Author: Mona Delahooke
Publisher: PESI Publishing, Incorporated
ISBN: 9781683734451
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 42
Book Description
In the Beyond Behaviors Flip Chart, therapists, teachers, parents, and childhood providers will discover a new way to approach children's behavioral challenges. Instead of using reinforcement schedules, sticker charts, time-outs, and other such practices to address problem behaviors, this chart introduces cutting-edge techniques that are compassionate and neuroscience-based to support children dealing with: - Behavioral challenges - Conduct disorder - Oppositional defiance - Attachment difficulties - Childhood anxiety - Separation anxiety - Childhood trauma - Adverse childhood experiences (ACES) - Sensory processing challenges The simple, user-friendly format includes: - 22 full-color diagrams on client-facing pages - Additional explanations and examples on each corresponding therapist-facing page - Dry-erase client pages for easy mark-up and reuse With this psychoeducational, in-session tool, you will learn the fundamental concepts behind the Beyond Behaviors approach, including: - The developmental iceberg as a way to understand individual differences - The three main autonomic nervous system states that inform a child's behaviors - How the process of neuroception reframes disruptive behaviors as protective and adaptive - The six processes of social-emotional development - How to reframe behaviors and provide appropriate accommodations for each child
Beyond Behaviors Flip Chart: A Psychoeducational Tool to Help Therapists, Teachers & Parents Understand and Support Children with Behavioral Change
Author: Mona Delahooke
Publisher: PESI Publishing, Incorporated
ISBN: 9781683734451
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 42
Book Description
In the Beyond Behaviors Flip Chart, therapists, teachers, parents, and childhood providers will discover a new way to approach children's behavioral challenges. Instead of using reinforcement schedules, sticker charts, time-outs, and other such practices to address problem behaviors, this chart introduces cutting-edge techniques that are compassionate and neuroscience-based to support children dealing with: - Behavioral challenges - Conduct disorder - Oppositional defiance - Attachment difficulties - Childhood anxiety - Separation anxiety - Childhood trauma - Adverse childhood experiences (ACES) - Sensory processing challenges The simple, user-friendly format includes: - 22 full-color diagrams on client-facing pages - Additional explanations and examples on each corresponding therapist-facing page - Dry-erase client pages for easy mark-up and reuse With this psychoeducational, in-session tool, you will learn the fundamental concepts behind the Beyond Behaviors approach, including: - The developmental iceberg as a way to understand individual differences - The three main autonomic nervous system states that inform a child's behaviors - How the process of neuroception reframes disruptive behaviors as protective and adaptive - The six processes of social-emotional development - How to reframe behaviors and provide appropriate accommodations for each child
Publisher: PESI Publishing, Incorporated
ISBN: 9781683734451
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 42
Book Description
In the Beyond Behaviors Flip Chart, therapists, teachers, parents, and childhood providers will discover a new way to approach children's behavioral challenges. Instead of using reinforcement schedules, sticker charts, time-outs, and other such practices to address problem behaviors, this chart introduces cutting-edge techniques that are compassionate and neuroscience-based to support children dealing with: - Behavioral challenges - Conduct disorder - Oppositional defiance - Attachment difficulties - Childhood anxiety - Separation anxiety - Childhood trauma - Adverse childhood experiences (ACES) - Sensory processing challenges The simple, user-friendly format includes: - 22 full-color diagrams on client-facing pages - Additional explanations and examples on each corresponding therapist-facing page - Dry-erase client pages for easy mark-up and reuse With this psychoeducational, in-session tool, you will learn the fundamental concepts behind the Beyond Behaviors approach, including: - The developmental iceberg as a way to understand individual differences - The three main autonomic nervous system states that inform a child's behaviors - How the process of neuroception reframes disruptive behaviors as protective and adaptive - The six processes of social-emotional development - How to reframe behaviors and provide appropriate accommodations for each child
Beyond Behavior Management
Author: Jenna Bilmes
Publisher: Redleaf Press
ISBN: 1605541796
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 336
Book Description
Why do children do the things they do? What can teachers do to manage it all? While there is not a simple method for understanding and managing all behaviors or all children, teachers can give young children the social and emotional tools needed to grow and thrive on their own. Developed and tested in the classroom, Beyond Behavior Management, is a strength-based approach to guiding and managing young children's behavior by helping them build and use essential life skills—attachment, collaboration, self-regulation, adaptability, contribution, and belonging—into the daily life of the early childhood classroom. As a result, children will learn to exhibit more pro-social behaviors, work better as a community, and become excited and active learners. This edition includes two new chapters and content reflecting early learning standards, new research, cultural diversity, and strategies to strengthen the home-school connection. Discussion and reflection questions, exercises, journal assignments, child profile templates, a planning worksheet, and sample scripts are also included. Jenna Bilmes is an early childhood consultant and an instructional designer for WestEd Child and Family Services. She is a frequent presenter to teachers, administrators, and counselors nationally and internationally.
Publisher: Redleaf Press
ISBN: 1605541796
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 336
Book Description
Why do children do the things they do? What can teachers do to manage it all? While there is not a simple method for understanding and managing all behaviors or all children, teachers can give young children the social and emotional tools needed to grow and thrive on their own. Developed and tested in the classroom, Beyond Behavior Management, is a strength-based approach to guiding and managing young children's behavior by helping them build and use essential life skills—attachment, collaboration, self-regulation, adaptability, contribution, and belonging—into the daily life of the early childhood classroom. As a result, children will learn to exhibit more pro-social behaviors, work better as a community, and become excited and active learners. This edition includes two new chapters and content reflecting early learning standards, new research, cultural diversity, and strategies to strengthen the home-school connection. Discussion and reflection questions, exercises, journal assignments, child profile templates, a planning worksheet, and sample scripts are also included. Jenna Bilmes is an early childhood consultant and an instructional designer for WestEd Child and Family Services. She is a frequent presenter to teachers, administrators, and counselors nationally and internationally.
Beyond Behaviours
Author: Mona Delahooke
Publisher: Hachette UK
ISBN: 1529300479
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 432
Book Description
A PARADIGM SHIFT FOR CAREGIVERS THAT WILL REVOLUTIONIZE THE WAY YOU APPROACH, TREAT OR PARENT A CHILD WITH CHALLENGING OR EXPLOSIVE BEHAVIOURS. When you are confronted with a child who is troubled, disruptive, oppositional, defiant or angry - whether you are a parent or a teacher - it can be difficult to know the best way to support them. Traditional methods of 'shaping' a child's behaviour can often be at best ineffective, at worst distressing, for child and adult alike. Drawing on 30 years of experience, internationally known paediatric psychologist Dr Mona Delahooke describes these troubled behaviours as the 'tip of the iceberg', important signals that point to deeper, individual differences in the child that we need to understand and address before we can resolve behavioural challenges. Using the very latest neuroscientific research Beyond Behaviours makes the case that many children who can't seem to behave simply don't have the developmental capacity to do so - yet. This book uses neuroscientific findings to help you deconstruct behaviour challenges, and to discover their cause and triggers for your child. It will show you how to apply this knowledge across a variety of behaviour spectrums, from children diagnosed with autism or other forms of neurodiversity, to those who might have been exposed to toxic stress or trauma during their early years. There are practical strategies to implement at every stage, backed up by impactful worksheets and charts, with a strong emphasis not on 'managing' behaviour, but instead on helping children and families build positive experiences to counteract the stress and pressure felt by everybody when you're working, or living, with a child who has behavioural challenges. Accessible, practical, warmly supportive and steeped in research and clinical expertise, Beyond Behaviours offers a break-through book which guides us - parents and caregivers alike - to the realisation that the most important tool in our toolkit is always our connection with the child standing in front of us.
Publisher: Hachette UK
ISBN: 1529300479
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 432
Book Description
A PARADIGM SHIFT FOR CAREGIVERS THAT WILL REVOLUTIONIZE THE WAY YOU APPROACH, TREAT OR PARENT A CHILD WITH CHALLENGING OR EXPLOSIVE BEHAVIOURS. When you are confronted with a child who is troubled, disruptive, oppositional, defiant or angry - whether you are a parent or a teacher - it can be difficult to know the best way to support them. Traditional methods of 'shaping' a child's behaviour can often be at best ineffective, at worst distressing, for child and adult alike. Drawing on 30 years of experience, internationally known paediatric psychologist Dr Mona Delahooke describes these troubled behaviours as the 'tip of the iceberg', important signals that point to deeper, individual differences in the child that we need to understand and address before we can resolve behavioural challenges. Using the very latest neuroscientific research Beyond Behaviours makes the case that many children who can't seem to behave simply don't have the developmental capacity to do so - yet. This book uses neuroscientific findings to help you deconstruct behaviour challenges, and to discover their cause and triggers for your child. It will show you how to apply this knowledge across a variety of behaviour spectrums, from children diagnosed with autism or other forms of neurodiversity, to those who might have been exposed to toxic stress or trauma during their early years. There are practical strategies to implement at every stage, backed up by impactful worksheets and charts, with a strong emphasis not on 'managing' behaviour, but instead on helping children and families build positive experiences to counteract the stress and pressure felt by everybody when you're working, or living, with a child who has behavioural challenges. Accessible, practical, warmly supportive and steeped in research and clinical expertise, Beyond Behaviours offers a break-through book which guides us - parents and caregivers alike - to the realisation that the most important tool in our toolkit is always our connection with the child standing in front of us.
Brain-Body Parenting
Author: Mona Delahooke
Publisher: HarperCollins
ISBN: 0063061333
Category : Family & Relationships
Languages : en
Pages : 352
Book Description
NATIONAL BESTSELLER From a leading child psychologist comes this groundbreaking new understanding of children’s behavior, offering insight and strategies to support both parents and children. Nominated for Malcolm Gladwell, Susan Cain, Adam Grant, and Daniel H. Pink's Next Big Idea Club Over her decades as a clinical psychologist, Dr. Mona Delahooke has routinely counseled distraught parents who struggle to manage their children’s challenging, sometimes oppositional behaviors. These families are understandably focused on correcting or improving a child’s lack of compliance, emotional outbursts, tantrums, and other “out of control” behavior. But, as she has shared with these families, a perspective shift is needed. Behavior, no matter how challenging, is not the problem but a symptom; a clue about what is happening in a child’s unique physiologic makeup. In Brain-Body Parenting, Dr. Delahooke offers a radical new approach to parenting based on her clinical experience as well as the most recent research in neuroscience and child psychology. Instead of a “top-down” approach to behavior that focuses on the thinking brain, she calls for a “bottom-up” approach that considers the essential role of the entire nervous system, which produces children’s feelings and behaviors. When we begin to understand the biology beneath the behavior, suggests Dr. Delahooke, we give our children the resources they need to grow and thrive—and we give ourselves the gift of a happier, more connected relationship with them. Brain-Body Parenting empowers parents with tools to help their children develop self-regulation skills while also encouraging parental self-care, which is crucial for parents to have the capacity to provide the essential “co-regulation” children need. When parents shift from trying to secure compliance to supporting connection and balance in the body and mind, they unlock a deeper understanding of their child, encouraging calmer behavior, more harmonious family dynamics, and increased resilience.
Publisher: HarperCollins
ISBN: 0063061333
Category : Family & Relationships
Languages : en
Pages : 352
Book Description
NATIONAL BESTSELLER From a leading child psychologist comes this groundbreaking new understanding of children’s behavior, offering insight and strategies to support both parents and children. Nominated for Malcolm Gladwell, Susan Cain, Adam Grant, and Daniel H. Pink's Next Big Idea Club Over her decades as a clinical psychologist, Dr. Mona Delahooke has routinely counseled distraught parents who struggle to manage their children’s challenging, sometimes oppositional behaviors. These families are understandably focused on correcting or improving a child’s lack of compliance, emotional outbursts, tantrums, and other “out of control” behavior. But, as she has shared with these families, a perspective shift is needed. Behavior, no matter how challenging, is not the problem but a symptom; a clue about what is happening in a child’s unique physiologic makeup. In Brain-Body Parenting, Dr. Delahooke offers a radical new approach to parenting based on her clinical experience as well as the most recent research in neuroscience and child psychology. Instead of a “top-down” approach to behavior that focuses on the thinking brain, she calls for a “bottom-up” approach that considers the essential role of the entire nervous system, which produces children’s feelings and behaviors. When we begin to understand the biology beneath the behavior, suggests Dr. Delahooke, we give our children the resources they need to grow and thrive—and we give ourselves the gift of a happier, more connected relationship with them. Brain-Body Parenting empowers parents with tools to help their children develop self-regulation skills while also encouraging parental self-care, which is crucial for parents to have the capacity to provide the essential “co-regulation” children need. When parents shift from trying to secure compliance to supporting connection and balance in the body and mind, they unlock a deeper understanding of their child, encouraging calmer behavior, more harmonious family dynamics, and increased resilience.
Social and Emotional Development in Early Intervention
Author: Mona Delahooke
Publisher: PESI Publishing & Media
ISBN: 9781683730552
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
A groundbreaking resource for the field of early intervention. Full of clear, straightforward steps, guiding principles and useful techniques backed by neuroscience and research, Dr. Mona Delahooke provides practical methods so that all childhood providers can better support the social and emotional lives of children and families. Illustrated with worksheets, charts and handouts, this reader-friendly book will provide valuable tools to nurture relationships, measure progress, reduce child stress, address challenging behaviors and promote self-regulation. Proven and effective tools for children diagnosed with: * Developmental and learning differences * Communication and speech differences * Autism * Sensory Processing Disorder * Medical conditions * Emotional or behavioral challenges
Publisher: PESI Publishing & Media
ISBN: 9781683730552
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
A groundbreaking resource for the field of early intervention. Full of clear, straightforward steps, guiding principles and useful techniques backed by neuroscience and research, Dr. Mona Delahooke provides practical methods so that all childhood providers can better support the social and emotional lives of children and families. Illustrated with worksheets, charts and handouts, this reader-friendly book will provide valuable tools to nurture relationships, measure progress, reduce child stress, address challenging behaviors and promote self-regulation. Proven and effective tools for children diagnosed with: * Developmental and learning differences * Communication and speech differences * Autism * Sensory Processing Disorder * Medical conditions * Emotional or behavioral challenges
Working with Denied Child Abuse
Author: Andrew Turnell
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education (UK)
ISBN: 033523030X
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 224
Book Description
How can professionals build constructive relationships with families where the parents dispute professional allegations of serious child abuse? How can meaningful safety for children be created in these families? How can professionals work together constructively in such cases? Situations where parents refute child abuse allegations made against them are often deemed to be impossible or untreatable by statutory and treatment professionals. These cases can consume enormous amounts of professional time and energy and frequently become bogged down by ongoing professional-family mistrust and dispute. Often, the decision to close such cases comes about not because the children are safe, but rather because the professionalsrun out of ideas, time and energy. Working with ‘Denied’ Child Abuse presents an innovative, safety-focused, partnership-based, model called Resolutions, which provides an alternative approach for responding rigourously and creatively to such cases. It describes each stage of this practical model and demonstrates the approach through many case examples from therapists, statutory social workers and other professionals working in Europe, North America and Australasia. The book is key reading for legal, health and social care professionals working in the area of child protection.
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education (UK)
ISBN: 033523030X
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 224
Book Description
How can professionals build constructive relationships with families where the parents dispute professional allegations of serious child abuse? How can meaningful safety for children be created in these families? How can professionals work together constructively in such cases? Situations where parents refute child abuse allegations made against them are often deemed to be impossible or untreatable by statutory and treatment professionals. These cases can consume enormous amounts of professional time and energy and frequently become bogged down by ongoing professional-family mistrust and dispute. Often, the decision to close such cases comes about not because the children are safe, but rather because the professionalsrun out of ideas, time and energy. Working with ‘Denied’ Child Abuse presents an innovative, safety-focused, partnership-based, model called Resolutions, which provides an alternative approach for responding rigourously and creatively to such cases. It describes each stage of this practical model and demonstrates the approach through many case examples from therapists, statutory social workers and other professionals working in Europe, North America and Australasia. The book is key reading for legal, health and social care professionals working in the area of child protection.
Transforming the Workforce for Children Birth Through Age 8
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309324882
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 587
Book Description
Children are already learning at birth, and they develop and learn at a rapid pace in their early years. This provides a critical foundation for lifelong progress, and the adults who provide for the care and the education of young children bear a great responsibility for their health, development, and learning. Despite the fact that they share the same objective - to nurture young children and secure their future success - the various practitioners who contribute to the care and the education of children from birth through age 8 are not acknowledged as a workforce unified by the common knowledge and competencies needed to do their jobs well. Transforming the Workforce for Children Birth Through Age 8 explores the science of child development, particularly looking at implications for the professionals who work with children. This report examines the current capacities and practices of the workforce, the settings in which they work, the policies and infrastructure that set qualifications and provide professional learning, and the government agencies and other funders who support and oversee these systems. This book then makes recommendations to improve the quality of professional practice and the practice environment for care and education professionals. These detailed recommendations create a blueprint for action that builds on a unifying foundation of child development and early learning, shared knowledge and competencies for care and education professionals, and principles for effective professional learning. Young children thrive and learn best when they have secure, positive relationships with adults who are knowledgeable about how to support their development and learning and are responsive to their individual progress. Transforming the Workforce for Children Birth Through Age 8 offers guidance on system changes to improve the quality of professional practice, specific actions to improve professional learning systems and workforce development, and research to continue to build the knowledge base in ways that will directly advance and inform future actions. The recommendations of this book provide an opportunity to improve the quality of the care and the education that children receive, and ultimately improve outcomes for children.
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309324882
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 587
Book Description
Children are already learning at birth, and they develop and learn at a rapid pace in their early years. This provides a critical foundation for lifelong progress, and the adults who provide for the care and the education of young children bear a great responsibility for their health, development, and learning. Despite the fact that they share the same objective - to nurture young children and secure their future success - the various practitioners who contribute to the care and the education of children from birth through age 8 are not acknowledged as a workforce unified by the common knowledge and competencies needed to do their jobs well. Transforming the Workforce for Children Birth Through Age 8 explores the science of child development, particularly looking at implications for the professionals who work with children. This report examines the current capacities and practices of the workforce, the settings in which they work, the policies and infrastructure that set qualifications and provide professional learning, and the government agencies and other funders who support and oversee these systems. This book then makes recommendations to improve the quality of professional practice and the practice environment for care and education professionals. These detailed recommendations create a blueprint for action that builds on a unifying foundation of child development and early learning, shared knowledge and competencies for care and education professionals, and principles for effective professional learning. Young children thrive and learn best when they have secure, positive relationships with adults who are knowledgeable about how to support their development and learning and are responsive to their individual progress. Transforming the Workforce for Children Birth Through Age 8 offers guidance on system changes to improve the quality of professional practice, specific actions to improve professional learning systems and workforce development, and research to continue to build the knowledge base in ways that will directly advance and inform future actions. The recommendations of this book provide an opportunity to improve the quality of the care and the education that children receive, and ultimately improve outcomes for children.
Learning disabilities screening and evaluation guide for low- and middle-income countries
Author: Anne M. Hayes
Publisher: RTI Press
ISBN:
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 50
Book Description
Learning disabilities are among the most common disabilities experienced in childhood and adulthood. Although identifying learning disabilities in a school setting is a complex process, it is particularly challenging in low- and middle-income countries that lack the appropriate resources, tools, and supports. This guide provides an introduction to learning disabilities and describes the processes and practices that are necessary for the identification process. It also describes a phased approach that countries can use to assess their current screening and evaluation services, as well as determine the steps needed to develop, strengthen, and build systems that support students with learning disabilities. This guide also provides intervention recommendations that teachers and school administrators can implement at each phase of system development. Although this guide primarily addresses learning disabilities, the practices, processes, and systems described may be also used to improve the identification of other disabilities commonly encountered in schools.
Publisher: RTI Press
ISBN:
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 50
Book Description
Learning disabilities are among the most common disabilities experienced in childhood and adulthood. Although identifying learning disabilities in a school setting is a complex process, it is particularly challenging in low- and middle-income countries that lack the appropriate resources, tools, and supports. This guide provides an introduction to learning disabilities and describes the processes and practices that are necessary for the identification process. It also describes a phased approach that countries can use to assess their current screening and evaluation services, as well as determine the steps needed to develop, strengthen, and build systems that support students with learning disabilities. This guide also provides intervention recommendations that teachers and school administrators can implement at each phase of system development. Although this guide primarily addresses learning disabilities, the practices, processes, and systems described may be also used to improve the identification of other disabilities commonly encountered in schools.
Interpersonal Relationships in Education: From Theory to Practice
Author: David Zandvliet
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 9462097011
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 250
Book Description
This book brings together recent research on interpersonal relationships in education from a variety of perspectives including research from Europe, North America and Australia. The work clearly demonstrates that positive teacher-student relationships can contribute to student learning in classrooms of various types. Productive learning environments are characterized by supportive and warm interactions throughout the class: teacher-student and student-student. Similarly, at the school level, teacher learning thrives when there are positive and mentoring interrelationships among professional colleagues. Work on this book began with a series of formative presentations at the second International Conference on Interpersonal Relationships in Education (ICIRE 2012) held in Vancouver, Canada, an event that included among others, keynote addresses by David Berliner, Andrew Martin and Mieke Brekelmans. Further collaboration and peer review by the editorial team resulted in the collection of original research that this book comprises. The volume (while eclectic) demonstrates how constructive learning environment relationships can be developed and sustained in a variety of settings. Chapter contributions come from a range of fields including educational and social psychology, teacher and school effectiveness research, communication and language studies, and a variety of related fields. Together, they cover the important influence of the relationships of teachers with individual students, relationships among peers, and the relationships between teachers and their professional colleagues.
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 9462097011
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 250
Book Description
This book brings together recent research on interpersonal relationships in education from a variety of perspectives including research from Europe, North America and Australia. The work clearly demonstrates that positive teacher-student relationships can contribute to student learning in classrooms of various types. Productive learning environments are characterized by supportive and warm interactions throughout the class: teacher-student and student-student. Similarly, at the school level, teacher learning thrives when there are positive and mentoring interrelationships among professional colleagues. Work on this book began with a series of formative presentations at the second International Conference on Interpersonal Relationships in Education (ICIRE 2012) held in Vancouver, Canada, an event that included among others, keynote addresses by David Berliner, Andrew Martin and Mieke Brekelmans. Further collaboration and peer review by the editorial team resulted in the collection of original research that this book comprises. The volume (while eclectic) demonstrates how constructive learning environment relationships can be developed and sustained in a variety of settings. Chapter contributions come from a range of fields including educational and social psychology, teacher and school effectiveness research, communication and language studies, and a variety of related fields. Together, they cover the important influence of the relationships of teachers with individual students, relationships among peers, and the relationships between teachers and their professional colleagues.
Handbook on Family and Community Engagement
Author: Sam Redding
Publisher: IAP
ISBN: 1617356700
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 205
Book Description
Thirty-six of the best thinkers on family and community engagement were assembled to produce this Handbook, and they come to the task with varied backgrounds and lines of endeavor. Each could write volumes on the topics they address in the Handbook, and quite a few have. The authors tell us what they know in plain language, succinctly presented in short chapters with practical suggestions for states, districts, and schools. The vignettes in the Handbook give us vivid pictures of the real life of parents, teachers, and kids. In all, their portrayal is one of optimism and celebration of the goodness that encompasses the diversity of families, schools, and communities across our nation.
Publisher: IAP
ISBN: 1617356700
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 205
Book Description
Thirty-six of the best thinkers on family and community engagement were assembled to produce this Handbook, and they come to the task with varied backgrounds and lines of endeavor. Each could write volumes on the topics they address in the Handbook, and quite a few have. The authors tell us what they know in plain language, succinctly presented in short chapters with practical suggestions for states, districts, and schools. The vignettes in the Handbook give us vivid pictures of the real life of parents, teachers, and kids. In all, their portrayal is one of optimism and celebration of the goodness that encompasses the diversity of families, schools, and communities across our nation.