Author: John Choong
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN: 9780198810650
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 400
Book Description
This is the first text to provide a comprehensive rule-by-rule commentary of the inception, interpretation, and application of the SIAC Rules, written by practitioners with extensive experience in South East Asia arbitrations. Practical and strategic in approach, this book provides useful guidance for practitioners whilst also delivering commentary and thematic analysis to highlight the connections between the SIAC rules and those of other institutions. The book begins with an introduction to Singapore arbitration, both practical and legal, and is followed by an overview of SIAC arbitration, including the different stages of a typical case and the corporate structure of SIAC. Every rule is then examined in detail on a thematic basis, starting with the commencement of an arbitration and working up to and including the rendering of an award and the determination of costs. This new edition has been fully updated to include the 2016 SIAC Rules, and also contains additional chapters on the new rules on multiple contracts, consolidation, and joinder, the early dismissal of claims and defences, and the SIAC Investment Arbitration Rules (2017). Relevant supporting documents are appended, including SIAC Practice Notes and the SIAC Code of Ethics for Arbitrators. This book stands alone as a comprehensive exposition of SIAC arbitration, and is indispensable for any practitioner involved in arbitration in Asia.
A Guide to the SIAC Arbitration Rules
Author: John Choong
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN: 9780198810650
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 400
Book Description
This is the first text to provide a comprehensive rule-by-rule commentary of the inception, interpretation, and application of the SIAC Rules, written by practitioners with extensive experience in South East Asia arbitrations. Practical and strategic in approach, this book provides useful guidance for practitioners whilst also delivering commentary and thematic analysis to highlight the connections between the SIAC rules and those of other institutions. The book begins with an introduction to Singapore arbitration, both practical and legal, and is followed by an overview of SIAC arbitration, including the different stages of a typical case and the corporate structure of SIAC. Every rule is then examined in detail on a thematic basis, starting with the commencement of an arbitration and working up to and including the rendering of an award and the determination of costs. This new edition has been fully updated to include the 2016 SIAC Rules, and also contains additional chapters on the new rules on multiple contracts, consolidation, and joinder, the early dismissal of claims and defences, and the SIAC Investment Arbitration Rules (2017). Relevant supporting documents are appended, including SIAC Practice Notes and the SIAC Code of Ethics for Arbitrators. This book stands alone as a comprehensive exposition of SIAC arbitration, and is indispensable for any practitioner involved in arbitration in Asia.
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN: 9780198810650
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 400
Book Description
This is the first text to provide a comprehensive rule-by-rule commentary of the inception, interpretation, and application of the SIAC Rules, written by practitioners with extensive experience in South East Asia arbitrations. Practical and strategic in approach, this book provides useful guidance for practitioners whilst also delivering commentary and thematic analysis to highlight the connections between the SIAC rules and those of other institutions. The book begins with an introduction to Singapore arbitration, both practical and legal, and is followed by an overview of SIAC arbitration, including the different stages of a typical case and the corporate structure of SIAC. Every rule is then examined in detail on a thematic basis, starting with the commencement of an arbitration and working up to and including the rendering of an award and the determination of costs. This new edition has been fully updated to include the 2016 SIAC Rules, and also contains additional chapters on the new rules on multiple contracts, consolidation, and joinder, the early dismissal of claims and defences, and the SIAC Investment Arbitration Rules (2017). Relevant supporting documents are appended, including SIAC Practice Notes and the SIAC Code of Ethics for Arbitrators. This book stands alone as a comprehensive exposition of SIAC arbitration, and is indispensable for any practitioner involved in arbitration in Asia.
Singapore Arbitration Legislation
Author: Robert Merkin
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1317624823
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 376
Book Description
The book provides a comprehensive and in depth guide to the regulatory framework in Singapore, the first of its kind for the foremost jurisdiction for international arbitration in the Asia-Pacific geographic zone. It is designed with practitioners in mind and provides terse and specific but detailed and well-informed commentary to each of the sections in the applicable arbitration acts. The book sets out and annotates the two legislative acts applicable to arbitration in Singapore, as well as the Singapore International Arbitration Centre Rules. It also contains a few international documents including the Uncitral Model Law and the New York Convention.
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1317624823
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 376
Book Description
The book provides a comprehensive and in depth guide to the regulatory framework in Singapore, the first of its kind for the foremost jurisdiction for international arbitration in the Asia-Pacific geographic zone. It is designed with practitioners in mind and provides terse and specific but detailed and well-informed commentary to each of the sections in the applicable arbitration acts. The book sets out and annotates the two legislative acts applicable to arbitration in Singapore, as well as the Singapore International Arbitration Centre Rules. It also contains a few international documents including the Uncitral Model Law and the New York Convention.
