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Author: Elisabetta Babetto Publisher: Humana ISBN: 9781071605844 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
This book is a collection of classical as well as innovative methods used to investigate axon degeneration with a particular focus on addressing the common challenges encountered while performing these procedures. Particular attention is devoted to the study of axon loss in several model organisms, as each poses unique challenges and provides powerful advantages. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Axon Degeneration: Methods and Protocols is an ideal guide for facilitating the application and further development of these protocols, which will help the scientific community tackle important questions regarding axon degeneration. Chapters 2, 3, and 20 are available Open Access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.
Author: Elisabetta Babetto Publisher: Humana ISBN: 9781071605844 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
This book is a collection of classical as well as innovative methods used to investigate axon degeneration with a particular focus on addressing the common challenges encountered while performing these procedures. Particular attention is devoted to the study of axon loss in several model organisms, as each poses unique challenges and provides powerful advantages. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Axon Degeneration: Methods and Protocols is an ideal guide for facilitating the application and further development of these protocols, which will help the scientific community tackle important questions regarding axon degeneration. Chapters 2, 3, and 20 are available Open Access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.
Author: Jacob Valk Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 366202568X Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 734
Book Description
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is now considered the imaging modality of choice for the majority of disorders affecting the central nervous system. This is particularly true for gray and white matter disorders, thanks to the superb soft tis sue contrast in MRI which allows gray matter, unmyelinated, and myelinated white matter to be distinguished and their respective disorders identified. The pre sent book is devoted to the disorders of myelin and myelination. A growing amount of detailed in vivo information about myelin, myelination, and myelin dis orders has been derived both from MRI and from MR spectroscopy (MRS). This prompted us to review the clinical, laboratory, biochemical, and pathological data on this subject in order to integrate all available information and to provide im proved insights into normal and disordered myelin and myelination. We will show how the synthesis of all available information contributes to the interpretation of MR images. After a brief historical review about the increasing knowledge on myelin and my elin disorders, we propose a new classification of myelin disorders based on the subcellular localization of the enzymatic defects as far as the inborn errors of me tabolism are concerned. This classification serves as a guide throughout the book. All items of the classification will be discussed and, whenever relevant and possi ble, be illustrated by MR images.
Author: Margit Pavelka Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 3211993908 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 366
Book Description
The period between 1950 and 1980 were the golden unique insights into how pathological processes affect years of transmission electron microscopy and produced cell organization. a plethora of new information on the structure of cells This information is vital to current work in which that was coupled to and followed by biochemical and the emphasis is on integrating approaches from functional studies. TEM was king and each micrograph proteomics, molecular biology, genetics, genomics, of a new object produced new information that led to molecular imaging and physiology and pathology to novel insights on cell and tissue organization and their understand cell functions and derangements in disease. functions. The quality of data represented by the images In this current era, there is a growing tendency to of cell and tissues had been perfected to a very high level substitut e modern light microscopic techniques for by the great microscopists of that era including Palade, electron microscopy, because it is less technically Porter, Fawcett, Sjostrand, Rhodin and many others. At demanding and is more readily available to researchers- present, the images that we see in leading journals for This atlas reminds us that the information obtained by the most part do not reach the same technical level and electron microscopy is invaluable and has no substitute.
Author: John F. Alksne Publisher: ISBN: Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 38
Book Description
Experimental methods for the mapping of nervous pathways are based partlyon the study of retrograde processes in the perikaryon, partlyon the demonstration of degenerative processes along the peripheral part of a transected axon. For this purpose, the Marchi method by which a selective staining of degenerating myelin is obtained has been extensively used. However, when this method is used the non-myelinated terminals of the transected axons are not stained. The introduction, about two decades ago, of silver impregnation as a means of tracing degenerating axons (especially the Glees and Nauta methods) by which also terminal boutons can be demonstrated, led therefore to revolutionary progress in the investigation of interneuronal connections. Notwithstanding, there are weH known difficulties involved in this kind of research. The capriciousness of the silver methods not seldom results in failure of impregnation with loss of valuable experimental animals. But even when well impregnated sections are used, other fundamental difficulties exist. One of the major problems is to prove beyond doubt that the impregnated structures are degenerating boutons and not merely fragments of non-terminal fibres passing the area under examination. Furthermore, only on occasion will silver impregnation permit one to accurately define the specific part of the receiving neuron on which the impregnated fibres end, i. e. , whether the bouton makes contact with soma, dendrite or spine.
