health.
Animal Husbandry and Livestock Management
Author: Vincent Martin
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781641162289
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 212
Book Description
Animal husbandry is the branch of agriculture that is concerned with the selective breeding, caring and raising of livestock for meat, milk, leather, eggs, etc. A wide variety of animals are raised for their products. Some of the commonly raised animals include cow, sheep, goat and pig. Species such as llama, rabbit, horse, guinea pig, etc. are also raised as livestock in some parts of the world. Modern animal husbandry focuses on intensive farming practices for meeting market demand. Animal breeding strives to ensure higher growth rate, low feed consumption for each unit of growth, prolificness, higher yields, etc. Artificial insemination and embryo transfer are common practices that are used today. This textbook is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts in the field of animal husbandry and livestock management. It elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to raising livestock. This book is a complete source of knowledge on the present status of this important field.
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781641162289
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 212
Book Description
Animal husbandry is the branch of agriculture that is concerned with the selective breeding, caring and raising of livestock for meat, milk, leather, eggs, etc. A wide variety of animals are raised for their products. Some of the commonly raised animals include cow, sheep, goat and pig. Species such as llama, rabbit, horse, guinea pig, etc. are also raised as livestock in some parts of the world. Modern animal husbandry focuses on intensive farming practices for meeting market demand. Animal breeding strives to ensure higher growth rate, low feed consumption for each unit of growth, prolificness, higher yields, etc. Artificial insemination and embryo transfer are common practices that are used today. This textbook is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts in the field of animal husbandry and livestock management. It elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to raising livestock. This book is a complete source of knowledge on the present status of this important field.
LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT
Author: Ghosh, Nilotpal
Publisher: PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.
ISBN: 9388028988
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 408
Book Description
Written as per the Fifth Deans' Committee Report of ICAR, the book meticulously describes in a nutshell the basic and applied aspects of Livestock Production Management in Indian context. The book primarily covers all important information about farm animals (like cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat and pig) and poultry—their breeds, reproduction and breeding, feeds and feeding, housing requirement, care and management, and health control measures. KEY FEATURES • It is written in a simple and lucid language for easy grasping. • The text is supported with numerous examples, tables, photographs and diagrams for clear understanding of the concepts. • A large number of objective as well as subjective questions given at the end of each chapter is an added attraction of the book, which will be of help to the concerned students for their internal short tests and final examination. • It will also help the concerned teachers in teaching this course in a time-bound schedule. • Answers to objective questions are provided at the end of each chapter for students' self-assessment. • The information is up-to-date and given in concise form in such a manner that the book can be used as a substitute of class notes. TARGET AUDIENCE • B.Sc. (Hons.) Agriculture • B.Tech. (Dairy Technology) • B.V.Sc. & A.H.
Publisher: PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.
ISBN: 9388028988
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 408
Book Description
Written as per the Fifth Deans' Committee Report of ICAR, the book meticulously describes in a nutshell the basic and applied aspects of Livestock Production Management in Indian context. The book primarily covers all important information about farm animals (like cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat and pig) and poultry—their breeds, reproduction and breeding, feeds and feeding, housing requirement, care and management, and health control measures. KEY FEATURES • It is written in a simple and lucid language for easy grasping. • The text is supported with numerous examples, tables, photographs and diagrams for clear understanding of the concepts. • A large number of objective as well as subjective questions given at the end of each chapter is an added attraction of the book, which will be of help to the concerned students for their internal short tests and final examination. • It will also help the concerned teachers in teaching this course in a time-bound schedule. • Answers to objective questions are provided at the end of each chapter for students' self-assessment. • The information is up-to-date and given in concise form in such a manner that the book can be used as a substitute of class notes. TARGET AUDIENCE • B.Sc. (Hons.) Agriculture • B.Tech. (Dairy Technology) • B.V.Sc. & A.H.