Document Production in International Arbitration
Author: Reto Marghitola
Publisher: Kluwer Law International B.V.
ISBN: 9041166971
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 343
Book Description
Because document production can discover written evidence that would otherwise not be available, it is often the key to winning a case. However, document production proceedings can be a costly and time-consuming exercise, and arbitral awards in particular are often challenged on grounds that relate to document production orders. The task of balancing the conflicting interests of the parties in this context is a major responsibility of arbitral tribunals. This book's analysis focuses on whether there exist legal principles on which arbitrators should establish rules of document production in both civil law and common law countries, and shows how international arbitration is affected. The author examines the relevant discretion of arbitral tribunals under US, English, Swiss, German, and Austrian law, and under nine of the most important sets of institutional rules, including the ICC Rules, the LCIA Rules, and the Swiss Rules. The presentation mines case law and legal literature for concepts based on the common expectations of the parties, the legitimate expectations of a party, the duty to balance different procedural expectations of the parties, the presumed intent of the parties, the underlying hypothetical bargain, implied terms, and the arbitrators' discretion. Among the topics and issues investigated are the following: - procedural rules on document production versus procedural flexibility; - how arbitral tribunals can modify the IBA Rules on a case-by-case basis; - discretion granted by legislation in each country covered; - electronic document production; - how to deal with privilege and confidentiality objections; - how to formulate or answer document production requests; - effective sanctions in case of non-compliance with procedural orders of the arbitral tribunal; - what grounds for annulment and non-enforcement a losing party can raise in what countries. Perhaps the greatest benefit of the book is the inclusion of model clauses, commensurate with both civil law and common law expectations. The author explicates the advantages and inconveniences of each model clause, and clarifies the influence of each clause on the efficiency of the proceedings and the enforcement risk. For practitioners, the book not only gives counsel a thorough overview of possible arguments for and against document production, but also assists arbitrators find a way through the jungle of opinions on the interpretation of the IBA Rules. Legal academics will appreciate the author's deeply informed analysis and commentary and the book's contribution to increasing the predictability of arbitral decisions on document production and showing how issues in dispute can be narrowed by tailor-made rules, thus helping to raise the efficiency and reduce the costs of arbitral proceedings.
Publisher: Kluwer Law International B.V.
ISBN: 9041166971
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 343
Book Description
Because document production can discover written evidence that would otherwise not be available, it is often the key to winning a case. However, document production proceedings can be a costly and time-consuming exercise, and arbitral awards in particular are often challenged on grounds that relate to document production orders. The task of balancing the conflicting interests of the parties in this context is a major responsibility of arbitral tribunals. This book's analysis focuses on whether there exist legal principles on which arbitrators should establish rules of document production in both civil law and common law countries, and shows how international arbitration is affected. The author examines the relevant discretion of arbitral tribunals under US, English, Swiss, German, and Austrian law, and under nine of the most important sets of institutional rules, including the ICC Rules, the LCIA Rules, and the Swiss Rules. The presentation mines case law and legal literature for concepts based on the common expectations of the parties, the legitimate expectations of a party, the duty to balance different procedural expectations of the parties, the presumed intent of the parties, the underlying hypothetical bargain, implied terms, and the arbitrators' discretion. Among the topics and issues investigated are the following: - procedural rules on document production versus procedural flexibility; - how arbitral tribunals can modify the IBA Rules on a case-by-case basis; - discretion granted by legislation in each country covered; - electronic document production; - how to deal with privilege and confidentiality objections; - how to formulate or answer document production requests; - effective sanctions in case of non-compliance with procedural orders of the arbitral tribunal; - what grounds for annulment and non-enforcement a losing party can raise in what countries. Perhaps the greatest benefit of the book is the inclusion of model clauses, commensurate with both civil law and common law expectations. The author explicates the advantages and inconveniences of each model clause, and clarifies the influence of each clause on the efficiency of the proceedings and the enforcement risk. For practitioners, the book not only gives counsel a thorough overview of possible arguments for and against document production, but also assists arbitrators find a way through the jungle of opinions on the interpretation of the IBA Rules. Legal academics will appreciate the author's deeply informed analysis and commentary and the book's contribution to increasing the predictability of arbitral decisions on document production and showing how issues in dispute can be narrowed by tailor-made rules, thus helping to raise the efficiency and reduce the costs of arbitral proceedings.
