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Author: Wim de Vries Publisher: ISBN: 9789464474329 Category : Languages : nl Pages : 0
Book Description
In this study we investigated critical nitrogen (N) inputs and N losses and their exceedances (actual inputs or losses minus critical inputs or losses) for agricultural soils in the EU-27 region in view of adverse effects. Critical N inputs were calculated based on a critical (i) ammonia emission rate related to critical N loads in view of biodiversity protection, (ii) N concentration in runoff to surface water of 2.5 mg N l-1, related to the protection of aquatic ecosystems and (iii) nitrate (NO3-) concentration in leachate to groundwater of 50 mg NO3- l-1, based on the safe limit for drinking water. In addition, we calculated the required N inputs to achieve target crop yields, which were set at 80% of the water-limited yield potential. Calculations were performed with the INTEGRATOR model for ca 40,000 unique soil-slope-climate combinations and then aggregated at NUTS3-, country- or EU-27 level. Results show that critical N inputs at EU-27 level as compared to actual (year 2010) N inputs are 31% lower to protect biodiversity and 43% lower to protect surface water quality. Critical N inputs are most strongly exceeded in regions with high livestock densities, such as Ireland, the Netherlands, Flanders in Belgium, Brittany in France and the Po valley in Italy. Inversely, required N inputs to attain target crop yields at EU-27 level are ca. 40% higher. Especially in Eastern Europe, there is a large potential to increase yields by increasing N fertilization, but this generally requires strongly improved N use efficiency (NUE), since critical N inputs are mostly lower. Using a maximum plausible NUE, the surface water criterion cannot be achieved on 17% and 25% of all agricultural land at actual crop yield and target crop yields, respectively. Similarly, a maximum plausible reduction in NH3 emission fractions also still causes exceedances of critical N loads in view of biodiversity protection. Reducing agricultural production is needed to protect biodiversity and/or water quality in those regions.
Author: Wim de Vries Publisher: ISBN: 9789464474329 Category : Languages : nl Pages : 0
Book Description
In this study we investigated critical nitrogen (N) inputs and N losses and their exceedances (actual inputs or losses minus critical inputs or losses) for agricultural soils in the EU-27 region in view of adverse effects. Critical N inputs were calculated based on a critical (i) ammonia emission rate related to critical N loads in view of biodiversity protection, (ii) N concentration in runoff to surface water of 2.5 mg N l-1, related to the protection of aquatic ecosystems and (iii) nitrate (NO3-) concentration in leachate to groundwater of 50 mg NO3- l-1, based on the safe limit for drinking water. In addition, we calculated the required N inputs to achieve target crop yields, which were set at 80% of the water-limited yield potential. Calculations were performed with the INTEGRATOR model for ca 40,000 unique soil-slope-climate combinations and then aggregated at NUTS3-, country- or EU-27 level. Results show that critical N inputs at EU-27 level as compared to actual (year 2010) N inputs are 31% lower to protect biodiversity and 43% lower to protect surface water quality. Critical N inputs are most strongly exceeded in regions with high livestock densities, such as Ireland, the Netherlands, Flanders in Belgium, Brittany in France and the Po valley in Italy. Inversely, required N inputs to attain target crop yields at EU-27 level are ca. 40% higher. Especially in Eastern Europe, there is a large potential to increase yields by increasing N fertilization, but this generally requires strongly improved N use efficiency (NUE), since critical N inputs are mostly lower. Using a maximum plausible NUE, the surface water criterion cannot be achieved on 17% and 25% of all agricultural land at actual crop yield and target crop yields, respectively. Similarly, a maximum plausible reduction in NH3 emission fractions also still causes exceedances of critical N loads in view of biodiversity protection. Reducing agricultural production is needed to protect biodiversity and/or water quality in those regions.
Author: Mark A. Sutton Publisher: Cambridge University Press ISBN: 1139501372 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 665
Book Description
Presenting the first continental-scale assessment of reactive nitrogen in the environment, this book sets the related environmental problems in context by providing a multidisciplinary introduction to the nitrogen cycle processes. Issues of upscaling from farm plot and city to national and continental scales are addressed in detail with emphasis on opportunities for better management at local to global levels. The five key societal threats posed by reactive nitrogen are assessed, providing a framework for joined-up management of the nitrogen cycle in Europe, including the first cost-benefit analysis for different reactive nitrogen forms and future scenarios. Incorporating comprehensive maps, a handy technical synopsis and a summary for policy makers, this landmark volume is an essential reference for academic researchers across a wide range of disciplines, as well as stakeholders and policy makers. It is also a valuable tool in communicating the key environmental issues and future challenges to the wider public.
Author: Benjamin Burkhard Publisher: ISBN: 9789546428523 Category : Ecological mapping Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
"The new book Mapping Ecosystem Services provides a comprehensive collection of theories, methods and practical applications of ecosystem services (ES) mapping, for the first time bringing together valuable knowledge and techniques from leading international experts in the field." (www.eurekalert.org).
