Author: Shannon P. Pratt
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 047037148X
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 516
Book Description
Business Valuation Discounts and Premiums SECOND EDITION Discounts and premiums do not just affect the value of a company; they play a crucial role in influencing a host of other factors and conditions that can make or break a deal. When it comes to business valuations, it's the business appraiser's responsibility to be intimately knowledgeable with every aspect of discounts and premiums: the different types, the situations when they may or may not apply, and how to quantify them. In this newly updated edition of Business Valuation: Discounts and Premiums, Shannon Pratt—one of the nation's most recognized and respected business valuation consultants—brings together the latest collective wisdom and knowledge about all major business discounts and premiums. Addressing the three basic approaches to conducting a valuation—the income approach, the market approach, and the asset approach—Shannon Pratt deftly and logically details the different discounts or premiums that may be applicable, depending on the basic valuation approach used, and how the valuation approaches used affect the level. Clearly written and thorough, Business Valuation: Discounts and Premiums, Second Edition provides business appraisers, accountants, attorneys, and business owners with an arsenal of information for their professional toolkit that can be applied to every major evaluation case they might face in any deal. This updated edition features timely, comprehensive coverage on: Strategic acquisitions Extensive empirical data Pre-IPO marketability discount studies Merger and acquisition negotiations, empirical evidence from completed transactions, and positions taken by courts in litigations Strategic acquisition premiums Studies on minority discounts Detailed, authoritative, and complete in its coverage, Business Valuation: Discounts and Premiums, Second Edition gets to the core of one of the more complex challenges faced by business appraisers, and arms readers with the understanding and techniques needed to successfully meet and exceed their job expectations.
Business Valuation Discounts and Premiums
Author: Shannon P. Pratt
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 047037148X
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 516
Book Description
Business Valuation Discounts and Premiums SECOND EDITION Discounts and premiums do not just affect the value of a company; they play a crucial role in influencing a host of other factors and conditions that can make or break a deal. When it comes to business valuations, it's the business appraiser's responsibility to be intimately knowledgeable with every aspect of discounts and premiums: the different types, the situations when they may or may not apply, and how to quantify them. In this newly updated edition of Business Valuation: Discounts and Premiums, Shannon Pratt—one of the nation's most recognized and respected business valuation consultants—brings together the latest collective wisdom and knowledge about all major business discounts and premiums. Addressing the three basic approaches to conducting a valuation—the income approach, the market approach, and the asset approach—Shannon Pratt deftly and logically details the different discounts or premiums that may be applicable, depending on the basic valuation approach used, and how the valuation approaches used affect the level. Clearly written and thorough, Business Valuation: Discounts and Premiums, Second Edition provides business appraisers, accountants, attorneys, and business owners with an arsenal of information for their professional toolkit that can be applied to every major evaluation case they might face in any deal. This updated edition features timely, comprehensive coverage on: Strategic acquisitions Extensive empirical data Pre-IPO marketability discount studies Merger and acquisition negotiations, empirical evidence from completed transactions, and positions taken by courts in litigations Strategic acquisition premiums Studies on minority discounts Detailed, authoritative, and complete in its coverage, Business Valuation: Discounts and Premiums, Second Edition gets to the core of one of the more complex challenges faced by business appraisers, and arms readers with the understanding and techniques needed to successfully meet and exceed their job expectations.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 047037148X
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 516
Book Description
Business Valuation Discounts and Premiums SECOND EDITION Discounts and premiums do not just affect the value of a company; they play a crucial role in influencing a host of other factors and conditions that can make or break a deal. When it comes to business valuations, it's the business appraiser's responsibility to be intimately knowledgeable with every aspect of discounts and premiums: the different types, the situations when they may or may not apply, and how to quantify them. In this newly updated edition of Business Valuation: Discounts and Premiums, Shannon Pratt—one of the nation's most recognized and respected business valuation consultants—brings together the latest collective wisdom and knowledge about all major business discounts and premiums. Addressing the three basic approaches to conducting a valuation—the income approach, the market approach, and the asset approach—Shannon Pratt deftly and logically details the different discounts or premiums that may be applicable, depending on the basic valuation approach used, and how the valuation approaches used affect the level. Clearly written and thorough, Business Valuation: Discounts and Premiums, Second Edition provides business appraisers, accountants, attorneys, and business owners with an arsenal of information for their professional toolkit that can be applied to every major evaluation case they might face in any deal. This updated edition features timely, comprehensive coverage on: Strategic acquisitions Extensive empirical data Pre-IPO marketability discount studies Merger and acquisition negotiations, empirical evidence from completed transactions, and positions taken by courts in litigations Strategic acquisition premiums Studies on minority discounts Detailed, authoritative, and complete in its coverage, Business Valuation: Discounts and Premiums, Second Edition gets to the core of one of the more complex challenges faced by business appraisers, and arms readers with the understanding and techniques needed to successfully meet and exceed their job expectations.
