Atmospheric and Ionospheric Electromagnetic Phenomena Associated with Earthquakes PDF Download

Author: Masashi Hayakawa
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Earthquake prediction
Languages : en
Pages : 1024

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Book Description

Author: Masashi Hayakawa
Publisher:
ISBN: 9788178952970
Category : Earthquakes
Languages : en
Pages : 279

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Book Description
An earthquake (EQ) is probably the most disastrous natural phenomenon. The depth toll from large EQs during the last century exceeded two million people. The corresponding geography of the most damaging EQs included 25 countries. The top ten of those were Iran, China, Turkey, Japan, India, Italy, the former USSR, Indonesia, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, and the others were Chile, Algeria, Colombia, Peru, Guatemala, The Philippines, Nicaragua, Romania, Morocco, Mexico, Argentine, USA, Jamaica, Yugoslavia, and El Salvador. During the recent 10 years from 1995 to the beginning of 2006, more than 400,000 people were killed by EQ catastrophes. We were also extremely shocked by the serious hazard by a recent Sichuan EQ in China on May 12, 2008. The origin of an EQ is still poorly understood, but the problem of short-term EQ prediction is an urgent issue of human beings. For a rather long time, the scientific community has relied mainly on the traditional Earth science disciplines in solving this problem: seismology, tectonics, geodynamics, and so on. However, a conceptual breakdown took place in seismology about 15 years ago. It was discovered that conventional models of EQ preparation were not valid, and there appeared doubts as to the possibility of successful EQ prediction using purely seismic observations. Heterogeneity and nonlinearity in seismic processes in a state of so-called self-organized criticality, causing unpredictable behavior of a tectonically activated region after some time of consideration (the limited memory of the system), became understood. At the same time there emerged some ideas on new alternative field methods, with particular emphasis on radio-physical sounding and even satellite observations. These gradually took the place of traditional studies on the quasi-steady electric and magnetic fields, resistivity, magneto-telluric impedance, and geodetic changes, which were found to be inefficient. By that stage, enthusiastic groups in several countries have already shown some evidence of seismo-electromagnetic phenomena. A new approach to study seismo-electromagnetic phenomena has recently emerged, and we call it Seismo-electromagnetics and related phenomena . This is a study of short-term processes of the EQ sequence by mainly non-seismic methods. This field has become firmly established since the early 1990s. It differs from its predecessor, which was known for a long time as the non-seismic precursors of EQs, both in methods and ideology. Modern technologies for observation of seismically induced perturbations and proper data processing are applied. First of all, these are radio-physical methods of atmospheric and ionospheric sounding by means of radio signals from VLF, LF, and HF transmitters. Pulsating ULF electromagnetic and seismo-acoustic emissions (the so-called ULF and acoustic foreshocks), and higher-frequency emissions on the ground and onboard plasma variations on low-orbital satellites, are then recorded. These data, together with closely related data on hydrology/geochemistry in wells and hot springs, satellite remote sensing of the ground surface, and atmospheric parameters, comprise the factual basis of the research. Two main problems are suggested as follows: (1) the mechanisms of strong intra-plate EQ triggering, and (2) lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere coupling due to seismicity. There were at least three reasons for attracting our attention and enlarging the scope of this type of research. The first was the discovery of several intriguing observational facts. Among these, it is worth mentioning the approximately simultaneous finding of specific ultra-low-frequency (ULF) electromagnetic emissions before and after the large Loma Prieta EQ in the USA and the large Spitak EQ in the former USSR. The results in both countries looked very similar, and they were therefore convincing. Fraser-Smith et al. (1990) observed intensive ULF emissions practically above the hypocenter of the EQ, which was at a depth of about 10 km. They found the first enhancement two to three weeks before the EQ, and a second sharp increase just before the EQ. The geomagnetic activity before the EQ was very quiet, so they concluded that these ULF emissions were likely to be an EQ signature. A noticeable impact was also produced by the discovery of clear seismic-induced perturbations near the atmosphere-ionosphere boundary with the use of VLF transmitter signal sounding before the famous Kobe EQ in Japan. This effect was proven by subsequent statistics before eleven great EQs. Hayakawa et al. (1996) observed a very significant shift in the evening terminator time (the terminator time is defined as the time when there is a minimum in amplitude (or in phase) around sunrise or sunset) with the use of a 2s criterion, when s is the monthly standard deviation. Similar phenomena were also observed for many other EQs. The second reason was that the Japanese government established special research programs to investigate short-term (at least) EQ forecasting after the shock and sorrow following the great Kobe EQ. This was driven by a general demand from the Japanese people for warnings of such disastrous events. These programs included the Frontier/RIKEN and Frontier/NASDA projects, which investigated electromagnetic and some other effects associated with seismicity. Many valuable results were obtained, and two networks of ULF and VLF stations in Japan were developed. However, it was perhaps most important that these projects promoted an international consolidation of the research on seismo-electromagnetics. Special symposia in Chofu, Tokyo, were attended by specialists from about 20 countries (see the comprehensive collection of papers edited by Hayakawa and Fujinawa (1994), by Hayakawa (1999), and by Hayakawa and Molchanov (2002)). Similar research projects followed in Taiwan, India, Italy, and Russia. In the framework of a Japanese-Russian collaboration, a special station Karymshino, was established in the Kamchatka peninsula (in far-eastern Russia). It is designed for regular complex monitoring (including local seismicity, ULF electric and magnetic field variations, seismo-acoustic emission, VLF transmitter signals, hydrology and geochemistry changes in the wells and springs, and atmospheric parameters), in addition to data on regional seismicity (27 stations). The station is situated in a rural place with low industrial interference, but with frequent seismicity. At present, it is considered as a reference station for Japanese networks. The third reason was the realization of an exclusive satellite mission, DEMETER, in France. The satellite was designed for the investigation of electromagnetic effects related to EQs, and anthropogenic electromagnetic-wave influences on the ionosphere. Pre-seismic electromagnetic effects observed on satellites were first reported in Russia, and they were then intensively discussed during the preparation of DEMETER and in the framework of the Frontier/NASDA project in Japan. This pioneering satellite was at last launched on June 29, 2004, with the intension of studying seismically associated plasma and wave phenomena. Numerous data are now being analyzed by French specialists and guest investigators in different countries. Being extremely timely with these progresses in the field of seismo electromagnetics, I had a kind invitation from the publisher, Research Signpost, to edit a review monograph on our topic. I intended to cover all different branches of this new and challenging science field with the help of senior and qualified scientists. The authors of this monograph have done significant pioneering works in each field. Even though they have been so busy, they were pleased to join us in this book project. Without the pleasant helps by these authors, this book cannot be realized. The topic covers the radio emissions in the lithosphere, laboratory experiments, geochemical phenomena, radio emissions in the atmosphere, seismic-effects in the atmosphere and ionosphere, satellite observation of seismogenic phenomena, and the mechanisms of lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere coupling etc. We do hope that this monograph would provide you with the present art-of-state information on seismo electromagnetics. Finally, I would like to express my sincere thanks to Ms. Yuki Togo for her editorial assistance.