Author: Stephen G. Waxman Publisher: ISBN: 0195082931 Category : Axons Languages : en Pages : 710
Book Description
The axon, interposed between the cell body and the synaptic terminals in most neurons, plays a crucial role in connecting neurons and acting as a conduit for the transmission of information between them. This book provides a comprehensive and up-to-date compendium that brings together chapterson the structure, function, and pathophysiology of axons in both the PNS and CNS. Carefully written, well-illustrated with superb illustrations, and generously referenced, the 33 chapters and introduction have been authored by 49 world-renowned authorities. Recent advances in the molecularneurobiology of axons are carefully reviewed, and new areas, such as the molecular biology of ion channels and myelination, the role of calcium in pathophysiology and regeneration, cell adhesion molecules and their roles in axo-glial interactions and axonal guidance, and optical recording methods,are highlighted. This book will provide an essential reference for neuroscientists as well as clinicians such as neurologists, neurosurgeons, and clinical electrophysiologists interested in axons.
Author: Elisabetta Babetto Publisher: Humana ISBN: 9781071605875 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 340
Book Description
This book is a collection of classical as well as innovative methods used to investigate axon degeneration with a particular focus on addressing the common challenges encountered while performing these procedures. Particular attention is devoted to the study of axon loss in several model organisms, as each poses unique challenges and provides powerful advantages. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Axon Degeneration: Methods and Protocols is an ideal guide for facilitating the application and further development of these protocols, which will help the scientific community tackle important questions regarding axon degeneration. Chapters 2, 3, and 20 are available Open Access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.
Author: Jack Tzu-Chieh Wang Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Axonal degeneration is a pivotal pathological event in most CNS and PNS diseases, but the molecular mechanisms that control this process remain unclear. Expression of the Wallerian degeneration slow (WldS) transgene robustly delays axon degeneration in various injury models and attenuate disease progression in many neurodegenerative conditions, indicating a common mechanism of axonal self-destruction in traumatic injuries and chronic degenerative events. In this thesis, I examined the mechanism of WldS axon protection as a window to understand the molecular events that orchestrate this axonal self-destruction program. In the first part of my thesis, I demonstrated that continuous, local WldS enzymatic activity in the axon, independent of nuclear gene transcription, is required to confer axonal protection. Furthermore, I showed that injured axons are not immediately committed to degeneration, but rather there is a critical period of 4-5hrs after injury in which the course of degeneration can be reversed. The presence of this latency period before the injured axons irreversibly commit to degeneration suggest that axonal degeneration can be attenuated or halted altogether even long after an injury has occurred. In the second part of the thesis, I investigated the signaling events and mechanisms that are responsible for translating WldS activity into axonal protection. I showed that NAD+, a metabolite of WldS enzymatic activity and a known redox cofactor in the mitochondria, is sufficient and specific to confer WldS-like axon protection. However, WldS axonal protection does not require the axonal mitochondria or involve changes in the bioenergy levels of the axon. I further demonstrated that independently increasing expression of Ca2+ buffering proteins in subcellular compartments is sufficient to delay axonal degeneration, suggesting that enhancement of Ca2+ buffering capacity in axonal subcellular compartments may be one mechanism by which WldS activity or NAD+ confers axonal protection. Finally, comparing the metabolomics profile of WT vs. WldS neurons reveals candidates in mediating NAD+ dependent regulation of intra-axonal Ca2+, and presents potential therapeutic targets to delay axon degeneration. In the third part of my thesis, I investigated the relationship between developmental axonal outgrowth, synaptic targeting and axon regeneration. Using retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) as a model system, I profiled the developmental expression of RGC genes from early embryonic to early postnatal development, a period that was previously shown to trigger a genetic switch to significantly slow the axonal growth rate. In particular, I showed that cyp1b1, a gene implicated in congenital glaucoma, is a potent source of retinoic acid during early RGC development and enhances RGC survival by sustaining retinoic acid production. In addition, several other genes from the expression profiling have been found by others to be involved in axonal regeneration after injury. Together, the findings provide a rich database for understanding the molecular signatures that control the development of retinal ganglion cells, and help uncover genetic factors that regulate axonal growth, targeting and regeneration.
