Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction and Repair After Blast-Induced Traumatic Brain Injury PDF Download

Author: Christopher Donald Hue
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :

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Book Description
Potentiated recovery with DEX treatment was accompanied by stronger ZO-1 tight junction immunostaining and expression, suggesting that increased ZO-1 expression was a structural correlate to BBB recovery. This is the first study to provide a mechanistic basis for potentiated functional recovery of an in vitro BBB model due to glucocorticoid treatment after blast injury. Using an in vivo bTBI model, systemic administration of sodium fluorescein (NaFl; 376 Da), Evans blue (EB; 69 kDa when bound to serum albumin) and dextrans (3 – 500 kDa) was used to estimate the pore-size of BBB opening and time required for recovery. Exposure to blast resulted in significant acute extravasation of NaFl, 3 kDa dextran, and EB. However, there was no significant acute extravasation of 70 kDa or 500 kDa dextrans, and minimal to no extravasation of NaFl, dextrans, or EB 1 day after exposure. This work is the first to quantify the time course and size of BBB opening after bTBI, suggesting that the BBB recovered 1 day post-injury.

Author: Daniel Laskowitz
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1498766579
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 388

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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a significant source of death and permanent disability, contributing to nearly one-third of all injury related deaths in the United States and exacting a profound personal and economic toll. Despite the increased resources that have recently been brought to bear to improve our understanding of TBI, the developme

Author: Alisa D. Gean
Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
ISBN: 146988352X
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 356

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Book Description
Brain Injury: Applications from War and Terrorism is a single-authored book written by a world-class neuroradiologist with extensive experience in traumatic brain injury (TBI). It features six graphic-intense chapters depicting and expounding upon the complexity of TBI. Culled from nearly three decades of studying civilian TBI and five years of intensive study of TBI sustained from combat, terrorism, and natural disasters, this work is an exhaustive and innovative authority on the current approaches and applications of civilian and combat TBI. The text is sectored into six chapters based on pathophysiology, each augmented with numerous images and illustrations. The book gives special attention to neuroimaging, but is reinforced with relevant clinical correlation. This monograph is unique because it is first in class as an omnibus for the radiologist, neurologist, neurosurgeon, maxillofacial surgeon, emergency physician, pediatrician, ophthalmologist, and the rehabilitation team. Accompanied by detailed high resolution illustrations with meticulous annotation, Brain Injury: Applications from War and Terrorism contains over 500 curated radiological and clinical images that enhance the concepts detailed in each chapter. Complete with up-to-date references, it is a state of the art resource guide for any member of the team of professionals caring for those who have sustained a traumatic brain injury In the foreword, Bob Woodruff writes - “After the September 11 attacks, [Dr. Gean] realized the significant void in our understanding of brain Injury caused by war and terrorism (and) she was motivated to devote the last four years of her academic pursuits to understanding the similarities and differences between civilian TBI and TBI suffered in war, terrorism, and natural disasters... This extraordinary, magnificently illustrated and unique single-authored textbook, Brain Injury: Applications from War and Terrorism,is the culmination of Dr. Gean’s dedication and experience. It’s really not just a book – it is a telegraphed documentary of a lifelong conviction to recognizing and responding to TBI by an acknowledged global expert.”

Author: Firas H. Kobeissy
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1466565993
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 718

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Book Description
With the contribution from more than one hundred CNS neurotrauma experts, this book provides a comprehensive and up-to-date account on the latest developments in the area of neurotrauma including biomarker studies, experimental models, diagnostic methods, and neurotherapeutic intervention strategies in brain injury research. It discusses neurotrauma mechanisms, biomarker discovery, and neurocognitive and neurobehavioral deficits. Also included are medical interventions and recent neurotherapeutics used in the area of brain injury that have been translated to the area of rehabilitation research. In addition, a section is devoted to models of milder CNS injury, including sports injuries.

Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309486890
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 211

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The Veterans Benefits Administration (VBA) provides disability compensation to veterans with a service-connected injury, and to receive disability compensation from the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), a veteran must submit a claim or have a claim submitted on his or her behalf. Evaluation of the Disability Determination Process for Traumatic Brain Injury in Veterans reviews the process by which the VA assesses impairments resulting from traumatic brain injury for purposes of awarding disability compensation. This report also provides recommendations for legislative or administrative action for improving the adjudication of veterans' claims seeking entitlement to compensation for all impairments arising from a traumatic brain injury.

Author: Mark D. Skopin
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Blood-brain barrier
Languages : en
Pages : 164

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Book Description
Animal models of traumatic brain injury (TBI) are utilized for the study of underlying mechanisms and for the development of potential therapeutics. Traditional TBI models apply concussive forces to the cranium or provide a direct injury to neuronal tissue to model penetrating head wounds. The observation of mild to moderate TBI symptoms in personnel exposed to blast waves has led to the hypothesis that the disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) can cause the symptoms commonly associated with TBI. Using intracarotid injection of hyperosmotic fluid, we assessed the histological and behavioral consequences of a transient disruption of the BBB and compared the results to the classical controlled-cortical impact (CCI) model of penetrating head injuries in rats. Our results demonstrate that the disruption of the BBB causes similar deficits in spatial memory as measured by the Barnes maze compared to other classical TBI models. Furthermore, a computational model was developed to investigate how different types of neural injuries affect a biological network capable of neurogenesis. These findings suggest that a disruption of the BBB can contribute to the neuronal dysfunction associated with brain injury and novel treatments that prevent plasma extravasation during BBB disruption could have therapeutic benefits.

