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Author: Andrei Ramniceanu Publisher: ISBN: Category : Concrete Languages : en Pages : 38
Book Description
Concrete structures such as bridge decks, with large surface area relative to volume, shrink and crack, thus reducing service life performance and increasing operation costs. The project evaluated the early, first 24 hours, and long-term, 180 days, shrinkage of Virginia Department of Transportation overlay and A4 general bridge deck concrete mixtures. A modified ASTM C157 prism was developed to measure the early-age shrinkage, as was a unique hygral cylinder test. Long-term shrinkage was measured using the ASTM C157 prism test. In addition, scaled bridge deck overlay specimens were cast to assess cracking potential. Overlay mixtures tested were latex modified mixtures using portland cement, Type K cement, an expansive mixture and portland cement, fly ash and microsilica blend. Deck concrete mixtures evaluated were fly ash, slag, Type K cement and an expansive mixture. Recommendations for controlling shrinkage at 3, 7, and 28 days were developed for all overlay and A4 concrete mixtures.
Author: Andrei Ramniceanu Publisher: ISBN: Category : Concrete Languages : en Pages : 38
Book Description
Concrete structures such as bridge decks, with large surface area relative to volume, shrink and crack, thus reducing service life performance and increasing operation costs. The project evaluated the early, first 24 hours, and long-term, 180 days, shrinkage of Virginia Department of Transportation overlay and A4 general bridge deck concrete mixtures. A modified ASTM C157 prism was developed to measure the early-age shrinkage, as was a unique hygral cylinder test. Long-term shrinkage was measured using the ASTM C157 prism test. In addition, scaled bridge deck overlay specimens were cast to assess cracking potential. Overlay mixtures tested were latex modified mixtures using portland cement, Type K cement, an expansive mixture and portland cement, fly ash and microsilica blend. Deck concrete mixtures evaluated were fly ash, slag, Type K cement and an expansive mixture. Recommendations for controlling shrinkage at 3, 7, and 28 days were developed for all overlay and A4 concrete mixtures.
Author: M. Ala Saadeghvaziri Publisher: ISBN: Category : Concrete bridges Languages : en Pages : 206
Book Description
Many concrete bridge decks develop transverse cracking and most of these cracks develop at early ages, some right after construction and some after the bridge has been opened to traffic for a period of time. Structural design factors have not been the subject of much research in the past and they were the main thrust of this research study. Using 2-D and 3-D linear and nonlinear finite element models many design factors such as girder stiffness, deck thickness, girder spacing, relative stiffness of deck to girder, amount of reinforcements, etc., were studied. The research study also included a comprehensive review of the existing literature as well as survey of 24 bridges in the state of New Jersey. Results of each research task are presented and discussed in detail. Furthermore, based on analytical results and literature review, the effect of various factors are quantified and specific recommendations for possible consideration in design are made.
Author: Robert J. Frosch Publisher: Purdue University Press ISBN: 9781622601080 Category : Transportation Languages : en Pages : 178
Book Description
Transverse cracking of concrete bridge decks is problematic in numerous states. Cracking has been identified in the negative and positive moment regions of bridges and can appear shortly after opening the structure to live loads. To improve the service life of the bridge deck as well as decrease maintenance costs, changes to current construction practices in Indiana are being considered. A typical bridge deck was instrumented which incorporated the following: increased reinforcement amounts, decreasing reinforcement spacing, and high-performance, low-shrinkage concrete. The low shrinkage concrete was achieved using a ternary concrete mix. The objective of this research was to determine the performance, particularly in terms of transverse cracking and shrinkage, of a bridge incorporating design details meant to reduce cracking. Based on measurements from the bridge, it was determined that maximum tensile strains experienced in the concrete were not sufficient to initiate cracking. An on-site inspection was performed to confirm that cracking had not initiated. The data was analyzed and compared with the behavior of a similarly constructed bridge built with nearly identical reinforcing details, but with a more conventional concrete to evaluate the effect of the HPC. Based on this study, it was observed that full-depth transverse cracks did not occur in the structure and that the use of HPC lowered the magnitude of restrained shrinkage strains and resulting tensile stresses.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Concrete bridges Languages : en Pages : 26
Book Description
Concrete bridge decks are susceptible to premature cracking and to corrosion of reinforcing steel. Low-permeability concrete does not always ensure durability if the concrete has excessive cracks that facilitate the intrusion of aggressive solutions. Cracks in concrete can occur when a restrained mass of concrete changes volume including drying shrinkage because of water loss. These types of shrinkage cracks can be counteracted with the use of shrinkage-compensating concrete (SC concrete). SC concrete is expansive cement concrete that when properly restrained by reinforcement can expand an amount equal to or slightly greater than the anticipated drying shrinkage. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of SC concrete using Type K expansive cement in reducing cracks in bridge decks. The bridge deck on the Route 613 Bridge over the South Fork Shenandoah River in Warren County in the Virginia Department of Transportation’s Staunton District was selected for study. Restrained length change bar specimens showed expansion until the 7-day moist curing period (when tested in accordance with ASTM C878). The results showed that a bridge deck with fewer transverse cracks than typically found in decks constructed with Type I/II cement can be constructed with Type K cement concrete. There were several longitudinal cracks (reflective cracks) caused by the differential movement of the beams at the keyway that could not be prevented by the use of SC concrete. No special construction equipment or techniques are required for satisfactory placement of SC concrete, but slump loss under hot weather conditions is a more serious problem in SC concrete than in normal portland cement concrete. Hence, for successful placement of Type K cement concrete, sufficient prior planning and proper mix design development are needed. Another concern is the availability and cost of Type K cement since it is not routinely used.