Farm Animal Management: Principles And Practices
Author: Rana Ranjit Singh
Publisher: New India Publishing Agency
ISBN: 9383305037
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 14
Book Description
Livestock rearing is an integral part of socio-economic framework of India since time immemorial. Livestock sub-sector being a vital component of agriculture sector, plays a multidimensional role and acts as a tool in achieving nutritional security, employment generation and socio-economic development of rural sector, particularly among the landless, small, marginal farmers and women. India possesses huge livestock population of varying production potentials, distributed across different agro-ecological zones under different operational and livestock holding size. Hence, it requires different package of practices for their management. Further, factors like drivers of development change and climate change pose many challenges to this sector. Farm animal management encompasses integrated and precise application of basic scientific principles of breeding, feeding, heeding and weeding in general as well as in times of specific need. Therefore, an attempt has been made in this book to cover all these basic and applied aspects of livestock management in detail. In the perspective of reorganization of the syllabus of veterinary science and animal husbandry programme. This book is appropriately divided into fifteen s covering almost each and every aspect of livestock production management.
Publisher: New India Publishing Agency
ISBN: 9383305037
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 14
Book Description
Livestock rearing is an integral part of socio-economic framework of India since time immemorial. Livestock sub-sector being a vital component of agriculture sector, plays a multidimensional role and acts as a tool in achieving nutritional security, employment generation and socio-economic development of rural sector, particularly among the landless, small, marginal farmers and women. India possesses huge livestock population of varying production potentials, distributed across different agro-ecological zones under different operational and livestock holding size. Hence, it requires different package of practices for their management. Further, factors like drivers of development change and climate change pose many challenges to this sector. Farm animal management encompasses integrated and precise application of basic scientific principles of breeding, feeding, heeding and weeding in general as well as in times of specific need. Therefore, an attempt has been made in this book to cover all these basic and applied aspects of livestock management in detail. In the perspective of reorganization of the syllabus of veterinary science and animal husbandry programme. This book is appropriately divided into fifteen s covering almost each and every aspect of livestock production management.
Animal-centric Care and Management
Author: Dorte Bratbo Sørensen
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 0429602057
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 207
Book Description
The concept of the 3Rs (Refinement, Reduction and Replacement) has been used as a framework for improving the welfare of laboratory animals for the last half century. By establishing an animal-centric view on housing and management, Animal-centric Care and Management: Enhancing Refinement in Biomedical Research takes Russell and Burch’s definition of Refinement as "elimination of inhumanities" and goes further. Rather than fitting animals into experimental conditions, it encourages readers to adjust conditions to better meet the behavioral, emotional, physical, and physiological needs and preferences of the animals. The team of expert authors, from the fields of laboratory animal science, ethology, biology as well as animal training, provide ideas for creating housing conditions and handling procedures that induce, to the best of current abilities and knowledge, a long-term positive state of mind in the animals under our care. This book is written for animal caretakers, animal health technicians, researchers, animal facility managers, laboratory animal veterinarians, and anyone who engages in work with living experimental animals or is interested in the continuous improvement of laboratory animal welfare. This interdisciplinary guide will act as a catalyst, resulting in multiple viewpoints and fields collaborating to optimize laboratory animal welfare.
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 0429602057
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 207
Book Description
The concept of the 3Rs (Refinement, Reduction and Replacement) has been used as a framework for improving the welfare of laboratory animals for the last half century. By establishing an animal-centric view on housing and management, Animal-centric Care and Management: Enhancing Refinement in Biomedical Research takes Russell and Burch’s definition of Refinement as "elimination of inhumanities" and goes further. Rather than fitting animals into experimental conditions, it encourages readers to adjust conditions to better meet the behavioral, emotional, physical, and physiological needs and preferences of the animals. The team of expert authors, from the fields of laboratory animal science, ethology, biology as well as animal training, provide ideas for creating housing conditions and handling procedures that induce, to the best of current abilities and knowledge, a long-term positive state of mind in the animals under our care. This book is written for animal caretakers, animal health technicians, researchers, animal facility managers, laboratory animal veterinarians, and anyone who engages in work with living experimental animals or is interested in the continuous improvement of laboratory animal welfare. This interdisciplinary guide will act as a catalyst, resulting in multiple viewpoints and fields collaborating to optimize laboratory animal welfare.
Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309154006
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 246
Book Description
A respected resource for decades, the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals has been updated by a committee of experts, taking into consideration input from the scientific and laboratory animal communities and the public at large. The Guide incorporates new scientific information on common laboratory animals, including aquatic species, and includes extensive references. It is organized around major components of animal use: Key concepts of animal care and use. The Guide sets the framework for the humane care and use of laboratory animals. Animal care and use program. The Guide discusses the concept of a broad Program of Animal Care and Use, including roles and responsibilities of the Institutional Official, Attending Veterinarian and the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Animal environment, husbandry, and management. A chapter on this topic is now divided into sections on terrestrial and aquatic animals and provides recommendations for housing and environment, husbandry, behavioral and population management, and more. Veterinary care. The Guide discusses veterinary care and the responsibilities of the Attending Veterinarian. It includes recommendations on animal procurement and transportation, preventive medicine (including animal biosecurity), and clinical care and management. The Guide addresses distress and pain recognition and relief, and issues surrounding euthanasia. Physical plant. The Guide identifies design issues, providing construction guidelines for functional areas; considerations such as drainage, vibration and noise control, and environmental monitoring; and specialized facilities for animal housing and research needs. The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals provides a framework for the judgments required in the management of animal facilities. This updated and expanded resource of proven value will be important to scientists and researchers, veterinarians, animal care personnel, facilities managers, institutional administrators, policy makers involved in research issues, and animal welfare advocates.
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309154006
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 246
Book Description
A respected resource for decades, the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals has been updated by a committee of experts, taking into consideration input from the scientific and laboratory animal communities and the public at large. The Guide incorporates new scientific information on common laboratory animals, including aquatic species, and includes extensive references. It is organized around major components of animal use: Key concepts of animal care and use. The Guide sets the framework for the humane care and use of laboratory animals. Animal care and use program. The Guide discusses the concept of a broad Program of Animal Care and Use, including roles and responsibilities of the Institutional Official, Attending Veterinarian and the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Animal environment, husbandry, and management. A chapter on this topic is now divided into sections on terrestrial and aquatic animals and provides recommendations for housing and environment, husbandry, behavioral and population management, and more. Veterinary care. The Guide discusses veterinary care and the responsibilities of the Attending Veterinarian. It includes recommendations on animal procurement and transportation, preventive medicine (including animal biosecurity), and clinical care and management. The Guide addresses distress and pain recognition and relief, and issues surrounding euthanasia. Physical plant. The Guide identifies design issues, providing construction guidelines for functional areas; considerations such as drainage, vibration and noise control, and environmental monitoring; and specialized facilities for animal housing and research needs. The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals provides a framework for the judgments required in the management of animal facilities. This updated and expanded resource of proven value will be important to scientists and researchers, veterinarians, animal care personnel, facilities managers, institutional administrators, policy makers involved in research issues, and animal welfare advocates.
Livestock Health and Farming
Author: Muhammad Abubakar
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN: 1789859034
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 158
Book Description
Livestock Health and Farming provides a detailed description of key aspects of livestock health issues and farming practices. Chapters cover such topics as antimicrobial resistance in livestock, nutrition and its role in animal health and farming, nutrition and health management in dairy animals, and livestock feeding in semi-arid regions.
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN: 1789859034
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 158
Book Description
Livestock Health and Farming provides a detailed description of key aspects of livestock health issues and farming practices. Chapters cover such topics as antimicrobial resistance in livestock, nutrition and its role in animal health and farming, nutrition and health management in dairy animals, and livestock feeding in semi-arid regions.