Singapore International Arbitration
Author: David Joseph
Publisher:
ISBN: 9789814406444
Category : Arbitration (Administrative law)
Languages : en
Pages : 760
Book Description
Publisher:
ISBN: 9789814406444
Category : Arbitration (Administrative law)
Languages : en
Pages : 760
Book Description
International Arbitration Checklists - Second Edition
Author: Grant Hanessian
Publisher: Juris Publishing, Inc.
ISBN: 1933833211
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 490
Book Description
Baker & McKenzie, has one of the world's largest and most successful international arbitration practices. This book, written by members of the International Dispute Resolution Practice Group of Baker & McKenzie and others, provides a practical, experience-based guide to international arbitration. Each chapter begins with a "checklist" of issues to be considered at each stage of arbitration. Topics include drafting arbitration clauses, commencement of the case, staying court proceedings, compelling arbitration, selection of the tribunal, provisional relief, conduct of hearings and enforcement of awards, among many others. Law and practice in each of the world's major arbitration centers is discussed. Appendices provide ready access to arbitration treaties, statutes and rules. This book will be a standard reference for in-house counsel and outside practitioners.
Publisher: Juris Publishing, Inc.
ISBN: 1933833211
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 490
Book Description
Baker & McKenzie, has one of the world's largest and most successful international arbitration practices. This book, written by members of the International Dispute Resolution Practice Group of Baker & McKenzie and others, provides a practical, experience-based guide to international arbitration. Each chapter begins with a "checklist" of issues to be considered at each stage of arbitration. Topics include drafting arbitration clauses, commencement of the case, staying court proceedings, compelling arbitration, selection of the tribunal, provisional relief, conduct of hearings and enforcement of awards, among many others. Law and practice in each of the world's major arbitration centers is discussed. Appendices provide ready access to arbitration treaties, statutes and rules. This book will be a standard reference for in-house counsel and outside practitioners.
Access to Justice in Arbitration
Author: Leonardo de Oliveira
Publisher: Kluwer Law International
ISBN: 9789403506913
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 368
Book Description
Access to Justice in Arbitration Concept, Context and Practice Edited by Leonardo V P de Oliveira & Sara Hourani The exponential growth of arbitration beyond commercial and investment matters, reaching disputes that have traditionally been decided by courts - such as labour and employment, sports, and competition disputes, and those involving human rights violations - raises questions about the impact of this expansion on access to justice. This collection of essays by arbitral practitioners, academics, and arbitral institution officials presents, for the first time, an in-depth analysis of the role access to justice plays in arbitration. Overall, the book assesses how access to justice can be guaranteed in arbitration and, in particular, shows how access to justice works in various types of arbitration. The book and its contributions will be of immeasurable value in determining the practical application of such concerns as the following: when issues of access to justice can be raised in arbitral disputes and when violations of access to justice can be challenged; ramifications of arbitration clauses in contracts; ensuring fairness and efficiency arising from technological innovations applied to arbitration; legal framework applicable to online dispute resolution and blockchain-based arbitration, especially with regard to recognition and enforcement; and access to justice in arbitrations involving sexual harassment. The book concludes with three chapters on access to justice under the rules of arbitral institutions as revealed by studies of the World Intellectual Property Organisation, the Singapore International Arbitration Centre, and the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes. Arbitration provides a final binding decision that can be challenged on very limited grounds; thus, with arbitration settling disputes that were originally a prerogative of the judiciary, securing fairness in such procedures is paramount to the survival of arbitration. For this reason, arbitration practitioners, institutions, and academics will appreciate this deeply-informed analysis and commentary on a crucial aspect of a highly significant and rapidly evolving area of practice.
Publisher: Kluwer Law International
ISBN: 9789403506913
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 368
Book Description
Access to Justice in Arbitration Concept, Context and Practice Edited by Leonardo V P de Oliveira & Sara Hourani The exponential growth of arbitration beyond commercial and investment matters, reaching disputes that have traditionally been decided by courts - such as labour and employment, sports, and competition disputes, and those involving human rights violations - raises questions about the impact of this expansion on access to justice. This collection of essays by arbitral practitioners, academics, and arbitral institution officials presents, for the first time, an in-depth analysis of the role access to justice plays in arbitration. Overall, the book assesses how access to justice can be guaranteed in arbitration and, in particular, shows how access to justice works in various types of arbitration. The book and its contributions will be of immeasurable value in determining the practical application of such concerns as the following: when issues of access to justice can be raised in arbitral disputes and when violations of access to justice can be challenged; ramifications of arbitration clauses in contracts; ensuring fairness and efficiency arising from technological innovations applied to arbitration; legal framework applicable to online dispute resolution and blockchain-based arbitration, especially with regard to recognition and enforcement; and access to justice in arbitrations involving sexual harassment. The book concludes with three chapters on access to justice under the rules of arbitral institutions as revealed by studies of the World Intellectual Property Organisation, the Singapore International Arbitration Centre, and the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes. Arbitration provides a final binding decision that can be challenged on very limited grounds; thus, with arbitration settling disputes that were originally a prerogative of the judiciary, securing fairness in such procedures is paramount to the survival of arbitration. For this reason, arbitration practitioners, institutions, and academics will appreciate this deeply-informed analysis and commentary on a crucial aspect of a highly significant and rapidly evolving area of practice.
