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Author: Celia Holland Publisher: Newnes ISBN: 012397285X Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 461
Book Description
This book tackles a number of different perspectives concerning the parasitic helminth Ascaris, both in animals and in humans and the disease known as ascariasis. It seeks to identify interesting, exciting and novel aspects, which will interest readers from a broad range of disciplines.Over a quarter of the world's population are infected with the human roundworm, and the equivalent in pigs is equally ubiquitous. Both contribute to insidious and chronic nutritional morbidity, and this has been quantified, in humans, as disability adjusted life years approximating 10.5 million. Ascaris larvae develop in host parenteral tissues, and the resultant pathology has been condemnation. Ascariasis, despite its staggering global prevalence and the sheer numbers of people it infects, remains a classic neglected disease. However, renewed interest in the consequences of early infection with worms from the perspective of immune modulation, co-infections and the development of allergy further enhances the relevance of these parasites. - Brings together a wide range of topics and approaches and recent, comprehensive and progressive research concerning the neglected parasite Ascaris - Provides a blueprint of how a single parasite entity can stimulate interest in basic biology, clinical science, veterinary science, public health and epidemiology - Presents a wealth of new insights given that a book on this parasite has not been published for over 20 years - 16 chapters from a range of top authors from around the world
Author: Celia Holland Publisher: Newnes ISBN: 012397285X Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 461
Book Description
This book tackles a number of different perspectives concerning the parasitic helminth Ascaris, both in animals and in humans and the disease known as ascariasis. It seeks to identify interesting, exciting and novel aspects, which will interest readers from a broad range of disciplines.Over a quarter of the world's population are infected with the human roundworm, and the equivalent in pigs is equally ubiquitous. Both contribute to insidious and chronic nutritional morbidity, and this has been quantified, in humans, as disability adjusted life years approximating 10.5 million. Ascaris larvae develop in host parenteral tissues, and the resultant pathology has been condemnation. Ascariasis, despite its staggering global prevalence and the sheer numbers of people it infects, remains a classic neglected disease. However, renewed interest in the consequences of early infection with worms from the perspective of immune modulation, co-infections and the development of allergy further enhances the relevance of these parasites. - Brings together a wide range of topics and approaches and recent, comprehensive and progressive research concerning the neglected parasite Ascaris - Provides a blueprint of how a single parasite entity can stimulate interest in basic biology, clinical science, veterinary science, public health and epidemiology - Presents a wealth of new insights given that a book on this parasite has not been published for over 20 years - 16 chapters from a range of top authors from around the world
Author: Simon J. Brooker Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters ISBN: 0128061367 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 33
Book Description
Ascariasis is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) affecting 763 million people worldwide, with nutritional and developmental consequences of chronic childhood infection and severe clinical disease occurring in heavy infections. Reliably estimating the extent of the problem of Ascaris lumbricoides and ascariasis is difficult because of inaccuracies in parasitological diagnosis, the non-specificity of clinical signs, and a paucity of reliable and accurate data. As a consequence, estimating the global distribution and disease burden has been based on informed approximations, using the best available information. This chapter provides an overview of past and current estimates of the global population at risk of and infected with A. lumbricoides. The regional and global burden of ascariasis is estimated by extrapolation from data on the prevalence of infection and a series of epidemiological methods. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study uses disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) to measure disease burden, based on an assessment of premature mortality and years lived with disability. The data and methods used to estimate the disease burden of ascariasis in the 1990 GBD study and the 2010 study are compared. Globally, intestinal nematodes are estimated to contribute 5.184 million DALYs in 2010, with ascariasis contributing 1.3148 million, trichuriasis 0.6382 million, and hookworm 3.2311 million. The 2010 study provides estimates for both 1990 and 2010, and these findings indicated that the burden of ascariasis in 2010 is much lower than in 1990, where ascariasis contributed 4.2173 billion DALYs. The use of DALYs to estimate the burden of ascariasis is not without its limitations, however, and fails to capture the broader societal impact of ascariasis and other NTDs or that they disapportionally affect the poorest populations.
Author: Antonio Montresor Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters ISBN: 0128061383 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 20
Book Description
Experiences from Japan and Korea demonstrated that when a country is developing economically, the periodic administration of anthelmintic (preventive chemotherapy) drastically reduces soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH) and these advances are then maintained by increasing sanitation standards; both countries eliminated the morbidity due to STH in less than a decade. The situation is more complex in countries with slow economic development in which preventive chemotherapy should be maintained over a longer period of time in order to reduce morbidity due to STH. Preventive chemotherapy is characterized by population-based diagnosis, population-based treatment, and implementation at regular intervals. WHO recommends regular monitoring of the implementation of this strategy in order to obtain maximal benefit for the target populations. In 2010, preventive chemotherapy for the control of STH reached over 33% of the population in need of treatment and rapid expansion of the coverage is expected in 2012–2015 as a consequence of the drug donation provided by the original producers. WHO is monitoring this trend and facilitating the process providing direct support to member states, facilitating the drug donation and developing guiding material and strategic plans.
Author: Johnny Vlaminck Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters ISBN: 0128061391 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 41
Book Description
Roundworms are the most prevalent parasite of swine in the world today. Their presence on a pig farm can have detrimental effects on farm profitability due to their impact on growth rate, feed conversion, and general health of the produced pigs. For farmers, it is therefore essential to be aware of the “worm status” of their herd in order to make informed decisions on how to control this disease on their farm. This chapter concentrates on the diverse aspects involved in the diagnosis and control of Ascaris suum infections on pig farms. It focuses on how the results obtained from different detection methods should be interpreted and what efforts could be made to control parasite transmission and consequentially reduce the prevalence and economic impact of this parasite on a pig farm.
Author: World Health Organization Publisher: ISBN: Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 26
Book Description
A set of nine A-4 color plates with 118 photomicrographs illustrating the appearance and diagnostic features of all the common intestinal helminths and protozoan parasites known to infect humans. Produced in a robust plasticized format, the plates can be used as either a guide for laboratory and field workers in endemic countries, or a teaching aid for students and trainees. The aim is to help the microscopist ascertain the presence of parasites in feces, whether they be minute protozoan cysts or large helminth eggs, and to identify them correctly. With this goal in mind, the bench aids include pertinent laboratory instructions as well as high-quality images. The photomicrographs illustrate diagnostic features of each of the parasites as they appear in different preparations and at different magnifications. Each photomicrograph is produced with a measuring bar and accompanied by a short explanatory legend, which draws attention to distinctive features that help confirm diagnosis. Helminth eggs are illustrated in the first 36 photomicrographs, which show the diagnostic stages of the most common helminthes, including nematodes, cestodes, schistosomes, and other trematodes. The remaining photomicrographs offer advice on the more difficult task of detecting and identifying intestinal protozoan trophozoites and cysts. Relevant laboratory techniques are described on the reverse side of the plates. Additional laboratory aids include dichotomous keys for the identification of amoebic trophozoites trophozoites of intestinal flagellates, and cysts of amoebae and flagellates.
Author: Tracey Lamb Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 1118393333 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 531
Book Description
Parasitic infections remain a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the world today. Often endemic in developing countries many parasitic diseases are neglected in terms of research funding and much remains to be understood about parasites and the interactions they have with the immune system. This book examines current knowledge about immune responses to parasitic infections affecting humans, including interactions that occur during co-infections, and how immune responses may be manipulated to develop therapeutic interventions against parasitic infection. For easy reference, the most commonly studied parasites are examined in individual chapters written by investigators at the forefront of their field. An overview of the immune system, as well as introductions to protozoan and helminth parasites, is included to guide background reading. A historical perspective of the field of immunoparasitology acknowledges the contributions of investigators who have been instrumental in developing this field of research.
Author: Celia V. Holland Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters ISBN: 0128061286 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 30
Book Description
Larval ascariasis is much less well understood than adult worm infection. Part of the explanation for this is the difficulty in assessing the impact of larval infections in human subjects. In contrast, adult worms can be counted after post-chemotherapeutic expulsion or, additionally, eggs voided in host feces can be quantified as an indirect measure of infection intensity. Furthermore, respiratory and hepatic disease, which may be associated with transient passage of larvae through these organs, can be either non-specific or cryptic, making Ascaris-specific diagnosis through clinical signs of infection challenging. The influence of early infection on parasite establishment and host immunity is recognized as important but it remains challenging to unravel the complexities of the relationship. Both pigs as natural hosts of Ascaris suum and a range of abnormal hosts have been utilized to investigate larval migration. Few if any of these model systems have enabled clarification of the basis of variation in susceptibility and resistance to larval migration and accumulation in the liver and lungs. In this chapter, we document the literature on larval ascariasis with a particular emphasis on studies utilizing mice because mice are now developing as useful model systems for the study of early Ascaris infection, the migratory path and its duration being similar to that of pigs. We describe a mouse model of early Ascaris infection that mimics the extremes of the host phenotype displayed in the aggregated distribution of adult worms in human and pig populations, outline the existing evidence for the role of the liver in susceptibility to larval ascariasis and discuss future directions for the use of this model system.
Author: Philip J. Cooper Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters ISBN: 0128061243 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 28
Book Description
Natural infections with Ascaris lumbricoides and A. suum of pigs and humans, respectively, have a worldwide distribution. Ascaris infections induce strong Th2 responses in the host that appear to be central to the development of protective immunity. Th2 responses may be modulated actively through a complex host–parasite interaction that allows the parasite to survive but also limits severe Th2-mediated pathology in the host. The increased production of IL-10 by regulatory cell populations may have a key role in the modulation of the immune response during chronic ascariasis although most evidence in support is derived from experimental infections with A. suum and A. suum antigen extracts. Antigen fractions of A. suum have potent anti-inflammatory effects in experimental models of arthritis and asthma, but other antigen fractions are strong inducers of inflammation. The clinical effects of such immune modulation in humans is uncertain although there is some evidence that chronic infections may be associated with impaired immune responses to vaccines indicating potentially important effects on both mucosal and systemic immunity. Human ascariasis has been associated with an increased risk of asthma and other allergic reactions, observations that preclude the use of experimental infections for the treatment of inflammation in favor of the study of the anti-inflammatory properties of specific molecules derived from Ascaris.
Author: Sarah Williams-Blangero Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters ISBN: 0128061359 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 38
Book Description
Ascaris infections remain major global public health problems despite the wide availability of cheap, effective anthelminthic drugs. An improved understanding of host susceptibility to Ascaris infection may suggest new approaches for targeting available drugs more effectively, or may suggest novel targets for drug development efforts. This chapter explores our current understanding of the underlying genetic architecture of susceptibility to Ascaris infection. The past and potential future uses of different types of genetic approaches, from quantitative genetic studies of heritability, to gene localization, to sequencing of functional variants, are explored. The field of human complex disease genetics is moving rapidly as a result of both technological and theoretical advances. State-of-the-art genetic techniques promise to yield new insights which will dramatically improve our understanding of the determinants of differential host susceptibility to Ascaris infection.
Author: Celia Holland
Author: Celia Holland
Author: Simon J. Brooker
Author: Antonio Montresor
Author: Johnny Vlaminck
Author: World Health Organization
Author: Tracey Lamb
Author: Celia V. Holland
Author: Michael Harrington
Author: Philip J. Cooper
Author: Sarah Williams-Blangero