Business Valuation Discounts and Premiums
Author: Shannon P. Pratt
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 0470485450
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 516
Book Description
Business Valuation Discounts and Premiums SECOND EDITION Discounts and premiums do not just affect the value of a company; they play a crucial role in influencing a host of other factors and conditions that can make or break a deal. When it comes to business valuations, it's the business appraiser's responsibility to be intimately knowledgeable with every aspect of discounts and premiums: the different types, the situations when they may or may not apply, and how to quantify them. In this newly updated edition of Business Valuation: Discounts and Premiums, Shannon Pratt one of the nation's most recognized and respected business valuation consultants brings together the latest collective wisdom and knowledge about all major business discounts and premiums. Addressing the three basic approaches to conducting a valuation the income approach, the market approach, and the asset approach Shannon Pratt deftly and logically details the different discounts or premiums that may be applicable, depending on the basic valuation approach used, and how the valuation approaches used affect the level. Clearly written and thorough, Business Valuation: Discounts and Premiums, Second Edition provides business appraisers, accountants, attorneys, and business owners with an arsenal of information for their professional toolkit that can be applied to every major evaluation case they might face in any deal. This updated edition features timely, comprehensive coverage on: Strategic acquisitions Extensive empirical data Pre-IPO marketability discount studies Merger and acquisition negotiations, empirical evidence from completed transactions, and positions taken by courts in litigations Strategic acquisition premiums Studies on minority discounts Detailed, authoritative, and complete in its coverage, Business Valuation: Discounts and Premiums, Second Edition gets to the core of one of the more complex challenges faced by business appraisers, and arms readers with the understanding and techniques needed to successfully meet and exceed their job expectations.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 0470485450
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 516
Book Description
Business Valuation Discounts and Premiums SECOND EDITION Discounts and premiums do not just affect the value of a company; they play a crucial role in influencing a host of other factors and conditions that can make or break a deal. When it comes to business valuations, it's the business appraiser's responsibility to be intimately knowledgeable with every aspect of discounts and premiums: the different types, the situations when they may or may not apply, and how to quantify them. In this newly updated edition of Business Valuation: Discounts and Premiums, Shannon Pratt one of the nation's most recognized and respected business valuation consultants brings together the latest collective wisdom and knowledge about all major business discounts and premiums. Addressing the three basic approaches to conducting a valuation the income approach, the market approach, and the asset approach Shannon Pratt deftly and logically details the different discounts or premiums that may be applicable, depending on the basic valuation approach used, and how the valuation approaches used affect the level. Clearly written and thorough, Business Valuation: Discounts and Premiums, Second Edition provides business appraisers, accountants, attorneys, and business owners with an arsenal of information for their professional toolkit that can be applied to every major evaluation case they might face in any deal. This updated edition features timely, comprehensive coverage on: Strategic acquisitions Extensive empirical data Pre-IPO marketability discount studies Merger and acquisition negotiations, empirical evidence from completed transactions, and positions taken by courts in litigations Strategic acquisition premiums Studies on minority discounts Detailed, authoritative, and complete in its coverage, Business Valuation: Discounts and Premiums, Second Edition gets to the core of one of the more complex challenges faced by business appraisers, and arms readers with the understanding and techniques needed to successfully meet and exceed their job expectations.
