Author: Rok Novak (ekotehnolog.)
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0

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Book Description

Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN:
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 553

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Book Description
Discusses pollution from tobacco smoke, radon and radon progeny, asbestos and other fibers, formaldehyde, indoor combustion, aeropathogens and allergens, consumer products, moisture, microwave radiation, ultraviolet radiation, odors, radioactivity, and dirt and discusses means of controlling or eliminating them.

Author: Sponsored by The Health Effects Institute
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309037263
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 703

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Book Description
"The combination of scientific and institutional integrity represented by this book is unusual. It should be a model for future endeavors to help quantify environmental risk as a basis for good decisionmaking." â€"William D. Ruckelshaus, from the foreword. This volume, prepared under the auspices of the Health Effects Institute, an independent research organization created and funded jointly by the Environmental Protection Agency and the automobile industry, brings together experts on atmospheric exposure and on the biological effects of toxic substances to examine what is knownâ€"and not knownâ€"about the human health risks of automotive emissions.

Author: Matti Jantunen
Publisher: WHO Regional Office Europe
ISBN: 9789289013420
Category : Air
Languages : en
Pages : 168

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Book Description
Most people spend most of their time indoors, and the poor quality of the indoor environment is a strong determinant of a variety of health problems. The principal way of preventing adverse health effects is to eliminate exposure to hazardous factors. But first, standardized methods of assessing exposure are necessary to assess the risk to health and to select optimal risk management actions. This book aims to facilitate the implementation of exposure assessment methods in public health practice.

Author: Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN: 0199378789
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 417

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Book Description
This completely updated edition of Exposure Assessment in Environmental Epidemiology offers a practical introduction to exposure assessment methodologies in environmental epidemiologic studies. In addition to methods for traditional methods -- questionnaires, biomonitoring -- this new edition is expanded to include geographic information systems, modeling, personal sensoring, remote sensing, and OMICs technologies. In addition, each of these methods is contextualized within a recent epidemiology study, maximizing illustration for students and those new to these to these techniques. With clear writing and extensive illustration, this book will be useful to anyone interested in exposure assessment, regardless of background.

Author: Guixing Wei
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Air
Languages : en
Pages : 198

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Book Description
Air pollution has been among the biggest environmental risks to human health. Exposure assessment to air pollution is essentially a procedure to quantify the degree to which people get exposed to hazardous air pollution. Exposure assessment is also a critical step in health-related studies exploring the relationship between personal exposure to environmental stressors and adverse health outcomes. Given the critical role of exposure assessment, it is important to accurately quantify and characterize personal exposure in geographic space and time. For years numerous exposure assessment methods have been developed with respect to a wide spectrum of air pollutants. Of all the methods, the most commonly used one is to use a representative geographic unit as the surrogate location to estimate the potential impact from hazardous air pollution from differing sources on that location. The representative unit is one person's home location in most cases. Such studies, however, have failed to recognize the significance of both the dynamics of human activities and the variation of air pollution in geographic space and time. It is believed that personal exposure is essentially a function of space and time as an individual's time-activity patterns and intensities of air pollutant in question vary over space and time. It is therefore imperative to account for the spatiotemporal dynamics of both in exposure assessment. To this end, the goal of this study is to account for the spatiotemporal dynamics of both human time-activity patterns and air pollution for assessing personal exposure. More specifically this dissertation aims to achieve three objectives as summarized below. First, in light of the deficiency of existing home-based exposure assessment methods, this study proposes an innovative trajectory-based model for assessing personal exposure to ambient air pollution. This model provides a computational framework for assessing personal exposure when trajectories, documenting human spatiotemporal activities, are modeled into a series of tours, microenvironments (MEs), and visits. A set of individual-level trajectories was simulated to test the performance of the proposed model, in conjunction with one-day air pollution (PM2.5) data in Beijing, China. The results from the test demonstrated that the trajectory-based model is capable of capturing the spatiotemporal variation of personal exposure, thus providing more accurate, detailed and enriched information to better understand personal exposure. The findings indicate that there is considerable variation in intra-microenvironment and inter-microenvironment exposure, which identified the importance of distinguishing between different MEs. Moreover, this study tested the proposed model using an empirical dataset. Second, little is known about the difference between the estimated exposure based on home locations only and that considering the locations of all human activities. To fill this gap, this study aims to test whether the exposure calculated from the home-based method is statistically significantly different from the exposure estimated by the newly developed trajectory-based model. A Dataset containing 4,000 individual-level one-day trajectories (Dataset 1) was simulated to test the aforementioned hypothesis. The exposure estimates in comparison are the average hourly exposure over a 24-hour period from two exposure assessment methods. The 4,000 trajectories were split into another two subsets (Datasets 2, 3) according to the difference between home-based exposure estimates and trajectory-based exposure estimates. The Wilcoxon Signed-rank test was used to evaluate whether the difference between the two models is significant. The results show that the statistically significant difference was found only in Dataset 3. The same test was also applied to a set of empirical trajectories. The significant difference exists in the results from the empirical data. The mixed results suggest that additional research is needed to verify the difference between the two exposure assessment methods. Third, little research has taken into consideration of hourly traffic variation and human activities simultaneously in a model for assessing personal exposure to traffic emissions. To fill this gap, this study develops a new trajectory-based model to quantify personal exposure to traffic emissions. The hourly share of daily traffic volume of each roadway in the study area was estimated by calculating the traffic allocation factors (TAFs) of each roadway. Next, the hourly traffic emission surfaces were built using the hourly shares and a kernel density algorithm. A 3-D cube representing the spatiotemporal distribution of traffic emission was constructed, which overlaid the simulated individual-level trajectory data for assessing personal exposure to traffic emissions. The results showed that people's time-activity patterns (e.g., where an individual lives/works, where an individual travels) were significant factors in exposure assessment. This study suggests that people's time activities and hourly variation of traffic emission should be simultaneously addressed when assessing personal exposure to traffic emissions. To sum up, this study has devoted a large effort in quantifying and characterizing personal exposure in geographic space and time. A few of contributions to the knowledge of exposure science are listed as follows. First, this study contributes two exposure assessment models in characterizing personal spatiotemporal exposure using trajectory data. One is developed for assessing personal exposure to ambient air pollution, and the other one is for assessing personal exposure to traffic emissions. Second, this study demonstrates the intra- and inter-microenvironment variation of personal exposure and reveals the significance of people's time-activity patterns in exposure assessment. Third, this study investigates the difference in exposure estimates between conventional home-based methods considering home locations only and trajectory-based methods accounting for the locations of all activities. The mixed findings from Wilcoxon Signed-rank tests suggest more research is needed to explore how personal exposure varies with time-activity patterns. All these contributions will have important implications in exposure science, environment science, and epidemiology.

