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Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Both hearing and somatosensation are sensory responses to vibrations, and here we show a way to investigate such mechanoreceptive psychophysics alone and in combination. Pre-pulse inhibition (PPI) is a well-known, unconditioned, and reflexive technique for measuring sensory thresholds with a wide variety of stimuli and laboratory animals. In this paper, we explore interactions between auditory and somatosensory PPI in normal mice. Fifteen C57/BL6J mice were tested three times each. Ages varied between one and six months. Testing followed published procedures from our lab and others, except the pre-pulses were auditory, somatosensory (vibration of the test chamber), or both. The auditory pre-pulse was an 80 dB SPL broadband noise of 4, 9, 25, or 45 ms duration. Vibrations were of the same duration but different frequencies (500, 460, 360, and 220 Hz respectively). Results show expected auditory responsiveness increasing with duration. There were statistically significant responses to some but not all vibrotactile stimuli. Multimodal responses were approximately additive; the responses to combined auditory and vibratory stimuli were approximately the sum of responses to each stimulus alone (no significant interaction). There is a greater increase with age in the responses to somatosensory than to auditory stimuli. This study provides a behavioral paradigm to assess functional consequences of somatosensory/auditory interactions in mice.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Both hearing and somatosensation are sensory responses to vibrations, and here we show a way to investigate such mechanoreceptive psychophysics alone and in combination. Pre-pulse inhibition (PPI) is a well-known, unconditioned, and reflexive technique for measuring sensory thresholds with a wide variety of stimuli and laboratory animals. In this paper, we explore interactions between auditory and somatosensory PPI in normal mice. Fifteen C57/BL6J mice were tested three times each. Ages varied between one and six months. Testing followed published procedures from our lab and others, except the pre-pulses were auditory, somatosensory (vibration of the test chamber), or both. The auditory pre-pulse was an 80 dB SPL broadband noise of 4, 9, 25, or 45 ms duration. Vibrations were of the same duration but different frequencies (500, 460, 360, and 220 Hz respectively). Results show expected auditory responsiveness increasing with duration. There were statistically significant responses to some but not all vibrotactile stimuli. Multimodal responses were approximately additive; the responses to combined auditory and vibratory stimuli were approximately the sum of responses to each stimulus alone (no significant interaction). There is a greater increase with age in the responses to somatosensory than to auditory stimuli. This study provides a behavioral paradigm to assess functional consequences of somatosensory/auditory interactions in mice.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
The purpose of this study pertains to hearing in the species Peromyscus maniculatus (deer mice) -- specifically their responses to a startling sound. Approximately seven mice were tested between four and five years of age, approaching the lifespan of this species. By means of an accelerometer, which measures a reflexive, motor response, the mice were presented with an acoustic startle-eliciting stimulus (SES) -- that is a loud, startling, unexpected sound. During the study, the mice were also presented with a softer, less-intense stimulus -- known as a pre-pulse -- slightly before the more intense sound. This pre-pulse stimulus was in the form of auditory, somatosensory, or a combined input. The study aimed to quantitatively measure whether the pre-pulse stimuli would elicit a diminished reflexive response (pre-pulse inhibition) to the SES.
Author: Jerry J. Buccafusco Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 1420041819 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 341
Book Description
Using the most well-studied behavioral analyses of animal subjects to promote a better understanding of the effects of disease and the effects of new therapeutic treatments on human cognition, Methods of Behavior Analysis in Neuroscience provides a reference manual for molecular and cellular research scientists in both academia and the pharmaceutic
Author: Jennifer R. O'Steen Publisher: ISBN: Category : Auditory pathways Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
ABSTRACT: In addition to genetic influences, peripheral hearing loss and central auditory processing factors must be taken into consideration.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 43
Book Description
The acoustic startle reflex (ASR) is an automated motor response to an unexpected and intense auditory stimulus (Ouagazzal, Reiss, & Romand, 2006). When an audible 'prepulse' stimulus is presented before the intense, startle-evoking stimulus (SES); the startle reflex response is reduced and this is known as prepulse inhibition (PPI). The degree of ASR inhibition serves as a measure of the behavioral salience of the prepulse (Carlson & Willott, 1996). This study aimed to obtain a psychometric function from the amount of PPI of the ASR that resulted from varying intensity levels of a prepulse stimulus (PPS). Twelve mice were used for this study and each was tested twice. Six of the mice were of the C57BL/6J background (a common strain often used as a control) and six were wild-type offspring of mice that had a mutation of the ephrin (EphA4) gene (labeled as EphA4+/+wt and were expected to be normal aside from possible early rearing effects from their mutant parents. An accelerometer measured amount of movement associated with the SES with and without the PPS. The PPS randomly varied between 13 different intensities in the range of 25 dB SPL to 75 dB SPL. In addition, there were two control trials of the SES with a PPS of 0 dB SPL and one random trial with no sound at all. Therefore, there were a total of 16 trials which were presented randomly in each of 11 blocks. For each test session, the PPS randomly varied by frequency filter; high-pass (HP) or band-pass (BP). The SES was presented at an intensity of 120 dB SPL for a duration of 15 ms and medium inter-stimulus interval (ISI) of 50 ms was used for all trials. A psychometric function was successfully obtained. There was no significant difference between the twostrains of mice (p=0.15) so data between the groups was pooled. A significant effect (p=0.04) of frequency filter was seen as more PPI was obtained with the HP vs. BP filter. The obtained threshold ranged from 19 dB SPL to 45.8 dB SPL depending on how threshold was defined.