Business Valuation Discounts and Premiums
Author: Shannon P. Pratt
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN:
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 438
Book Description
The most frequent money issue in business valuation disputes relates to discounts and premiums. This collection of studies relates to quantification on discounts and premiums. Its guidance applies to every major evaluation case including income valuation, market valuation, and asset approach.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN:
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 438
Book Description
The most frequent money issue in business valuation disputes relates to discounts and premiums. This collection of studies relates to quantification on discounts and premiums. Its guidance applies to every major evaluation case including income valuation, market valuation, and asset approach.
Business Valuation
Author: Z. Christopher Mercer
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 0470178663
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 291
Book Description
Praise for Business Valuation: An Integrated Theory, 2nd Edition "The Second Edition of Business Valuation: An Integrated Theory manages to present the theoretical analysis of valuation from the first edition and expand on that discussion by providing additional guidance on implementing the relevant valuation theories, notably in its expanded discussion of the Quantitative Marketability Discount Model." —Dr. David Tabak, NERA Economic Consulting Your Essential Valuations Reference Whether you are an accountant, auditor, financial planner, or attorney, Business Valuation: An Integrated Theory, 2nd Edition enables you to understand and correctly apply fundamental valuation concepts. Thoroughly revised and expanded, the Second Edition demystifies modern valuation theory, bringing together various valuation concepts to reveal a comprehensive picture of business valuation. With the implementation of new accounting pronouncements mandating the recognition of numerous assets and liabilities at fair value, it has become critical for CPAs charged with auditing financial statements to understand valuation concepts. With thoughtful and balanced treatment of both theory and application, this essential guide reveals: The "GRAPES of Value"-Growth, Risk and Reward, Alternative Investments, Present Value, Expectations, and Sanity The relationship between the Gordon Model and the discounted cash flow model of valuation The basis for commonly applied, but commonly misunderstood valuation premiums and discounts A practical perspective on the analysis of potential business acquisitions Grounded in the real world of market participants, Business Valuation, 2nd Edition addresses your need to understand business valuation, providing a means of articulating valuation concepts to help you negotiate value-enhancing transactions. If you want to get back to valuation basics, this useful reference will become your guide to defining the various levels of value and developing a better understanding of business appraisal reports.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 0470178663
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 291
Book Description
Praise for Business Valuation: An Integrated Theory, 2nd Edition "The Second Edition of Business Valuation: An Integrated Theory manages to present the theoretical analysis of valuation from the first edition and expand on that discussion by providing additional guidance on implementing the relevant valuation theories, notably in its expanded discussion of the Quantitative Marketability Discount Model." —Dr. David Tabak, NERA Economic Consulting Your Essential Valuations Reference Whether you are an accountant, auditor, financial planner, or attorney, Business Valuation: An Integrated Theory, 2nd Edition enables you to understand and correctly apply fundamental valuation concepts. Thoroughly revised and expanded, the Second Edition demystifies modern valuation theory, bringing together various valuation concepts to reveal a comprehensive picture of business valuation. With the implementation of new accounting pronouncements mandating the recognition of numerous assets and liabilities at fair value, it has become critical for CPAs charged with auditing financial statements to understand valuation concepts. With thoughtful and balanced treatment of both theory and application, this essential guide reveals: The "GRAPES of Value"-Growth, Risk and Reward, Alternative Investments, Present Value, Expectations, and Sanity The relationship between the Gordon Model and the discounted cash flow model of valuation The basis for commonly applied, but commonly misunderstood valuation premiums and discounts A practical perspective on the analysis of potential business acquisitions Grounded in the real world of market participants, Business Valuation, 2nd Edition addresses your need to understand business valuation, providing a means of articulating valuation concepts to help you negotiate value-enhancing transactions. If you want to get back to valuation basics, this useful reference will become your guide to defining the various levels of value and developing a better understanding of business appraisal reports.