Author: World Health Organization
Publisher: World Health Organization
ISBN: 9289021926
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 497

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Book Description
This book presents revised guideline values for the four most common air pollutants - particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide - based on a recent review of the accumulated scientific evidence. The rationale for selection of each guideline value is supported by a synthesis of information emerging from research on the health effects of each pollutant. As a result, these guidelines now also apply globally. They can be read in conjunction with Air quality guidelines for Europe, 2nd edition, which is still the authority on guideline values for all other air pollutants. As well as revised guideline values, this book makes a brief yet comprehensive review of the issues affecting the application of the guidelines in risk assessment and policy development. Further, it summarizes information on: . pollution sources and levels in various parts of the world, . population exposure and characteristics affecting sensitivity to pollution, . methods for quantifying the health burden of air pollution, and . the use of guidelines in developing air quality standards and other policy tools. Finally, the special case of indoor air pollution is explored. Prepared by a large team of renowned international experts who considered conditions in various parts of the globe, these guidelines are applicable throughout the world. They provide reliable guidance for policy-makers everywhere when considering the various options for air quality management.

Author: Jun Wu
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 396

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Book Description

Author: Benoit Roig
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0128132914
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 314

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Book Description
Management of Emerging Public Health Issues and Risks: Multidisciplinary Approaches to the Changing Environment addresses the threats facing the rapidly changing world and provides guidance on how to manage risks to population health. Unlike conventional and recognized risks (major, industrial, and natural), emerging risks are characterized by low or non-existent scientific knowledge, high levels of uncertainty, and different levels of acceptability by the relevant authorities and exposed populations. Emerging risk must be analyzed through multiple and crossed approaches identifying the phenomenon linked to the emergence of risk but also by combining scientific, policy and social data in order to provide more enlightened decision making. Management of Emerging Public Health Issues and Risks: Multidisciplinary Approaches to the Changing Environment provides examples of transdisciplinary approaches used to characterize, analyze, and manage emerging risks. This book will be useful for public health researchers, policy makers, and students as well as those working in emergency management, risk management, security, environmental health, nanomaterials, and food science. Presents emerging risks from the technological, environmental, health, and energy sectors, as well as their social impacts Contextualizes emerging risks as new threats, existing threats in new locations, and known issues, which are newly recognized as risks due to increased scientific knowledge Includes case studies from around the world to reinforce concepts

Author: Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen
Publisher: OUP Oxford
ISBN: 0191015687
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 298

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Book Description
Set against a background of growing public, media and political concern about occupational and environmental health issues, and a scientific need to better understand and explain the effects of pollutants on human health, this book is a unique resource. Contributions from an expert panel of international practitioners provide a comprehensive reference on the state of the art methods and applications in the field of occupational and environmental pollution and the adverse health effects, particularly the exposure assessment in epidemiological studies. Risks associated with occupational and environmental exposure are generally small, but the exposed population, and hence the population attributable risk, may be large. To detect small risk, the exposure assessment needs to be very refined. Exposure assessment is the study of the distribution and determinants of potentially hazardous agents, and includes the estimation of intensity, duration and frequency of exposure, the variation in these indices and their determinants. The aim of this book is to develop an understanding and knowledge of exposure assessment methods and their application to substantive issues in occupational and environmental epidemiology. The emphasis is on methodological principles and good practice. It is focused on exposure assessment in both occupational and environmental epidemiology since there are many similarities but also some interesting differences. The book outlines the basic principles of exposure assessment, and examines the current status and research questions in the exposure assessment of occupational and environmental epidemiological studies of allergens, particulate matter, chlorination disinfection by-products, agricultural pesticides and radiofrequencies. The book will be of interest to all concerned with exposure assessment and epidemiology. It will be a valuable source for undergraduate and postgraduate courses in exposure assessment, occupational hygiene, environmental science, epidemiology, toxicology, biostatistics, occupational and environmental health, health risk assessment and related disciplines and a useful resource of reference for policy makers and regulators.