Author: Maurice Samuel
Publisher: MAURICE C SAMUEL
ISBN:
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 174
Book Description
Seen over the long term, overpayment of council tax by a thousand or more pounds a year, and by tens of thousands of pounds since 1993, is a far more overlooked, pernicious, sustained and unfair squeeze on British household incomes than anything occupying the current (March 2023) public debate around the cost of living. This book is unique in terms of the data it presents, the insights it provides, the coherent story it tells, and the issues it raises. Using a comprehensive and rigorous approach, it forensically uncovers the pseudoscience behind council tax banding. In particular, it tells the story of how the Valuation Office made price claims for many terrace properties in the London Borough of Haringey that were not simply near misses, but outright absurdities. In the early 1990s, these claims lifted them by tens of thousands of pounds into much higher council tax bands, resulting in their owners subsequently overpaying council tax by as much as £51,000 to 2022. Among its unique insights, the book identifies Artefacts used by the Valuation Office as the key reason for this outcome. Because these Artefacts did not reflect the letter and intent of the law, they were more often wrong than right, and created bizarre, outrageous and counter-intuitive outcomes. Among these is that a house that sold for £85,000 is paying more in tax (Band F) than one that sold for £200,000 (Band E), so that the proportion of Band F terrace houses in my postcode in Haringey is almost three times greater than in even Kensington & Chelsea, despite the latter having an average terrace price over £400,000 higher in 1991. In Haringey, the Artefacts have left many affluent white middle class homes in more expensive parts of the borough actually paying less council tax than those owned by lower socio-economic ethnic minorities elsewhere. These Artefacts are vitally important to understand for anyone in England and Wales considering challenging the council tax banding of their property, because they underpin the assessments made by the Valuation Office. The sheer weight of unique, consistent, robust, and rigorously presented evidence in this book should leave no reasonable person in any doubt regarding the key role played by these Artefacts in contributing to the multitude structural failings of the current council tax system. These failings have left many households in England and Wales that have challenged the banding of their properties both unable to claim overpaid council tax from the past, and unable to avoid the liability of future unfairly high (and rapidly rising) council taxes. By 2028, the ‘worst-case’ overvaluation since the introduction of council tax would leave a homeowner in Haringey over £69,000 out of pocket, having considerably reduced their living standards and lifetime opportunities. These unfair outcomes mean council tax over-banding is now a significant and growing human rights issue. This book is entirely coincidental with the cost of living crisis that is currently unfolding and gripping the UK. But its findings of a hidden unfair tax burden worth up to many tens of thousands of pounds add an additional vital but to date poorly recognised and understood element that, for those affected by property over-banding, helps accentuate that crisis.
Artefact: Anatomy of a Great English Tax Scandal
Author: Maurice Samuel
Publisher: MAURICE C SAMUEL
ISBN:
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 174
Book Description
Seen over the long term, overpayment of council tax by a thousand or more pounds a year, and by tens of thousands of pounds since 1993, is a far more overlooked, pernicious, sustained and unfair squeeze on British household incomes than anything occupying the current (March 2023) public debate around the cost of living. This book is unique in terms of the data it presents, the insights it provides, the coherent story it tells, and the issues it raises. Using a comprehensive and rigorous approach, it forensically uncovers the pseudoscience behind council tax banding. In particular, it tells the story of how the Valuation Office made price claims for many terrace properties in the London Borough of Haringey that were not simply near misses, but outright absurdities. In the early 1990s, these claims lifted them by tens of thousands of pounds into much higher council tax bands, resulting in their owners subsequently overpaying council tax by as much as £51,000 to 2022. Among its unique insights, the book identifies Artefacts used by the Valuation Office as the key reason for this outcome. Because these Artefacts did not reflect the letter and intent of the law, they were more often wrong than right, and created bizarre, outrageous and counter-intuitive outcomes. Among these is that a house that sold for £85,000 is paying more in tax (Band F) than one that sold for £200,000 (Band E), so that the proportion of Band F terrace houses in my postcode in Haringey is almost three times greater than in even Kensington & Chelsea, despite the latter having an average terrace price over £400,000 higher in 1991. In Haringey, the Artefacts have left many affluent white middle class homes in more expensive parts of the borough actually paying less council tax than those owned by lower socio-economic ethnic minorities elsewhere. These Artefacts are vitally important to understand for anyone in England and Wales considering challenging the council tax banding of their property, because they underpin the assessments made by the Valuation Office. The sheer weight of unique, consistent, robust, and rigorously presented evidence in this book should leave no reasonable person in any doubt regarding the key role played by these Artefacts in contributing to the multitude structural failings of the current council tax system. These failings have left many households in England and Wales that have challenged the banding of their properties both unable to claim overpaid council tax from the past, and unable to avoid the liability of future unfairly high (and rapidly rising) council taxes. By 2028, the ‘worst-case’ overvaluation since the introduction of council tax would leave a homeowner in Haringey over £69,000 out of pocket, having considerably reduced their living standards and lifetime opportunities. These unfair outcomes mean council tax over-banding is now a significant and growing human rights issue. This book is entirely coincidental with the cost of living crisis that is currently unfolding and gripping the UK. But its findings of a hidden unfair tax burden worth up to many tens of thousands of pounds add an additional vital but to date poorly recognised and understood element that, for those affected by property over-banding, helps accentuate that crisis.
Publisher: MAURICE C SAMUEL
ISBN:
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 174
Book Description
Seen over the long term, overpayment of council tax by a thousand or more pounds a year, and by tens of thousands of pounds since 1993, is a far more overlooked, pernicious, sustained and unfair squeeze on British household incomes than anything occupying the current (March 2023) public debate around the cost of living. This book is unique in terms of the data it presents, the insights it provides, the coherent story it tells, and the issues it raises. Using a comprehensive and rigorous approach, it forensically uncovers the pseudoscience behind council tax banding. In particular, it tells the story of how the Valuation Office made price claims for many terrace properties in the London Borough of Haringey that were not simply near misses, but outright absurdities. In the early 1990s, these claims lifted them by tens of thousands of pounds into much higher council tax bands, resulting in their owners subsequently overpaying council tax by as much as £51,000 to 2022. Among its unique insights, the book identifies Artefacts used by the Valuation Office as the key reason for this outcome. Because these Artefacts did not reflect the letter and intent of the law, they were more often wrong than right, and created bizarre, outrageous and counter-intuitive outcomes. Among these is that a house that sold for £85,000 is paying more in tax (Band F) than one that sold for £200,000 (Band E), so that the proportion of Band F terrace houses in my postcode in Haringey is almost three times greater than in even Kensington & Chelsea, despite the latter having an average terrace price over £400,000 higher in 1991. In Haringey, the Artefacts have left many affluent white middle class homes in more expensive parts of the borough actually paying less council tax than those owned by lower socio-economic ethnic minorities elsewhere. These Artefacts are vitally important to understand for anyone in England and Wales considering challenging the council tax banding of their property, because they underpin the assessments made by the Valuation Office. The sheer weight of unique, consistent, robust, and rigorously presented evidence in this book should leave no reasonable person in any doubt regarding the key role played by these Artefacts in contributing to the multitude structural failings of the current council tax system. These failings have left many households in England and Wales that have challenged the banding of their properties both unable to claim overpaid council tax from the past, and unable to avoid the liability of future unfairly high (and rapidly rising) council taxes. By 2028, the ‘worst-case’ overvaluation since the introduction of council tax would leave a homeowner in Haringey over £69,000 out of pocket, having considerably reduced their living standards and lifetime opportunities. These unfair outcomes mean council tax over-banding is now a significant and growing human rights issue. This book is entirely coincidental with the cost of living crisis that is currently unfolding and gripping the UK. But its findings of a hidden unfair tax burden worth up to many tens of thousands of pounds add an additional vital but to date poorly recognised and understood element that, for those affected by property over-banding, helps accentuate that crisis.
Combating Fiscal Fraud and Empowering Regulators
Author: Brigitte Unger
Publisher: Oxford University Press
ISBN: 0198854722
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 369
Book Description
This is an open access title available under the terms of a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International licence. It is free to read at Oxford Scholarship Online and offered as a free PDF download from OUP and selected open access locations. Combating Fiscal Fraud and Empowering Regulators analyzes the impact of new international tax regulations on the scope and scale of tax evasion, tax avoidance, and money laundering. These are analyzed through an ecosystem framework in which, similar to a natural ecosystem, new tax regulations appear as heavy shocks to the tax ecosystem, to which the 'species' such as countries, corporations, and tax experts will react by looking for new loopholes and niches of survival. By analyzing the impact of tax reforms from different perspectives--a legal, political science, accounting, and economic one--one may derive an assessment of the reforms and policy recommendations for an improved international tax system. The ultimate goal is to combat fiscal fraud and empower regulators, in that line, this volume is intended for a broad audience that seeks to know more about the latest state of the art in the realm of taxation from a multidisciplinary perspective. The money involved amounts to billions in unpaid taxes that could be better used for stopping hunger, guaranteeing education, and safeguarding biodiversity, hence making this world a better one. Regulators can see this book as a guiding light of what has happened in the past forty years, and how the world has and will continue to change as a result of it. Combating Fiscal Fraud and Empowering Regulators is also a warning about new emerging tax loopholes, such as freeports or golden passports and visas, where residency can be bought in tax havens, even within the European Union. The main message is that inequality can and has to be reduced substantially and that this can be achieved through a well-working international tax system that eliminates secrecy, opaqueness, and tax havens.
Publisher: Oxford University Press
ISBN: 0198854722
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 369
Book Description
This is an open access title available under the terms of a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International licence. It is free to read at Oxford Scholarship Online and offered as a free PDF download from OUP and selected open access locations. Combating Fiscal Fraud and Empowering Regulators analyzes the impact of new international tax regulations on the scope and scale of tax evasion, tax avoidance, and money laundering. These are analyzed through an ecosystem framework in which, similar to a natural ecosystem, new tax regulations appear as heavy shocks to the tax ecosystem, to which the 'species' such as countries, corporations, and tax experts will react by looking for new loopholes and niches of survival. By analyzing the impact of tax reforms from different perspectives--a legal, political science, accounting, and economic one--one may derive an assessment of the reforms and policy recommendations for an improved international tax system. The ultimate goal is to combat fiscal fraud and empower regulators, in that line, this volume is intended for a broad audience that seeks to know more about the latest state of the art in the realm of taxation from a multidisciplinary perspective. The money involved amounts to billions in unpaid taxes that could be better used for stopping hunger, guaranteeing education, and safeguarding biodiversity, hence making this world a better one. Regulators can see this book as a guiding light of what has happened in the past forty years, and how the world has and will continue to change as a result of it. Combating Fiscal Fraud and Empowering Regulators is also a warning about new emerging tax loopholes, such as freeports or golden passports and visas, where residency can be bought in tax havens, even within the European Union. The main message is that inequality can and has to be reduced substantially and that this can be achieved through a well-working international tax system that eliminates secrecy, opaqueness, and tax havens.
Popular Mechanics
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 140
Book Description
Popular Mechanics inspires, instructs and influences readers to help them master the modern world. Whether it’s practical DIY home-improvement tips, gadgets and digital technology, information on the newest cars or the latest breakthroughs in science -- PM is the ultimate guide to our high-tech lifestyle.
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 140
Book Description
Popular Mechanics inspires, instructs and influences readers to help them master the modern world. Whether it’s practical DIY home-improvement tips, gadgets and digital technology, information on the newest cars or the latest breakthroughs in science -- PM is the ultimate guide to our high-tech lifestyle.
ECCWS 2020 19th European Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security
Author: Dr Thaddeus Eze
Publisher: Academic Conferences and publishing limited
ISBN: 1912764628
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 641
Book Description
These proceedings represent the work of contributors to the 19th European Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security (ECCWS 2020), supported by University of Chester, UK on 25-26 June 2020. The Conference Co-chairs are Dr Thaddeus Eze and Dr Lee Speakman, both from University of Chester and the Programme Chair is Dr Cyril Onwubiko from IEEE and Director, Cyber Security Intelligence at Research Series Limited. ECCWS is a well-established event on the academic research calendar and now in its 19th year the key aim remains the opportunity for participants to share ideas and meet. The conference was due to be held at University of Chester, UK, but due to the global Covid-19 pandemic it was moved online to be held as a virtual event. The scope of papers will ensure an interesting conference. The subjects covered illustrate the wide range of topics that fall into this important and ever-growing area of research.
Publisher: Academic Conferences and publishing limited
ISBN: 1912764628
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 641
Book Description
These proceedings represent the work of contributors to the 19th European Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security (ECCWS 2020), supported by University of Chester, UK on 25-26 June 2020. The Conference Co-chairs are Dr Thaddeus Eze and Dr Lee Speakman, both from University of Chester and the Programme Chair is Dr Cyril Onwubiko from IEEE and Director, Cyber Security Intelligence at Research Series Limited. ECCWS is a well-established event on the academic research calendar and now in its 19th year the key aim remains the opportunity for participants to share ideas and meet. The conference was due to be held at University of Chester, UK, but due to the global Covid-19 pandemic it was moved online to be held as a virtual event. The scope of papers will ensure an interesting conference. The subjects covered illustrate the wide range of topics that fall into this important and ever-growing area of research.
Artifact Space
Author: Miles Cameron
Publisher: Gollancz
ISBN: 1473232627
Category : Fiction
Languages : en
Pages : 479
Book Description
Out in the darkness of space, something is targeting the Greatships. With their vast cargo holds and a crew that could fill a city, the Greatships are the lifeblood of human occupied space, transporting an unimaginable volume - and value - of goods from City, the greatest human orbital, all the way to Tradepoint at the other, to trade for xenoglas with an unknowable alien species. It has always been Marca Nbaro's dream to achieve the near-impossible: escape her upbringing and venture into space. All it took, to make her way onto the crew of the Greatship Athens was thousands of hours in simulators, dedication, and pawning or selling every scrap of her old life in order to forge a new one. But though she's made her way onboard with faked papers, leaving her old life - and scandals - behind isn't so easy. She may have just combined all the dangers of her former life, with all the perils of the new . . .
Publisher: Gollancz
ISBN: 1473232627
Category : Fiction
Languages : en
Pages : 479
Book Description
Out in the darkness of space, something is targeting the Greatships. With their vast cargo holds and a crew that could fill a city, the Greatships are the lifeblood of human occupied space, transporting an unimaginable volume - and value - of goods from City, the greatest human orbital, all the way to Tradepoint at the other, to trade for xenoglas with an unknowable alien species. It has always been Marca Nbaro's dream to achieve the near-impossible: escape her upbringing and venture into space. All it took, to make her way onto the crew of the Greatship Athens was thousands of hours in simulators, dedication, and pawning or selling every scrap of her old life in order to forge a new one. But though she's made her way onboard with faked papers, leaving her old life - and scandals - behind isn't so easy. She may have just combined all the dangers of her former life, with all the perils of the new . . .
The Third Realm of Luxury
Author: Joanne Roberts
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN: 1350062790
Category : Design
Languages : en
Pages : 225
Book Description
In a world that is obsessed with luxury, critical luxury studies is a rapidly emerging field. This is the first book to explore the interplay between the real and imaginary realms of luxury, considering the most significant developments in the theories and practices of luxurious places and spaces over the last fifty years. Providing a critical approach to contemporary interpretations of luxury, the book interrogates the distinction between real places and imaginary spaces. Bringing together an interdisciplinary group of leading scholars, it features a range of case studies which take the reader from the Rolls-Royce Ghost Black Badge to expressions of sensuality in the 1970s domestic interior, and global conceptions of fine wine and art. The Third Realm of Luxury considers the interplay between luxury and space in both the past and the present, examining the abstract conception of excess and exoticism, as well as the real locations of the home, hotel, apartment, and palace. Full of original research, it is a key contribution to the study of consumption, design, fashion, and architecture.
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN: 1350062790
Category : Design
Languages : en
Pages : 225
Book Description
In a world that is obsessed with luxury, critical luxury studies is a rapidly emerging field. This is the first book to explore the interplay between the real and imaginary realms of luxury, considering the most significant developments in the theories and practices of luxurious places and spaces over the last fifty years. Providing a critical approach to contemporary interpretations of luxury, the book interrogates the distinction between real places and imaginary spaces. Bringing together an interdisciplinary group of leading scholars, it features a range of case studies which take the reader from the Rolls-Royce Ghost Black Badge to expressions of sensuality in the 1970s domestic interior, and global conceptions of fine wine and art. The Third Realm of Luxury considers the interplay between luxury and space in both the past and the present, examining the abstract conception of excess and exoticism, as well as the real locations of the home, hotel, apartment, and palace. Full of original research, it is a key contribution to the study of consumption, design, fashion, and architecture.
Los Angeles Magazine
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 212
Book Description
Los Angeles magazine is a regional magazine of national stature. Our combination of award-winning feature writing, investigative reporting, service journalism, and design covers the people, lifestyle, culture, entertainment, fashion, art and architecture, and news that define Southern California. Started in the spring of 1961, Los Angeles magazine has been addressing the needs and interests of our region for 48 years. The magazine continues to be the definitive resource for an affluent population that is intensely interested in a lifestyle that is uniquely Southern Californian.
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 212
Book Description
Los Angeles magazine is a regional magazine of national stature. Our combination of award-winning feature writing, investigative reporting, service journalism, and design covers the people, lifestyle, culture, entertainment, fashion, art and architecture, and news that define Southern California. Started in the spring of 1961, Los Angeles magazine has been addressing the needs and interests of our region for 48 years. The magazine continues to be the definitive resource for an affluent population that is intensely interested in a lifestyle that is uniquely Southern Californian.
Sustainability in Art, Fashion and Wine
Author: Annamma Joy
Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN: 3110783975
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 262
Book Description
The art, fashion and wine industries are currently at various stages in their efforts to embrace and transition towards sustainability. While sustainability commitments are a necessary condition for progress, they are not sufficient. Instead, there is a need for sweeping transformative change that includes giving serious consideration to indigenous worldviews without recolonizing them. Sustainability in Art, Fashion and Wine includes findings from recent research and contributes to a new understanding of familiar concepts such as sustainability, (de)colonization and corporate responsibility in the art, fashion and wine industries by adopting critical lenses and incorporating them with innovative perspectives on circular business models and digitalization. It endeavors to present remedies for effectively combating climate change and promoting social good. While discussing specific issues such as sub-contracted labor, safe working conditions, living wages, environmental degradation, mismanaged waste, and more, the book argues that recognizing the significant role western colonization has played – and continues to play – in the developing world in our current conception of capitalism is itself unsustainable. To understand the true meaning of sustainability – to fully recognize the looming deadlines we face in combating the climate crisis and instituting sustainability as a new normal – the acceptance of a new conception of capitalism, one antithetical to colonization and exploitation, is required. Contributors to this book address these issues by applying a critical studies approach to their respective chapters, allowing the book to set out what real sustainability could and should look like in the art, fashion and wine industries.
Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN: 3110783975
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 262
Book Description
The art, fashion and wine industries are currently at various stages in their efforts to embrace and transition towards sustainability. While sustainability commitments are a necessary condition for progress, they are not sufficient. Instead, there is a need for sweeping transformative change that includes giving serious consideration to indigenous worldviews without recolonizing them. Sustainability in Art, Fashion and Wine includes findings from recent research and contributes to a new understanding of familiar concepts such as sustainability, (de)colonization and corporate responsibility in the art, fashion and wine industries by adopting critical lenses and incorporating them with innovative perspectives on circular business models and digitalization. It endeavors to present remedies for effectively combating climate change and promoting social good. While discussing specific issues such as sub-contracted labor, safe working conditions, living wages, environmental degradation, mismanaged waste, and more, the book argues that recognizing the significant role western colonization has played – and continues to play – in the developing world in our current conception of capitalism is itself unsustainable. To understand the true meaning of sustainability – to fully recognize the looming deadlines we face in combating the climate crisis and instituting sustainability as a new normal – the acceptance of a new conception of capitalism, one antithetical to colonization and exploitation, is required. Contributors to this book address these issues by applying a critical studies approach to their respective chapters, allowing the book to set out what real sustainability could and should look like in the art, fashion and wine industries.
Trafficking Culture
Author: Simon Mackenzie
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1315532190
Category : Religion
Languages : en
Pages : 262
Book Description
Trafficking Culture outlines current research and thinking on the illicit market in antiquities. It moves along the global trafficking chain from ‘source’ to ‘market’, identifying the main roles and routines involved. Using original research, the authors explore the dynamics of this ‘grey’ market, where legal and illegal goods are mixed and conflated. It compares and contrasts this illicit trade with other ‘transnational criminal markets’, such as the illegal trades in wildlife and diamonds. The analytical frames of organized crime and white-collar crime, drawn from criminology, provide a fresh perspective on a problem that has tended to be seen as archaeological, rather than criminological. Bringing insights from both disciplines together, this book represents a productive discourse between experts in these two fields, working together for several years to produce the evidence base that is reported here. Innovative forms of regulation are the most productive way to explore crime control in this field, and this book provides a series of propositions about practical crime reduction measures for the future. It will be invaluable to academics working in the fields of archaeology, criminology, art history, museum studies, and heritage. The book will also be a vital resource for professionals in the field of cultural property protection and preservation.
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1315532190
Category : Religion
Languages : en
Pages : 262
Book Description
Trafficking Culture outlines current research and thinking on the illicit market in antiquities. It moves along the global trafficking chain from ‘source’ to ‘market’, identifying the main roles and routines involved. Using original research, the authors explore the dynamics of this ‘grey’ market, where legal and illegal goods are mixed and conflated. It compares and contrasts this illicit trade with other ‘transnational criminal markets’, such as the illegal trades in wildlife and diamonds. The analytical frames of organized crime and white-collar crime, drawn from criminology, provide a fresh perspective on a problem that has tended to be seen as archaeological, rather than criminological. Bringing insights from both disciplines together, this book represents a productive discourse between experts in these two fields, working together for several years to produce the evidence base that is reported here. Innovative forms of regulation are the most productive way to explore crime control in this field, and this book provides a series of propositions about practical crime reduction measures for the future. It will be invaluable to academics working in the fields of archaeology, criminology, art history, museum studies, and heritage. The book will also be a vital resource for professionals in the field of cultural property protection and preservation.
The Phantom Capitalists
Author: Michael Levi
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1351884328
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 267
Book Description
This book analyzes in detail how and why people become involved in long-firm (planned bankruptcy) fraud, the similarities and differences between long-firm fraud and other crimes, the links between bankruptcy fraudsters and other professional and organized criminals, the techniques that fraudsters use, and the social and commercial relationships that exist within the operational world of the long-firm fraudster. Extensively researched, the study uses interviews with and documentation from businesspeople, credit controllers, lawyers, judges, police, fraud investigators as well as fraudsters themselves. It also makes use of extensive documentary material from contemporary and historical police and court records. Originally published in the 1980s, the revised edition of this seminal work provides a substantial new introduction written by the author to highlight the changing and unchanging relevance of the findings for a contemporary audience, and the ways in which fraud opportunities and the organization of frauds have modified in the intervening years.
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1351884328
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 267
Book Description
This book analyzes in detail how and why people become involved in long-firm (planned bankruptcy) fraud, the similarities and differences between long-firm fraud and other crimes, the links between bankruptcy fraudsters and other professional and organized criminals, the techniques that fraudsters use, and the social and commercial relationships that exist within the operational world of the long-firm fraudster. Extensively researched, the study uses interviews with and documentation from businesspeople, credit controllers, lawyers, judges, police, fraud investigators as well as fraudsters themselves. It also makes use of extensive documentary material from contemporary and historical police and court records. Originally published in the 1980s, the revised edition of this seminal work provides a substantial new introduction written by the author to highlight the changing and unchanging relevance of the findings for a contemporary audience, and the ways in which fraud opportunities and the organization of frauds have modified in the intervening years.