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Sound localization is an important aspect of normal hearing. The Eph/ephin family of signaling proteins, studied here, is known to guide the formation of central auditory connections in early development, particularly topographic inputs from the lateral superior olive (LSO) to the inferior colliculus (IC). Processing in the LSO and its influences on the IC are known to be heavily involved in sound localization tasks. One way to study sound localization in mice is through pre-pulse inhibition (PPI). PPI is the phenomenon by which a weak prestimulus inhibits the response to a subsequent startle stimulus. In studying sound localization, the prestimulus here is a soft, ongoing sound that switches between two speakers 180 degrees apart. If the mouse hears a change in location, the acoustic startle response will decrease. Here we report three important considerations with this PPI speaker swap procedure. First, we show that the cage in which the mouse is tested is critically important. Depending on the testing chamber, we observed 17%, 33% and 100% of responsiveness noted in previously published studies. Second, homozygous but not heterozygous EphA4 mutations appear to affect sound localization. Finally, there appears to be subtle differences in startle responses for different mouse strains, with altered responses in both heterozygous and homozygous EphA4 mutants as compared with C57BL/6J controls. The connection between genetic effects on both afferent and efferent responsiveness may provide an experimental link between audiology and speech pathology, and thereby may serve as an animal model of altered central pattern generators.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 16
Book Description
The purpose of my Honors Research Project was to assist Dr. Megan Klingenberg in completing part of the research in her final dissertation project. Dr. Klingenberg’s project was based off of a study done by Allen and Ison in 2010. This study tested the auditory spatial acuity of mice using pre-pulse inhibition of the startle reflex as the response for detecting the sound stimulus. The goal of Dr. Klingenberg’s AuD project was “to explore the methodological, functional, and genetic influences on sound localization using pre-pulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response in mice”. Dr. Klingenberg’s project was broken into three sections: the effect of the test chamber on acoustic startle responses, the effect that the EphA4 mutation would have on the mouse’s ability to localize sound, and the ability to use the acoustic startle response (ASR) to study efferent processing. My role in the research was to work on the first goal of the project in finding a chamber that would accurately reproduce Allen and Ison’s findings. In this reflection, I will describe the basic terms used in the experiment, the importance and benefits of working with mice in a research setting, the general procedure of the experiment, the results from the various chambers, and a brief description of my experience in the lab.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Microglial cells "play a pivotal role in refining neural networks during early critical periods" (Gabriele & Gray, 2020, p. 1). A disturbance in the functioning of these microglial cells contribute to specific characteristics of some neurodevelopmental disorders- including autism spectrum disorder. In this study, we used a mouse model to study disruptions in cell activity, as understanding the biological and genetic background of autism spectrum disorder could help us provide better treatment and therapy options to those diagnosed.The mutated mice in this experiment have microglial cells with "compromised fractalkine signaling" (Gabriele & Gray, 2020, p. 4-5). We studied multimodal psychophysics in heterozygous, homozygous, and wild-type mice in order to further investigate the link between genetics and autism. Auditory, somatosensory, and multimodal stimuli were presented to the mice and we measured the startle response with an accelerometer. The goal was to measure if the mice expect the startle-eliciting-stimulus when given a pre-pulse "warning." This is known as pre-pulse inhibition (PPI). We were looking to find a lack of behavioral response in the mutant mice- since that characteristic is descriptive of autism- and a significant response from the wild-type mice (Gabriele et al., 2021). This would confirm a connection to autism.With this research, we are able to gain a deeper understanding of neurodevelopmental disorders. This data has the potential to influence the identification timeline, school accommodations, and future research into the early critical period and autism spectrum disorder.
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Author: Jerry J. Buccafusco
Author: Jennifer R. O'Steen
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Author: Derik Behrens
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Author: Stephanie K. Carlson
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