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Author: Nist Publisher: CreateSpace ISBN: 9781496127457 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 58
Book Description
An in-depth analysis of U.S. residential fire statistics shows that although the total number of fires and deaths due to mattress fires has dropped as a result of several regulatory approaches, the number of deaths per 1000 mattress/bedding fires has increased over past 3 decades. To address the increasing number of deaths due to mattress fires, the open flame mattress flammability regulation (16 CFR 1633) was recently introduced in the U.S. The 16 CFR 1633 prescribes performance standards rather than design standards; this allows manufacturers the flexibility to meet the needs of the consumer without sacrificing fire safety. This flammability regulation for residential mattress has generated much interest in understanding the burning behavior of mattresses as well as in developing new materials for mattress construction. To comply with this regulation, it is essential to understand mattress construction, fire performance testing, factors affecting mattress flammability, and compliance solutions. This report reviews the impact of current mattress flammability standards, examines factors affecting mattress flammability, and reviews full-scale and bench-scale test methods that are being developed for mattresses. The soft materials used in the mattress set, including cushioning materials, fire blocking materials, and tickings, act both individually and collectively to affect the fire performance. The performance of fire barrier materials designed to protect the inner cushioning material from heat and flame is largely dependent on the choice of cushioning material and ticking. When used with an incompatible combination of filling material and ticking, a fire barrier may fail to protect thermal degradation and subsequent burning of filling material. Some of the challenges in designing mattresses have been identified and reported here.
Author: Nist Publisher: CreateSpace ISBN: 9781496127457 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 58
Book Description
An in-depth analysis of U.S. residential fire statistics shows that although the total number of fires and deaths due to mattress fires has dropped as a result of several regulatory approaches, the number of deaths per 1000 mattress/bedding fires has increased over past 3 decades. To address the increasing number of deaths due to mattress fires, the open flame mattress flammability regulation (16 CFR 1633) was recently introduced in the U.S. The 16 CFR 1633 prescribes performance standards rather than design standards; this allows manufacturers the flexibility to meet the needs of the consumer without sacrificing fire safety. This flammability regulation for residential mattress has generated much interest in understanding the burning behavior of mattresses as well as in developing new materials for mattress construction. To comply with this regulation, it is essential to understand mattress construction, fire performance testing, factors affecting mattress flammability, and compliance solutions. This report reviews the impact of current mattress flammability standards, examines factors affecting mattress flammability, and reviews full-scale and bench-scale test methods that are being developed for mattresses. The soft materials used in the mattress set, including cushioning materials, fire blocking materials, and tickings, act both individually and collectively to affect the fire performance. The performance of fire barrier materials designed to protect the inner cushioning material from heat and flame is largely dependent on the choice of cushioning material and ticking. When used with an incompatible combination of filling material and ticking, a fire barrier may fail to protect thermal degradation and subsequent burning of filling material. Some of the challenges in designing mattresses have been identified and reported here.
Author: F. Selcen Kilinc Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 0857098934 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 705
Book Description
Given its importance to consumer safety, fire resistant textiles are one of the fastest growing sectors in industrial textiles. Handbook of fire resistant textiles provides a comprehensive review of the considerable advances that have occurred in the field of fire resistant textiles in recent years. It draws together scientific and technical expertise from around the world to produce an important source of current knowledge on fire resistant textiles and their use for protection in hostile environments.Part one provides an overview of fire resistant textiles. Chapters discuss burning and combustion mechanisms of textile fibers, chemical modification of natural and synthetic fibers to improve flame retardancy, multi-component flame resistant coating techniques for textiles, care and maintenance of fire resistant textiles, along with the safety, health and environmental aspects of flame retardants. Part two covers different types of fire resistant fibers and fabrics, including flame retardant cotton, wool, ceramic fibers and blends, composites and nonwovens. Part three reviews standards, regulations, and characterization of fire resistant textiles. Part four includes case studies of major applications of fire resistant textiles.The Handbook of fire resistant textiles is an invaluable resource for a broad spectrum of professionals in the textiles and apparel industries, including textile and garment manufacturers, engineers, researchers, designers, developers and buyers. - Provides a comprehensive review of the considerable advances that have occurred in the field of fire resistant textiles in recent years - Discusses burning and combustion mechanisms of textile fibers and chemical modification of natural and synthetic fibers to improve flame retardancy - Covers different types of fire resistant fibers and fabrics, including flame retardant cotton, wool, ceramic fibers and blends, composites and nonwovens
Author: John R. Shields Publisher: ISBN: Category : Mattresses Languages : en Pages : 91
Book Description
This study addresses the fire behavior of bed assemblies, including a mattress, foundation and bedclothes. The focus is on development and application of a reproducible means of simulating the thermal impact which burning bedclothes materials impose on a mattress. Twelve dtfferent sets of bedclothes were burned on top of an inert mattress to obtain data on heat release rate, flame spread rates and, to a lesser degree, heat flux to nearby objects. Six of these sets were selected for characterization of the heat flux patterns they impose on an inert mattress surface. A unique, infrared imaging technique was developed for this purpose. The results, in terms of peak heat flux, duration and area, were used to develop a pair of propane burners which impose on the side and top of a mattress heat flux patterns which mimic those imposed at a typical, fixed location by burning bedclothes. These burners were applied to a set of five mattress designs, including one typical of current residential mattresses; the four other designs included potentially less flammable design elements to permit a wide range of fire behaviors. This facilitated a broad assessment of the ability of the gas burners to predict the fire behavior of mattresses. The duration of the burner application was varied. Also, as a check on the burner-induced behavior, the same mattress designs were tested with one bedclothes combination. All of the altered designs offered some modification in fire behavior but they differed strongly in overall effect. The effects ranged from a delay in the time to reach an undiminished heat release rate peak to greatly reduced mattress involvement in the fire. The burners successfully predicted the behavior of four of the mattress designs. They failed to predict the fire behavior (with burning bedclothes) of one design since the bedclothes produced a phenomenon (internal overpressurization and seam rupture) which the burners did not produce.