Business Valuation
Author: Marco Fazzini
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319894943
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 237
Book Description
This book provides an applied theoretical approach to modern day business valuation. It combines elements from both finance and accounting to help practitioners identify the most suitable method for analysis, showing when and how methods can be applied in different contexts and under specific constraints. It describes how business valuation techniques can be applied to calculate value in case of transactions, litigation, IPOs, and the fair value under an IFRS framework. The purpose of this book is to offer a guideline for the application of an integrated approach, thereby avoiding "copy and paste" valuations, based on pre-packaged parameters and the uncritical use of models. Specifically, an Integrated Valuation Approach (IVA) should be adopted that encompasses, within any specific method, a wide range of elements reflecting the characteristics and specificities of the firm to be valued. The book is based on the International Valuation Standards issued by the International Valuation Standards Council. Valuation standards allow for an alignment of both the methods and their application, providing a common basis for valuers.
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319894943
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 237
Book Description
This book provides an applied theoretical approach to modern day business valuation. It combines elements from both finance and accounting to help practitioners identify the most suitable method for analysis, showing when and how methods can be applied in different contexts and under specific constraints. It describes how business valuation techniques can be applied to calculate value in case of transactions, litigation, IPOs, and the fair value under an IFRS framework. The purpose of this book is to offer a guideline for the application of an integrated approach, thereby avoiding "copy and paste" valuations, based on pre-packaged parameters and the uncritical use of models. Specifically, an Integrated Valuation Approach (IVA) should be adopted that encompasses, within any specific method, a wide range of elements reflecting the characteristics and specificities of the firm to be valued. The book is based on the International Valuation Standards issued by the International Valuation Standards Council. Valuation standards allow for an alignment of both the methods and their application, providing a common basis for valuers.
The Real Cost of Capital
Author: Tim Ogier
Publisher: Pearson UK
ISBN: 0273748254
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 272
Book Description
"This book is required reading for anyone involved in the practical issues of cost of capital decisions. It is written in a way that engages the novice, and yet challenges the professional to rethink the real issues." Brendan Scholey, Bloomberg. The cost of capital is the fundamental financial tool for business decision-making. It drives measures of value creation and destruction, and forms the basis of financial analysis using cash flow and other frameworks. This book is here to help the business world to use the cost of capital for real. The Real Cost of Capital describes the key issues in understanding and using the cost of capital today, taking principles from the world of managerial finance and putting them into the context of major investment decisions. Should, for example, a company use its own cost of capital to appraise new investments and acquisitions? What cost of capital might a US company use when appraising an investment in, say, the Philippines? For a typical investment, which type of risk is more important – specific risk or systematic risk? How should these risks be reflected in, say, a venture capital situation? Debt is cheaper than equity – so why don’t companies raise more debt than they do? Most practitioners use the weighted average cost of capital ("WACC") in valuation and appraisal – but when should an alternative approach be used? This book will help you find the answers. The Real Cost of Capital is required reading for anyone involved in the practical issues of cost of capital decisions. It brings together the latest academic thinking with practical requirements in a real-life context, and the authors have used their combined experience of advising governments and international blue-chip companies to bring readers up to date with current issues. The Real Cost of Capital includes chapters on choosing models, calculating the cost of capital using real-life data sources, and calculating the cost of capital in an international context (a subject not usually covered in academic texts). It also has chapters and worked examples on the practical application of the cost of capital in business valuations, high-tech situations and the wide range of premia and discounts that can be applied to the cost of capital. The book has an associated website www.costofcapital.net which contains some current links. The site also gives access to tax rate information and financial data relevant to using cost of capital around the world. The objective is to make sure that the corporate planner, student, adviser or decision maker, when she/he is on the road, can simply open the book or dial in and take advantage of a wealth of decision-making support, without the pain of extended academic study.