Author: Andrew Beaumont
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 572

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Author: Institute of Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309210089
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 444

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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) accounts for up to one-third of combat-related injuries in Iraq and Afghanistan, according to some estimates. TBI is also a major problem among civilians, especially those who engage in certain sports. At the request of the Department of Defense, the IOM examined the potential role of nutrition in the treatment of and resilience against TBI.

Author: U. S. Military
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781702765015
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 74

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Book Description
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) has become a major health concern in the U.S. Army. Since October 2001, over 2.6 million service members have deployed in support of combat operations, where TBI, primarily caused by blast, has been underreported and underdiagnosed. The Department of Defense (DoD) reports that nearly 384,000 service members serving in the Global War on Terror have suffered a TBI, classifying eighty two percent as mild TBI (mTBI). Labeled an "invisible wound," mTBI has proven difficult to both prevent and diagnose. In addition, blast injuries further complicate mTBI diagnosis, adding to the problem's complexity. In this light, protecting soldiers from blast-induced TBI (bTBI) has attracted attention from the public, senior DoD officials, and the government. The DoD has funded studies to help medical professionals diagnose bTBI and help identify its associated effects in order to treat those injured and return them to service. As the Army races to test and field new equipment to better protect soldiers, diagnosing mTBI, especially those induced by blast, remains a problem for health professionals and the Army at large. Thus, further research is needed that will spark new strategies to help alleviate blast-induced brain injuries and their ramifications in soldier's lives.This compilation also includes a reproduction of the 2019 Worldwide Threat Assessment of the U.S. Intelligence Community.1. Introduction * Background: TBI Defined * Background: History of TBI * Literature Review * Methodology * 2. Department of Defense (DoD) Milestones * Incremental improvements since 2005 * TBI screening * Blast Physics * Neurological Impairments * Mechanism for Blast Transport * Three possible pathways to the brain * Theories of how blast-induced brain damage occurs * Causes include the recoilless rifle * 3. Distinctive bTBI Characteristics * bTBI and Disease Risk * bTBI injuries correlate with incidents of PTSD * Combat MOSs show disproportional rates of mTBI * Blood test helps identify TBI * Prognosis and Recovery * 4. Treatment for TBI * TBI and Long-Term Health or Disability Outcomes * Challenges and Issues * Soldier Protection from Blast * Combat helmet improvements * Development of robotic teammates * 5. Analysis and Recommendations * Analysis * RecommendationsFor hundreds of thousands of soldiers who have served in the U.S. Army since the beginning of the Global War on Terror (GWOT), the likelihood of suffering a Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) during active duty has changed from a statistical possibility to a personal, often life-changing reality. Since October 2001, over two million service members have deployed in support of combat operations in Iraq, Afghanistan, and Syria; of those, studies show that up to twenty-three percent - or more than 380,000 - have suffered a TBI of some degree or category. As mounting health issues have accompanied service members returning home, concern from soldier's loved ones, the medical community, and U.S. governmental agencies has risen as well. In response, independent study groups, task forces, and a Presidential Commission in 2012 were formed to study the effects of TBI and make recommendations.

Author: Soroush Assari
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 91

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Book Description
The focus of this dissertation was the biomechanics of blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI). This study had three specific aims. One of the specific aims was to investigate the thoracic mechanism of bTBI by characterizing the cerebral blood pressure change during local blast exposure to head or chest in a rat model. This model utilized a shock tube to simulate the blast wave. The results showed that there is a blood pressure rise with high amplitude and short duration during both Head-Only and Chest-Only exposure conditions. It was shown that cerebral blood pressure rise was significantly higher in Chest-Only exposure, and resulted in astrocyte reactivation, and infiltration of blood-borne macrophages into the brain. It was concluded that due to chest exposure to a blast wave, high amplitude pressure waves that transfer from thoracic large vessels to cerebrovasculature can lead to blood-brain barrier disruption or perivascular injury and consequently trigger secondary neuronal damage. The second and third aims were related to the viscoelasticity and heterogeneity of brain tissue respectively for blast rate loading conditions. For the second specific aim, a novel test method was developed to apply shear deformation to samples of brain tissue with strain rates in the range of 300 to 1000 s-1. The results of shear tests on cylindrical samples of bovine brain showed that the instantaneous shear modulus (about 6 kPa) increased about 3 times compared to the values reported in the literature. For the third specific aim, local viscoelastic behavior of rat brain was characterized using a micro-indentation setup with the spatial resolution of 350 mm. The results of micro-indentation tests showed that the heterogeneity of brain tissue was more pronounced in long-term shear moduli. Moreover, the inner anatomical regions were generally more compliant than the outer regions and the gray matter generally exhibited a stiffer response than the white matter. The results of this study can enhance the prediction of brain injury in finite element models of TBI in general and models of bTBI in particular. These results contribute to development of more biofidelic models that can determine the extent and severity of injury in blast loadings. Such predictions are essential for designing better injury mitigation devices for soldiers and also for improving neurosurgical procedures among other applications.