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Author: Kenneth L. Davis Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 1461329345 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 592
Book Description
Recent years have witnessed a resurgence of interest in the possible role of brain acetylcholine in neuropsychiatric disease. Research in this area has involved the renewed investigation of the cholinomimetics physostigmine and arecoline, and has been facilitated by the development of new potential cholinomimetics such as dimethylaminoethanol (Deanol) and choline chloride. Current investigators also have taken advantage of new approaches to neurochemical studies. Increasingly sensitive assay techniques such as gas chromatography/mass spectrometry have allowed investigators to measure low concentra tions of choline and acetylcholine in brain tissues. Improved neuroanatomical procedures such as immunohistochemical staining and the use of microelectrodes and micropipets have enabled skilled investigators to begin to map central acetylcholine pathways and to dissect the component parts of the complex interactions between brain acetylcholine and other neurotransmitters. The convergence of data from both clinical and basic studies now suggest that brain acetylcholine may be involved in affective illness, several movement disorders, and some cognitive disturbances. The purpose of this book is to summarize recent clinical and pre-clinical investigations on the possible role of brain acetylcholine in several neurological and psychiatric disorders. The volume is divided into six major sections: (1) Brain Acetylcholine and Psychiatric Disorders; (2) Brain Acetylcholine and Movement Disorders; (3) Brain Acetylcholine and Cognitive Function; (4) The Electrophysiology of Cholinergic Agents; (5) Interactions of Brain Acetylcholine and Other Neurotransmitters; (6) Biochemical and Pharmacological Aspects of CholinergiC Treatment Strategies.
Author: Kenneth L. Davis Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 1461329345 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 592
Book Description
Recent years have witnessed a resurgence of interest in the possible role of brain acetylcholine in neuropsychiatric disease. Research in this area has involved the renewed investigation of the cholinomimetics physostigmine and arecoline, and has been facilitated by the development of new potential cholinomimetics such as dimethylaminoethanol (Deanol) and choline chloride. Current investigators also have taken advantage of new approaches to neurochemical studies. Increasingly sensitive assay techniques such as gas chromatography/mass spectrometry have allowed investigators to measure low concentra tions of choline and acetylcholine in brain tissues. Improved neuroanatomical procedures such as immunohistochemical staining and the use of microelectrodes and micropipets have enabled skilled investigators to begin to map central acetylcholine pathways and to dissect the component parts of the complex interactions between brain acetylcholine and other neurotransmitters. The convergence of data from both clinical and basic studies now suggest that brain acetylcholine may be involved in affective illness, several movement disorders, and some cognitive disturbances. The purpose of this book is to summarize recent clinical and pre-clinical investigations on the possible role of brain acetylcholine in several neurological and psychiatric disorders. The volume is divided into six major sections: (1) Brain Acetylcholine and Psychiatric Disorders; (2) Brain Acetylcholine and Movement Disorders; (3) Brain Acetylcholine and Cognitive Function; (4) The Electrophysiology of Cholinergic Agents; (5) Interactions of Brain Acetylcholine and Other Neurotransmitters; (6) Biochemical and Pharmacological Aspects of CholinergiC Treatment Strategies.
Author: Sukumar Vijayaraghavan Publisher: Frontiers Media SA ISBN: 288919714X Category : Acetylcholine Languages : en Pages : 129
Book Description
Much of our understanding of brain physiology has focused on what one might call, first order processes. These essentially include the primary synaptic mechanisms underlying excitation (mainly glutamate) and inhibition (mainly GABA). Our attention has focused on how the balance of excitation and inhibition regulates the timing, patterns, and extent of information flow across various circuits. A lot less is understood regarding second order processes that sculpt and modify these primary interactions. One such modulatory transmitter in the brain is acetylcholine (ACh). The importance of ACh in modulating various behaviors related to learning, memory, and attention has been recognized over the last four decades as has its involvement in various neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. However, our understanding of the mechanistic bases for these actions is at its infancy, at best and much remains to be understood. The array of receptor subtypes for nicotinic and muscarinic receptors, their different locations, and complex signal transduction mechanisms remain a puzzle. Transmitter (ACh) release sites and their relationship to receptor loci are poorly understood. Overall, we lack a unifying framework for conceptualizing how disparate actions of the transmitter on receptors lead to circuit modulation and, eventually, influences on cognition. By its very nature, reports on cholinergic signaling are quite scattered, presented in journals across sub-disciplines and in the context of the systems they modulate. Hence, there is need for consolidation of these studies under a single cover that would allow one to compare and contrast the effects of this transmitter across systems and contexts. This special issue represents one such compilation. The issue addresses cholinergic modulation of defined circuits that lead to specific behaviors and consists of a judicious mixture of review articles and primary papers. The articles focus on three aspects of the system: 1) Cellular targets of cholinergic signaling. 2) Receptor mechanisms. 3) Endogenous transmitter distribution and action. While no common mechanism emerges that can explain cholinergic actions on brain functions, on can postulate that the transmitter system is dynamic, modulating the balance of excitation and inhibition in various circuits. This modulation sets up timed network oscillations and it is tempting to speculate that these oscillations form a template for better encoding of afferent inputs. One can broadly envision the role of the cholinergic system as facilitating processes that allow for more efficient acquisition of learning and engraving of memories. Thus, understanding the mechanisms underlying tonic and stimulus-dependent release of ACh and how it alters firing templates of neuronal networks would be the first step towards elucidating its role in learning and memory. This special topics edition provides clues to some of the actions of ACh. It is hoped that the articles allow the reader to extract common themes and potential mechanisms of cholinergic regulation that will lead to elucidation of general principles governing the actions of this important neuromodulator.