Publisher: Pearson UK
ISBN: 0273748254
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 272
Book Description
"This book is required reading for anyone involved in the practical issues of cost of capital decisions. It is written in a way that engages the novice, and yet challenges the professional to rethink the real issues." Brendan Scholey, Bloomberg. The cost of capital is the fundamental financial tool for business decision-making. It drives measures of value creation and destruction, and forms the basis of financial analysis using cash flow and other frameworks. This book is here to help the business world to use the cost of capital for real. The Real Cost of Capital describes the key issues in understanding and using the cost of capital today, taking principles from the world of managerial finance and putting them into the context of major investment decisions. Should, for example, a company use its own cost of capital to appraise new investments and acquisitions? What cost of capital might a US company use when appraising an investment in, say, the Philippines? For a typical investment, which type of risk is more important – specific risk or systematic risk? How should these risks be reflected in, say, a venture capital situation? Debt is cheaper than equity – so why don’t companies raise more debt than they do? Most practitioners use the weighted average cost of capital ("WACC") in valuation and appraisal – but when should an alternative approach be used? This book will help you find the answers. The Real Cost of Capital is required reading for anyone involved in the practical issues of cost of capital decisions. It brings together the latest academic thinking with practical requirements in a real-life context, and the authors have used their combined experience of advising governments and international blue-chip companies to bring readers up to date with current issues. The Real Cost of Capital includes chapters on choosing models, calculating the cost of capital using real-life data sources, and calculating the cost of capital in an international context (a subject not usually covered in academic texts). It also has chapters and worked examples on the practical application of the cost of capital in business valuations, high-tech situations and the wide range of premia and discounts that can be applied to the cost of capital. The book has an associated website www.costofcapital.net which contains some current links. The site also gives access to tax rate information and financial data relevant to using cost of capital around the world. The objective is to make sure that the corporate planner, student, adviser or decision maker, when she/he is on the road, can simply open the book or dial in and take advantage of a wealth of decision-making support, without the pain of extended academic study.
2020 Mergerstat Review
Author: FACTSET MERGERSTAT.
Publisher: BVResources
ISBN: 9781621501954
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
Book Description
The FactSet Mergerstat Review is the cornerstone of any mergers and acquisitions library. This must-have resource delivers comprehensive rosters, data and statistics on merger and acquisition (M&A) transactions that involve U.S. companies, including privately held, publicly traded and cross-border transactions, and also lists unit divestitures, management buyouts, and certain asset sales.
Publisher: BVResources
ISBN: 9781621501954
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
Book Description
The FactSet Mergerstat Review is the cornerstone of any mergers and acquisitions library. This must-have resource delivers comprehensive rosters, data and statistics on merger and acquisition (M&A) transactions that involve U.S. companies, including privately held, publicly traded and cross-border transactions, and also lists unit divestitures, management buyouts, and certain asset sales.
The Little Book of Valuation
Author: Aswath Damodaran
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1118064143
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 269
Book Description
An accessible, and intuitive, guide to stock valuation Valuation is at the heart of any investment decision, whether that decision is to buy, sell, or hold. In The Little Book of Valuation, expert Aswath Damodaran explains the techniques in language that any investors can understand, so you can make better investment decisions when reviewing stock research reports and engaging in independent efforts to value and pick stocks. Page by page, Damodaran distills the fundamentals of valuation, without glossing over or ignoring key concepts, and develops models that you can easily understand and use. Along the way, he covers various valuation approaches from intrinsic or discounted cash flow valuation and multiples or relative valuation to some elements of real option valuation. Includes case studies and examples that will help build your valuation skills Written by Aswath Damodaran, one of today's most respected valuation experts Includes an accompanying iPhone application (iVal) that makes the lessons of the book immediately useable Written with the individual investor in mind, this reliable guide will not only help you value a company quickly, but will also help you make sense of valuations done by others or found in comprehensive equity research reports.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1118064143
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 269
Book Description
An accessible, and intuitive, guide to stock valuation Valuation is at the heart of any investment decision, whether that decision is to buy, sell, or hold. In The Little Book of Valuation, expert Aswath Damodaran explains the techniques in language that any investors can understand, so you can make better investment decisions when reviewing stock research reports and engaging in independent efforts to value and pick stocks. Page by page, Damodaran distills the fundamentals of valuation, without glossing over or ignoring key concepts, and develops models that you can easily understand and use. Along the way, he covers various valuation approaches from intrinsic or discounted cash flow valuation and multiples or relative valuation to some elements of real option valuation. Includes case studies and examples that will help build your valuation skills Written by Aswath Damodaran, one of today's most respected valuation experts Includes an accompanying iPhone application (iVal) that makes the lessons of the book immediately useable Written with the individual investor in mind, this reliable guide will not only help you value a company quickly, but will also help you make sense of valuations done by others or found in comprehensive equity research reports.