Author: Sergey Pulinets
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 354026468X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 323

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Book Description
Using the kind permission given to me by my co-author, this short preface will be written in my name. I want to devote this book to San Juan city in Argentina. It is not only due to the fact that the city was twice completely destroyed after the devastating ear- quakes in 1941 and 1977, but also because my stay there completely changed my life. Changes included changing my career from the field of space plasma physics to Earth sciences and geophysics, and changes in my personal life giving me h- piness and compliance in my present family. Going back to the subject of the book, it should be noted that the history of the question asked by the book is very complicated and intricate. Starting in the 1930s from the observation of seismogenic electric fields, the area of seismo-ionospheric coupling became an area of fighting and conflicts, hopes and frustrations. Spe- lation and misunderstanding on the interdisciplinary borders made this field for many years (even up to now) taboo for so-called "serious scientists". But due to the courageous efforts of several groups in Russia and the former USSR states such as Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, Japan, later France and Taiwan, Greece and Italy the situation started to improve.

Author: Dimitar Ouzounov
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119156955
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 384

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Book Description
Pre-Earthquake signals are advanced warnings of a larger seismic event. A better understanding of these processes can help to predict the characteristics of the subsequent mainshock. Pre-Earthquake Processes: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Earthquake Prediction Studies presents the latest research on earthquake forecasting and prediction based on observations and physical modeling in China, Greece, Italy, France, Japan, Russia, Taiwan, and the United States. Volume highlights include: Describes the earthquake processes and the observed physical signals that precede them Explores the relationship between pre-earthquake activity and the characteristics of subsequent seismic events Encompasses physical, atmospheric, geochemical, and historical characteristics of pre-earthquakes Illustrates thermal infrared, seismo–ionospheric, and other satellite and ground-based pre-earthquake anomalies Applies these multidisciplinary data to earthquake forecasting and prediction Written for seismologists, geophysicists, geochemists, physical scientists, students and others, Pre-Earthquake Processes: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Earthquake Prediction Studies offers an essential resource for understanding the dynamics of pre-earthquake phenomena from an international and multidisciplinary perspective.

Author: Birbal Singh
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 272

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Book Description
Earthquake prediction studies based on electromagnetic techniques have drawn considerable global attention in recent years. This technique is based on ground and satellite based monitoring of electromagnetic signals in a broad frequency range between DC and VHF employing variety of sensors. Definite earthquake precursors have been reported from these experiments. Besides the above, ionospheric perturbations and geochemical anomalies have also been reported prior to the occurrence of the earthquakes. This book contains some important research output in the above fields obtained by well-known researchers. More precisely, there are descriptions on recent progress in VAN method, anomalies in ULF/VLF signals, ionospheric parameters and Schumann resonance etc. The book also includes one topic not related to seismicity which deals with space weather, Trimpi phenomena, and neural network approach to TSP solutions etc.