Author: T. J. Ohlemiller Publisher: ISBN: 9780756715564 Category : Languages : en Pages : 91
Book Description
This study addresses the fire behavior of bed assemblies, including a mattress, foundation & bedclothes. The focus is on development & application of a reproducible means of simulating the thermal impact which burning bedclothes materials impose on a mattress. Chapters include: fire behavior in bedclothes on an inert mattress; measurements of heat flux to an inert mattress; gas burner design & performance; tests of improved mattress technologies; thermal behavior of thin stainless steel foil; & summary of fire behavior of tested mattresses with gas burners & with bedclothes. Photos, charts & tables.
Author: Shahid Ul Islam Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 0323998348 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 568
Book Description
Advances in Healthcare and Protective Textiles addresses technologies that have had a major impact in industry for decades, but which are currently attracting unprecedented attention due to their applications in the fight against the Coronavirus epidemic. Recent advances in textile technology have opened new possibilities for textile researchers and scientists in antiviral textiles, flame-retardant textiles, antimicrobial textiles, insect repellent textiles, breathable medical textiles, aroma-protective textiles, high tech-textiles, smart textiles, nano textiles, and more. This book provides systematic and comprehensive coverage of cutting-edge research and developments on material design, methodologies, characterizations, processes, properties and applications of medical healthcare and protective textiles. In addition, sections pay special attention to advanced fabrication methodologies and materials used in apparel engineering. - Provides a thorough review of recent advances in personal protective equipment (PPE) design and manufacture in response to the requirements of the fight against Coronavirus - Gives advice on improving sustainability through the use of reusable and recyclable medical textiles - Explores innovative materials like biopolymers and their applications in medical textiles
Author: G. Caird Ramsay Publisher: ISBN: 9780643040670 Category : House furnishings Languages : en Pages : 19
Book Description
A representative range of mattresses was subjected to cigarette and burning paper ignition sources. Ignition by cigarettes was achieved only at the taped edge of the mattresses which had this design feature. Al I mattresses were readily ignited by the paper source but they showed differing f lame propagation, and heat and smoke release rates. Of particular note was the rapid release of large amounts of heat and smoke by the rubber/polyurethane foam and one of the polyurethane mattresses A prototype institutional mattress which incorporated an interliner showed a significant improvement in fire performance in terms of ignitability, flame propagation, and heat and smoke release. It is concluded that it is feasible to use 'mini-mattresses' for the assessment of such mattresses.
Author: John Krasny Publisher: William Andrew ISBN: 0815517203 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 447
Book Description
In the United States alone, deaths due to furniture and bed fires still rank as the top-most category of fire losses. The flammability of upholstered furniture is a major concern of engineers and others across a wide swath of organizations. This book was written to provide its audience with the science and engineering need to better understand the combustibility of the products they manufacture, purchase, and try to extinguish. Beginning with a brief overview of materials, safety design and standards, the text covers topics such as flame ignition, spread, toxic gases, heat release rate (HRR), test methods, fire hazard analysis, and selected regulations in the US, UK, and EU.
Author: John Raymond Hall Publisher: ASTM International ISBN: 0803126204 Category : Fire prevention Languages : en Pages : 128
Book Description
From the December 1998 symposium of the same name come 11 contributions which explore the role ASTM (an international developer of technical and materials standards) can play in the propagation of performance-based fire codes and standards in the United States and Canada (codes and standards already
Author: Thomas J. Ohlemiller Publisher: ISBN: Category : Bedding Languages : en Pages : 34
Book Description
The severity of a bed fire is a function of the fire performance of the components of the bed and the interactions among them. Accordingly, a series of tests was conducted to elucidate how varying the fire behavior of bed clothes might affect the fire performance and eventual flammability testing of the mattress and foundation.
Author: Nist
Author: Nist
Author: F. Selcen Kilinc
Author: John R. Shields
Author: T. J. Ohlemiller
Author: Shahid Ul Islam
Author: G. Caird Ramsay
Author: Vytenis Babrauskas
Author: John Krasny
Author: John Raymond Hall
Author: Thomas J. Ohlemiller