Author: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Publisher: Food & Agriculture Org. ISBN: 925107920X Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 139
Book Description
Greenhouse gas emissions by the livestock sector could be cut by as much as 30 percent through the wider use of existing best practices and technologies. FAO conducted a detailed analysis of GHG emissions at multiple stages of various livestock supply chains, including the production and transport of animal feed, on-farm energy use, emissions from animal digestion and manure decay, as well as the post-slaughter transport, refrigeration and packaging of animal products. This report represents the most comprehensive estimate made to-date of livestocks contribution to global warming as well as the sectors potential to help tackle the problem. This publication is aimed at professionals in food and agriculture as well as policy makers.
Author: Maite M. Aldaya Publisher: Routledge ISBN: 1136538526 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 224
Book Description
People use lots of water for drinking, cooking and washing, but significantly more for producing things such as food, paper and cotton clothes. The water footprint is an indicator of water use that looks at both direct and indirect water use of a consumer or producer. Indirect use refers to the 'virtual water' embedded in tradable goods and commodities, such as cereals, sugar or cotton. The water footprint of an individual, community or business is defined as the total volume of freshwater that is used to produce the goods and services consumed by the individual or community or produced by the business. This book offers a complete and up-to-date overview of the global standard on water footprint assessment as developed by the Water Footprint Network. More specifically it: o Provides a comprehensive set of methods for water footprint assessment o Shows how water footprints can be calculated for individual processes and products, as well as for consumers, nations and businesses o Contains detailed worked examples of how to calculate green, blue and grey water footprints o Describes how to assess the sustainability of the aggregated water footprint within a river basin or the water footprint of a specific product o Includes an extensive library of possible measures that can contribute to water footprint reduction
Author: Arvin Mosier Publisher: Island Press ISBN: 1597267430 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 320
Book Description
Nitrogen is an essential element for plant growth and development and a key agricultural input-but in excess it can lead to a host of problems for human and ecological health. Across the globe, distribution of fertilizer nitrogen is very uneven, with some areas subject to nitrogen pollution and others suffering from reduced soil fertility, diminished crop production, and other consequences of inadequate supply. Agriculture and the Nitrogen Cycle provides a global assessment of the role of nitrogen fertilizer in the nitrogen cycle. The focus of the book is regional, emphasizing the need to maintain food and fiber production while minimizing environmental impacts where fertilizer is abundant, and the need to enhance fertilizer utilization in systems where nitrogen is limited. The book is derived from a workshop held by the Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE) in Kampala, Uganda, that brought together the world's leading scientists to examine and discuss the nitrogen cycle and related problems. It contains an overview chapter that summarizes the group's findings, four chapters on cross-cutting issues, and thirteen background chapters. The book offers a unique synthesis and provides an up-to-date, broad perspective on the issues of nitrogen fertilizer in food production and the interaction of nitrogen and the environment.
Author: Jules N. Pretty Publisher: Routledge ISBN: 1136529276 Category : Nature Languages : en Pages : 292
Book Description
Continued population growth, rapidly changing consumption patterns and the impacts of climate change and environmental degradation are driving limited resources of food, energy, water and materials towards critical thresholds worldwide. These pressures are likely to be substantial across Africa, where countries will have to find innovative ways to boost crop and livestock production to avoid becoming more reliant on imports and food aid. Sustainable agricultural intensification - producing more output from the same area of land while reducing the negative environmental impacts - represents a solution for millions of African farmers. This volume presents the lessons learned from 40 sustainable agricultural intensification programmes in 20 countries across Africa, commissioned as part of the UK Government's Foresight project. Through detailed case studies, the authors of each chapter examine how to develop productive and sustainable agricultural systems and how to scale up these systems to reach many more millions of people in the future. Themes covered include crop improvements, agroforestry and soil conservation, conservation agriculture, integrated pest management, horticulture, livestock and fodder crops, aquaculture, and novel policies and partnerships.
Author: Rabindra N. Roy Publisher: Food & Agriculture Org. ISBN: 9789251050385 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 104
Book Description
Nutrient-balance assessments are valuable tools for delineating the consequences of farming on soil fertility. Various approaches and methods for different situations have been used in the past. This bulletin presents a state-of-the-art review of nutrient balance studies. It brings out the evolution of the approaches and methods, provides for comparisons among them, features the improvements made, and highlights remaining issues. This analysis will be useful in further development of the assessment methodologies as reliable tools for devising time-scale soil fertility management interventions.
Author: Food and Agriculture Organization Publisher: Food & Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO) ISBN: 9789251344484 Category : Environmental sciences Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
World soil health is under pressure from erosion, loss of soil organic carbon and biodiversity, pollution, and salinization. This report presents the status and drivers of global soil pollution, as well as recommendations to address the issue such as using bioremediation technologies.
Author: Wim de Vries
Author: Wim de Vries
Author: Mark A. Sutton
Author: Benjamin Burkhard
Author: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Author: Maite M. Aldaya
Author: Arvin Mosier
Author: Henning Steinfeld
Author: Jules N. Pretty
Author: Rabindra N. Roy
Author: Food and Agriculture Organization