Author: Vladimir Bychkov
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9048132126
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 388

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Book Description
From July 7 to 12, 2008 in Zelenogradsk, a cosy resort on the bank of the Baltic Sea near Kaliningrad in Russia, the 1st International Conference “Atmosphere, Ionosphere, Safety (AIS-2008)” has been carried out. The State Russian University of I. Kant, Semenov Institute of chemical physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushkov Institute of terrestrial magnetism and radio-waves propagation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and Russian Committee on Ball Lightning (BL) have acted as organizers of the conference. Financial support was made by Russian Fund of Fundamental Research Project N. 08-03-06041 and European Of?ce of Aerospace Research and Development Grant award FA8655-08-1-5052. The International conference “Atmosphere, Ionosphere, Safety” (AIS-2008) was devoted to (i) the analysis of the atmosphere–ionosphere response on natural and man-made processes, the reasons of occurrence of the various accompanying geophysical phenomena, and an estimation of possible consequences of their in?uence on the person and technological systems; (ii) the study of the monitoring possibility and search of the ways for the risk level decrease. Discussion of the physical and chemical processes accompanying the observable geophysical p- nomena was undertaken. One can see from a list of the Conference sections that questions of safety took only rather modest place, so main topics of the Conference became discussion of processes taking place in the atmosphere, ionosphere and methods of monitoring these processes.

Author: Masashi Hayakawa
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1118770161
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 304

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Book Description
The latest achievements of earthquake prediction via radio communication systems, by the world's leading authority Prof. Hayakawa is one of the world leaders in the field of seismo-electromagnetics for EQ prediction and this area of research is still evolving Presents the fundamentals of radio communications and radio propagation, using the radio noises and propagation anomalies as a precursor of earthquakes Considers the combination of different kinds of seismogenic electromagnetic signals of both natural and artificial character Timely topic following the recent sequence of highly destructive earthquakes around the world

Author: Valery Sorokin
Publisher: Nova Science Publishers
ISBN: 9781634830300
Category : Atmospheric electricity
Languages : en
Pages : 0

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Book Description
This monograph reviews the updated models of the influence of earthquake (EQ) preparation processes on the state of near-ground atmosphere and the ionosphere through the electric field and currents occurring in the global atmosphereionosphere electric circuit. An extensive comparison of results of satellite- and ground-based observations of DC electric fields, plasma parameters and electromagnetic wave perturbations prior to an EQ is made as a validation criterion of the models. It is shown that the most complete explanation of pre-EQ phenomena excited in the ionosphere and atmosphere and their interconnection can be provided by our electrodynamic model based on DC electric field generation due to the injection of charged aerosols into the atmosphere. An important feature of this model is that various EQ precursors are shown to be attributed just to a single cause, namely a perturbation of the conductivity electric current in the global circuit by the injection of charged aerosols into the atmosphere during seismic activity enhancement. This book is dedicated to scientists and researchers working in the field of atmospheric and ionospheric effects of large-scale natural and technological disasters. It also analyzes the development of methods for their forecasting with the use of space, aerial and ground-based observations. It will also be of potential interest to students specialising in space science and physics of the atmosphere as well as the lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere coupling.

Author: Sergey Pulinets
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 9402421726
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 309

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Book Description
This book discusses how the increased emanation of radon and other gases from the Earth’s crust in the vicinity of active tectonic faults triggers a chain of physical processes and chemical reactions in the atmospheric boundary layer and the Earth’s ionosphere over an earthquake area several days/hours before strong seismic shocks occur. It presents the two main concepts involved in this mechanism: atmosphere ionization and the global electric circuit. The Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere Coupling (LAIC) concept is strongly supported by experimental data showing the atmospheric and ionospheric precursors for major recent earthquakes including 2004 Sumatra; 2008 Sichuan, China; 2011 Tohoku, Japan; and 2015 Nepal. The book not only addresses the theoretical considerations but also includes information on experimental techniques used for precursor observations based on the space-borne systems. Providing practical methods of precursor identification and interpretation, it is an excellent textbook for graduate courses in geophysics, earthquake science, atmospheric physics and remote sensing. Moreover, it offers a wealth of information for scientists and experts from governmental and international agencies working in the fields of natural-disaster mitigation, response and recovery.

Author: Dimitar Ouzounov
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119156963
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 384

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Book Description
Pre-Earthquake signals are advanced warnings of a larger seismic event. A better understanding of these processes can help to predict the characteristics of the subsequent mainshock. Pre-Earthquake Processes: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Earthquake Prediction Studies presents the latest research on earthquake forecasting and prediction based on observations and physical modeling in China, Greece, Italy, France, Japan, Russia, Taiwan, and the United States. Volume highlights include: Describes the earthquake processes and the observed physical signals that precede them Explores the relationship between pre-earthquake activity and the characteristics of subsequent seismic events Encompasses physical, atmospheric, geochemical, and historical characteristics of pre-earthquakes Illustrates thermal infrared, seismo–ionospheric, and other satellite and ground-based pre-earthquake anomalies Applies these multidisciplinary data to earthquake forecasting and prediction Written for seismologists, geophysicists, geochemists, physical scientists, students and others, Pre-Earthquake Processes: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Earthquake Prediction Studies offers an essential resource for understanding the dynamics of pre-earthquake phenomena from an international and multidisciplinary perspective.