Author: G. M. Carlomagno Publisher: WIT Press ISBN: 1845645405 Category : Mathematics Languages : en Pages : 737
Book Description
Containing edited versions of most of the papers presented at the Fifteenth International Conference on Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements, this book reviews the latest work on these two approaches, and the interaction between them.
Author: Tony R. Schmitt Publisher: ISBN: Category : Concrete bridges Languages : en Pages : 174
Book Description
The causes of cracking in bridge decks are investigated and procedures are recommended to alleviate the problem. Forty continuous steel girder bridges, thirty-seven composite and three noncomposite bridges are evaluated. Field surveys conducted to document cracking patterns and to determine the crack density of each bridge are described. Information collected from construction documents, field books, and weather data logs is presented and compared to the observed levels of cracking to identify correlations between cracking and the variables studied. Thirty-one variables are considered such as material properties, site conditions, construction procedures, design specifications, age of bridge and traffic volume. Based on the research reported herein, cracking in monolithic bridge decks increases with increasing values of concrete slump, percent volume of water and cement, water content, and compressive strength, and decreasing values of air content (especially below 6.0%). Bridge deck overlays placed with zero slump concrete consistently exhibit high levels of cracking. Cracking in overlays also increases as placement lengths increase. High maximum air temperatures and large changes in air temperature on the day of casting aggravate cracking in monolithic bridge decks. High average air temperatures and large changes in air temperature similarly aggravate cracking in bridge deck overlays. Both monolithic and two layer bridges with fixed-ended girders exhibit increased cracking near the abutments compared to those with pin-ended girders.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Bridges Languages : en Pages : 64
Book Description
Early-age cracking, typically caused by drying shrinkage (and often coupled with autogenous and thermal shrinkage), can have several detrimental effects on long-term behavior and durability. Cracking can also provide ingress of water that can drive chemical reactions, such as alkali-silica reaction (ASR) and sulfate attack. Because of the problems associated with cracking observed in bridge decks, and the impact of early-age cracking on long-term performance and durability, it is imperative that bridge decks be constructed with minimal early-age cracking and that exhibit satisfactory long-term performance and durability. To achieve these goals for bridges in the state of Texas, a research team has been assembled that possesses significant expertise and background in cement chemistry, concrete materials and durability, structural performance, computational mechanics (finite difference/element), bridge deck construction and maintenance, monitoring of in-site behavior of field structures, and the development of test methods and specifications aimed at practical implementation by state highway departments. This proposal describes a laboratory- and field-based research program aimed at developing a bridge deck cracking model that will ultimately be integrated into ConcreteWorks, a suite of software programs developed for TxDOT by this same research team.
Author: Jafar Allahham Publisher: ISBN: Category : Bridges Languages : en Pages : 40
Book Description
An existing standard method ASTM C157 is used to determine the length change or free shrinkage of an unrestrained concrete specimen. However, in bridge decks, the concrete is actually under restrained conditions, and thus free shrinkage test methods do not represent the same condition of bridge decks and are not correlated to in field bridge deck shrinkage. An alternative for restrained shrinkage is to use one of the two existing standards AASHTO T334-08 or ASTM C1581. In these two restrained test methods, the concrete is cast in the circumference around an inner steel ring. The purpose of this study was to construct the apparatus for the AASHTO T334-08 method to estimate the cracking age of concrete mixtures that may be used in bridge decks. In the processes of the apparatus setup, several limitations to the method were discovered, such as the influence of the surrounding environment and the repeatability of the method. Thus, an additional study was done to evaluate the sensitivity of shrinkage measurements (ASTM C157 and AASHTO T334-08) in different surrounding environments, with different mix designs (e.g., varying w/cm, binder content and aggregate size), and different concrete specimen thicknesses. Overall, it was confirmed that most mixtures did not even indicate any cracking unless a high cement volume content of 24% with no coarse aggregates was tested using the existing AASHTO T334-08 restrained ring method. A thinner ring (2” of concrete instead of 3”) had a decreased age of cracking. The free shrinkage ASTM C157 is still the easiest, and a relatively fast method to use and can provide relative comparisons between different mixtures or between different environments.
Author: Andrei Ramniceanu
Author: Andrei Ramniceanu
Author: M. Ala Saadeghvaziri
Author: 
Author: Robert J. Frosch
Author: 
Author: G. M. Carlomagno
Author: Tony R. Schmitt
Author: Phillip E. Borrowman
Author: 
Author: Jafar Allahham