Business Valuations
Author: Larry Kasper
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN: 0313370303
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 340
Book Description
Kasper's book is the first to explain the why, not just the how, in the valuation of privately held businesses, and as such makes a unique contribution to its field. Among its many points, the book makes clear that there is no small stock premium, current valuation practice produces business valuations that are too subjective, and tax precedents and laws do not govern business valuations for other purposes. A truly multidisciplinary approach to the advanced study of valuation theory and practice, the book critically examines the many common practices and assumptions accepted by certain appraisers and finds them wanting. It is thus an in-depth exploration of the foundation of current valuation practice, and the evidence that supposedly supports or refutes traditional wisdom. With easily grasped numerical examples and case studies from Kasper's wide professional experience, this work is an important source of information, knowledge, and applications for professional and academics alike, not only in accounting and related fields, but also in management, investment, and law. Kasper begins with a discussion of the most quoted authority in business valuation, Revenue Ruling 59-60. For attorneys, this is probably the single richest source of cross examination material available (and the ruling appears in its entirety in the Appendix). Although Kasper concentrates on developing the conceptual foundations of valuation, he also explores more practical matters and their meanings, such as fair market values, valuations for tax purposes, and trial strategy. Kasper points out that some of the conclusions he offers are controversial, but if the logic underlying them is understood, their truth will soon be apparent. He also argues convincingly that theory is not just for academics, but can be a useful tool to understand how the real world works—and why it often fails.
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN: 0313370303
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 340
Book Description
Kasper's book is the first to explain the why, not just the how, in the valuation of privately held businesses, and as such makes a unique contribution to its field. Among its many points, the book makes clear that there is no small stock premium, current valuation practice produces business valuations that are too subjective, and tax precedents and laws do not govern business valuations for other purposes. A truly multidisciplinary approach to the advanced study of valuation theory and practice, the book critically examines the many common practices and assumptions accepted by certain appraisers and finds them wanting. It is thus an in-depth exploration of the foundation of current valuation practice, and the evidence that supposedly supports or refutes traditional wisdom. With easily grasped numerical examples and case studies from Kasper's wide professional experience, this work is an important source of information, knowledge, and applications for professional and academics alike, not only in accounting and related fields, but also in management, investment, and law. Kasper begins with a discussion of the most quoted authority in business valuation, Revenue Ruling 59-60. For attorneys, this is probably the single richest source of cross examination material available (and the ruling appears in its entirety in the Appendix). Although Kasper concentrates on developing the conceptual foundations of valuation, he also explores more practical matters and their meanings, such as fair market values, valuations for tax purposes, and trial strategy. Kasper points out that some of the conclusions he offers are controversial, but if the logic underlying them is understood, their truth will soon be apparent. He also argues convincingly that theory is not just for academics, but can be a useful tool to understand how the real world works—and why it often fails.
Business Valuations and the IRS
Author: John J. Marty
Publisher: Birch Grove Publishing
ISBN: 9781945148026
Category : Health care reform
Languages : en
Pages : 852
Book Description
This book is the most comprehensive publication ever written for business valuers who prepare appraisals for federal tax purposes. Parts One and Two discuss IRS structure, process and conflict resolution, and Parts Three to Five address the most common adjustment areas by the IRS.
Publisher: Birch Grove Publishing
ISBN: 9781945148026
Category : Health care reform
Languages : en
Pages : 852
Book Description
This book is the most comprehensive publication ever written for business valuers who prepare appraisals for federal tax purposes. Parts One and Two discuss IRS structure, process and conflict resolution, and Parts Three to Five address the most common adjustment areas by the IRS.