Author: Samuel D. Crish Publisher: Frontiers Media SA ISBN: 2889456803 Category : Languages : en Pages : 248
Book Description
Axons are the major output processes of neurons, responsible for transmitting information to other neurons and tissues throughout the body. The 150,000+ kilometers of axons make up half of the brain's volume and require a large amount of energy. Normal axon function is the product of a massive number of intra- and extra-cellular mechanisms working in concert. Perhaps not surprisingly, the axon is a site of vulnerability during normal aging and in disease states, although this has only been recently appreciated. Axonopathy, broadly defined as functional or structural defects in the axon or its terminal, is common across a wide range of neurodegenerative conditions, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington’s, Parkinson’s, and Alzheimer’s diseases, glaucoma, and as a result of neurotoxin exposure or drug treatment. This Research Topic assembles a series of original research papers, reviews, and commentaries that will illustrate both the commonalities and important differences across neurodegenerative disorders. Though this collection cannot address all aspects of this topic, it is our hope that these manuscripts will educate other scientists and inspire new investigations into axon dysfunction and degeneration.
Author: James A. Radosevich Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 1119432359 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 768
Book Description
These volumes teach readers to think beyond apoptosis and describes all of the known processes that cells can undergo which result in cell death This two-volume source on how cells dies is the first, comprehensive collection to cover all of the known processes that cells undergo when they die. It is also the only one of its kind to compare these processes. It seeks to enlighten those in the field about these many processes and to stimulate their thinking at looking at these pathways when their research system does not show signs of activation of the classic apoptotic pathway. In addition, it links activities like the molecular biology of one process (eg. Necrosis) to another process (eg. apoptosis) and contrasts those that are close to each. Volume 1 of Apoptosis and Beyond: The Many Ways Cells Die begins with a general view of the cytoplasmic and nuclear features of apoptosis. It then goes on to offer chapters on targeting the cell death mechanism; microbial programmed cell death; autophagy; cell injury, adaptation, and necrosis; necroptosis; ferroptosis; anoikis; pyronecrosis; and more. Volume 2 covers such subjects as phenoptosis; pyroptosis; hematopoiesis and eryptosis; cyclophilin d-dependent necrosis; and the role of phospholipase in cell death. Covers all known processes that dying cells undergo Provides extensive coverage of a topic not fully covered before Offers chapters written by top researchers in the field Provides activities that link and contrast processes to each other Apoptosis and Beyond: The Many Ways Cells Die will appeal to students and researchers/clinicians in cell biology, molecular biology, oncology, and tumor biology.
Author: Daniel Laskowitz Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 1498766579 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 388
Book Description
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a significant source of death and permanent disability, contributing to nearly one-third of all injury related deaths in the United States and exacting a profound personal and economic toll. Despite the increased resources that have recently been brought to bear to improve our understanding of TBI, the developme
Author: Elisabetta Babetto
Author: Elisabetta Babetto
Author: Jacob Valk
Author: Margit Pavelka
Author: John F. Alksne
Author: Stephen G. Waxman
Author: Elisabetta Babetto
Author: Jack Tzu-Chieh Wang
Author: Samuel D. Crish
Author: James A. Radosevich
Author: Daniel Laskowitz