Book Description
Abstract: Some neurological and psychiatric disorders of the brain associated with inadequate cholinergic transmission are being successfully treated with choline and/or lecithin. Plasma composition can affect neurotransmitter synthesis; one function of this phenomenon may be to provide metabolic signals to the brain concerning appetite, stimulus response, or sleepiness. The methods whereby this occurs are being investigated for their possible usefulness in treating manic depression, memory impairment and other brain disorders. Synthesis, biochemistry, measurement, metabolism and dietary sources of choline are discussed, as well as effects and side effects of treatment. Movement disorders, Huntington's disease, dyskinesia, learning and memory are among the brain functions affected by choline being investigated.
Author: Philip Seeman Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 012418684X Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 534
Book Description
Brain imaging technology remains at the forefront of advances in both our understanding of the brain and our ability to diagnose and treat brain disease and disorders. Imaging of the Human Brain in Health and Disease examines the localization of neurotransmitter receptors in the nervous system of normal, healthy humans and compares that with humans who are suffering from various neurologic diseases. Opening chapters introduce the basic science of imaging neurotransmitters, including sigma, acetylcholine, opioid, and dopamine receptors. Imaging the healthy and diseased brain includes brain imaging of anger, pain, autism, the release of dopamine, the impact of cannabinoids, and Alzheimer's disease. This book is a valuable companion to a wide range of scholars, students, and researchers in neuroscience, clinical neurology, and psychiatry, and provides a detailed introduction to the application of advanced imaging to the treatment of brain disorders and disease. A focused introduction to imaging healthy and diseased brains Focuses on the primary neurotransmitter release Includes sigma, acetylcholine, opioid, and dopamine receptors Presents the imaging of healthy and diseased brains via anger, pain, autism, and Alzheimer's disease
Author: Firas H. Kobeissy Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 1466565993 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 718
Book Description
With the contribution from more than one hundred CNS neurotrauma experts, this book provides a comprehensive and up-to-date account on the latest developments in the area of neurotrauma including biomarker studies, experimental models, diagnostic methods, and neurotherapeutic intervention strategies in brain injury research. It discusses neurotrauma mechanisms, biomarker discovery, and neurocognitive and neurobehavioral deficits. Also included are medical interventions and recent neurotherapeutics used in the area of brain injury that have been translated to the area of rehabilitation research. In addition, a section is devoted to models of milder CNS injury, including sports injuries.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 14
Book Description
The etiology of diseases affecting the brain has been linked to various neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine, dopamine, gama aminobutyric acid (GABA) and serotonin. For instance, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is reported to have strong links with imapirment in acetylcholine, serotonin and GABA systems in certain regions of the brain, while psychoses including schizophrenia are associated with abberant levels and activities of dopamine and serotonin. In the absence of specific and reliable markers or a commonly accepted gold standard, diagnosis of neuropsychiatric diseases in living patients is probabilistic and based on clinical diagnostic criteria. Traditionally, the diagnosis of dementia including Alzheimer's disease has been done through neurological assessment that combines scores from validated instruments like the mini-mental state examination (MMSE) tool and clinical neurology expertise. Diagnosis of psychoses is based on criteria from either the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) of mental disorders which is used more commonly in North America, or the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) which is used more commonly in Europe and other parts of the world. Quantitative EEG (qEEG) involves computer-assisted imaging and statistical analysis of the EEG for detecting abnormalities, assisting the physician in making a diagnosis, and other purposes relating to patient care. The underlying assumption is that clinically significant neuropsychiatric disturbances may be accompanied by statistically significant abnormalities in the spectral composition of brain electrical activity compared with healthy controls, and that detecting subtle frequency abnormalities in different domains of the brain can alert the clinician and facilitate diagnosis of a specific disease. By nature, EEG is a potential method to assess neuropsychiatric disorders since it reflects summated electrical activity at the level of functional units of the brain with millisecond time resolution. In addition, qEEG is relatively inexpensive, and without using ionizing radiation it is able to noninvasively produce images of both excitatory and inhibitory cortical neuronal activity rather than secondary hemodynamic processes, and the spectra can be displayed as statistical probability maps in which brain areas can be made to "light up" in proportion to the abnormality of their activity. These maps form vivid illustrations of the clinical point that a brain problem underlies a patient's symptoms. It is unclear whether the diagnosis of a neuropsychiatric disorders based on standard traditional criteria is in agreement with results from brain electrical activity mapping. The objective of this report is to review current evidence for using brain electrical activity mapping to assess the levels of acetylcholine, dopamine, GABA and serotonin activity in adult patients, and to evaluate diagnostic accuracy of brain electrical activity mapping for schizophrenia, bipolar diorders, and dementia.
Author: Kenneth L. Davis
Author: Kenneth L. Davis
Author: Sukumar Vijayaraghavan
Author: L. Descarries
Author: Ezio Giacobini
Author: David M. Shaw
Author: Makram Girgis
Author: André Barbeau
Author: Philip Seeman
Author: Firas H. Kobeissy
Author: