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Author: Jeremy Berkowitz Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 27
Book Description
In this paper, we investigate how personal bankruptcy law affects small firms' access to credit. When a firm is unincorporated, its debts are personal liabilities of the firm's owner, so that lending to the firm is legally equivalent to lending to its owner. If the firm fails, the owner has an incentive to file for personal bankruptcy, since the firm's debts will be discharged and the owner is only obliged to use assets above an exemption level to repay creditors. The higher the exemption level, the greater is the incentive to file for bankruptcy. We show that supply of credit falls and demand for credit rises when non-corporate firms are located in states with higher bankruptcy exemptions. We test the model and find that, if small firms are located in states with unlimited rather than low homestead exemptions, they are more likely to be denied credit, they receive smaller loans and interest rates are higher. Results for non-corporate versus corporate firms suggest that lenders often disregard small firms' organizational status in making loan decisions.
Author: Jeremy Berkowitz Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 27
Book Description
In this paper, we investigate how personal bankruptcy law affects small firms' access to credit. When a firm is unincorporated, its debts are personal liabilities of the firm's owner, so that lending to the firm is legally equivalent to lending to its owner. If the firm fails, the owner has an incentive to file for personal bankruptcy, since the firm's debts will be discharged and the owner is only obliged to use assets above an exemption level to repay creditors. The higher the exemption level, the greater is the incentive to file for bankruptcy. We show that supply of credit falls and demand for credit rises when non-corporate firms are located in states with higher bankruptcy exemptions. We test the model and find that, if small firms are located in states with unlimited rather than low homestead exemptions, they are more likely to be denied credit, they receive smaller loans and interest rates are higher. Results for non-corporate versus corporate firms suggest that lenders often disregard small firms' organizational status in making loan decisions.
Author: United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship Publisher: ISBN: Category : Commercial credit Languages : en Pages : 196
Author: Wendell Schollander Publisher: SphinxLegal ISBN: 1572482192 Category : Bankruptcy Languages : en Pages : 242
Book Description
The Small Business Owner's Guide to Bankruptcy explains options relating to Chapter 7 and Chapter 13 for small business owners, as well as suggesting ways to rebuild after filing for bankruptcy.
Author: Allen N. Berger Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 42
Book Description
This paper analyzes how different levels of debtor protection across U.S. states affect small firms' access to credit, as well as the price and non-price terms of their loans. We use a measure of debtor protection that has its maximum value when the borrower's home equity is lower than the state homestead exemption (the debtor's home equity is fully protected), and is decreasing in the difference between the home equity and the homestead exemption (the amount that the creditor can seize). We find that the unlimited liability small businesses (sole proprietorships and most partnerships) have lower access to credit in states with more debtor-friendly bankruptcy laws. In addition, these businesses face harsher loan terms - they are more likely to pledge business collateral, have shorter maturities, pay higher rates, and borrow smaller amounts. For limited liability small businesses (corporations and limited liability partnerships), we also find a reduction in credit availability but of smaller magnitude, together with an increase in the loan rate, and decrease in loan amounts. Our results also suggest that the personal bankruptcy law especially affects firm owners with low home equity values.
Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Small Business. Subcommittee on Tax, Access to Equity Capital, and Business Opportunities Publisher: ISBN: Category : Bank loans Languages : en Pages : 284
Author: Patrick Bolton Publisher: Russell Sage Foundation ISBN: 1610440757 Category : Social Science Languages : en Pages : 315
Book Description
Access to credit is an important means of providing people with the opportunity to make a better life for themselves. Loans are essential for most people who want to purchase a home, start a business, pay for college, or weather a spell of unemployment. Yet many people in poor and minority communities—regardless of their creditworthiness—find credit hard to come by, making the climb out of poverty extremely difficult. How dire are the lending markets in these communities and what can be done to improve access to credit for disadvantaged groups? In Credit Markets for the Poor, editors Patrick Bolton and Howard Rosenthal and an expert team of economists, political scientists, and legal and business scholars tackle these questions with shrewd analysis and a wealth of empirical data. Credit Markets for the Poor opens by examining what credit options are available to poor households. Economist John Caskey profiles how weak credit options force many working families into a disastrous cycle of short-term, high interest loans in order to sustain themselves between paychecks. Löic Sadoulet explores the reasons that community lending organizations, which have been so successful in developing countries, have failed in more advanced economies. He argues the obstacles that have inhibited community lending groups in industrialized countries—such as a lack of institutional credibility and the high cost of establishing lending networks—can be overcome if banks facilitate the community lending process and establish a system of repayment insurance. Credit Markets for the Poor also examines how legal institutions affect the ability of the poor to borrow. Daniela Fabbri and Mario Padula argue that well-meaning provisions making it more difficult for lenders to collect on defaulted loans are actually doing a disservice to the poor in credit markets. They find that in areas with lax legal enforcement of debt agreements, credit markets for the poor are underdeveloped because lenders are unwilling to take risks on issuing credit or will do so only at exorbitant interest rates. Timothy Bates looks at programs that facilitate small-business development and finds that they have done little to reduce poverty. He argues that subsidized business creation programs may lure inexperienced households into entrepreneurship in areas where little profitable investment is possible, hence setting them up for failure. With clarity and insightful analysis, Credit Markets for the Poor demonstrates how weak credit markets are impeding the social and economic mobility of the needy. By detailing the many disadvantages that impoverished people face when seeking to borrow, this important new volume highlights a significant national problem and offers solutions for the future.
Author: Mr.Federico J Diez Publisher: International Monetary Fund ISBN: 1513574566 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 29
Book Description
The COVID-19 pandemic has increased insolvency risks, especially among small and medium enterprises (SMEs), which are vastly overrepresented in hard-hit sectors. Without government intervention, even firms that are viable a priori could end up being liquidated—particularly in sectors characterized by labor-intensive technologies, threatening both macroeconomic and social stability. This staff discussion note assesses the impact of the pandemic on SME insolvency risks and policy options to address them. It quantifies the impact of weaker aggregate demand, changes in sectoral consumption patterns, and lockdowns on firm balance sheets and estimates the impact of a range of policy options, for a large sample of SMEs in (mostly) advanced economies.
Author: Adam J. Levitin Publisher: Aspen Publishing ISBN: 1543847080 Category : Law Languages : en Pages : 1221
Book Description
The purchase of this ebook edition does not entitle you to receive access to the Connected eBook on CasebookConnect. You will need to purchase a new print book to get access to the full experience including: lifetime access to the online ebook with highlight, annotation, and search capabilities, plus an outline tool and other helpful resources. Levitin’s Business Bankruptcy: Financial Restructuring and Modern Commercial Markets, Third Edition is a comprehensive textbook on business reorganization law, covering modern financing structures, out-of-court restructuring and Chapter 7 and Chapter 11 bankruptcy. Business Bankruptcy: Financial Restructuring and Modern Commercial Markets provides students with a contemporary stand-alone business bankruptcy text. Designed to teach financial restructuring law in a realistic twenty-first century commercial context, the book uses problem sets to explore not only Chapter 7 and 11 bankruptcy, but also out-of-court restructuring, modern financial products and transactions, and advanced in-court restructuring topics. New to the Third Edition: Coverage of Subchapter V small business reorganizations Expanded coverage of labor and pension issues Expanded coverage of sub rosa restructuring plans Expanded coverage of restructuring support agreements and rights offerings Revised coverage of fraudulent transfers Professors and students will benefit from: Unique coverage of out-of-court restructuring providing students with realistic view of contemporary restructuring practice and shows what Chapter 11 adds to the financial restructuring toolkit. Detailed coverage of modern financial products and markets— derivatives, securitization, loan syndications, and claims trading—familiarizing students with the dynamics of the modern restructuring landscape. Comprehensive expository text clearly explains the operation of the Bankruptcy Code and the policy issues involved. In-depth case-studies contextualizing judicial decisions within larger strategic picture. Incorporation of actual deal documents, including a bond indenture, a loan syndication agreement, ISDA Master Agreement, and a restructuring support agreement. Modular design enabling optional coverage of advanced topics.
Author: Jeremy Berkowitz
Author: Jeremy Berkowitz
Author: United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship
Author: Wendell Schollander
Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Small Business
Author: Allen N. Berger
Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Small Business. Subcommittee on Tax, Access to Equity Capital, and Business Opportunities
Author: Patrick Bolton
Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Small Business
Author: Mr.Federico J Diez
Author: Adam J. Levitin