Jurisdiction, Admissibility and Choice of Law in International Arbitration: Liber Amicorum Michael Pryles
Author: Neil Kaplan
Publisher: Kluwer Law International B.V.
ISBN: 9041186387
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 552
Book Description
The distinguished international lawyer Michael Pryles, who launched a meteoric career as an arbitrator after many years of teaching and writing on conflicts of law and other topics, has made a mark on arbitral law and practice that is recognized worldwide. In this book, over forty prominent arbitrators and arbitration scholars offer insightful essays on the thorny matters of jurisdiction, admissibility and choice of law in arbitration – topics which have long interested Professor Pryles and are of wide interest. Among the specific issues and topics examined are the following: • res judicata; • investment arbitration; • free trade agreements; • party autonomy; • application of provisional measures; • issue estoppel; • evidentiary inferences; • interim measures; • emergency and default proceedings; • the intersection of financing and jurisdiction; • consolidation of cases; and • non-contractual claims. Remarkable for its roster of highly distinguished contributors, this book is the only in-depth treatment of its subject. By turns thought-provoking and practical, it is bound to appeal to and be put to use by arbitrators and other lawyers who handle international cases. It will also prove of great value to global law firms and companies doing transnational business.
Publisher: Kluwer Law International B.V.
ISBN: 9041186387
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 552
Book Description
The distinguished international lawyer Michael Pryles, who launched a meteoric career as an arbitrator after many years of teaching and writing on conflicts of law and other topics, has made a mark on arbitral law and practice that is recognized worldwide. In this book, over forty prominent arbitrators and arbitration scholars offer insightful essays on the thorny matters of jurisdiction, admissibility and choice of law in arbitration – topics which have long interested Professor Pryles and are of wide interest. Among the specific issues and topics examined are the following: • res judicata; • investment arbitration; • free trade agreements; • party autonomy; • application of provisional measures; • issue estoppel; • evidentiary inferences; • interim measures; • emergency and default proceedings; • the intersection of financing and jurisdiction; • consolidation of cases; and • non-contractual claims. Remarkable for its roster of highly distinguished contributors, this book is the only in-depth treatment of its subject. By turns thought-provoking and practical, it is bound to appeal to and be put to use by arbitrators and other lawyers who handle international cases. It will also prove of great value to global law firms and companies doing transnational business.
The Singapore Convention on Mediation
Author: Nadja Alexander
Publisher: Kluwer Law International B.V.
ISBN: 9403528230
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 432
Book Description
The Singapore Convention on Mediation is just beginning its life as an international legal instrument. How is it likely to fare? In the second edition of this comprehensive, article-by-article commentary, the authors provide a robust report on the features of the Convention and their implications, with an analysis of potential controversies and authoritative clarifications of particular provisions. The book’s meticulous examination considers these issues and topics: international mediated settlement agreements as a new type of legal instrument in international law; types of settlement agreements that fall within the scope of the Convention; how the Convention’s enforcement mechanism works; the meaning of ‘international’ and the absence of a seat of mediation; the Convention’s approach to recognition and enforcement of international mediated settlement agreements; the grounds for refusal to grant relief under the Convention; mediator misconduct as a ground for refusal to grant relief; the role of confidentiality in granting relief for international mediated settlement agreements; the impact of the Convention on private international law; the relationship of the Singapore Convention to other international instruments such as the UN Model Law on International Commercial Mediation and the New York Convention on Arbitration; possibilities for Contracting States to declare reservations; court decisions from around the globe on the recognition and enforceability of international mediated settlement agreements; and domestic mediation legislation including domestic laws that implement the Singapore Convention. This book takes a giant step towards relieving the inherent uncertainty associated with how this newly constituted instrument may operate, and how States may become ‘Convention ready’. It is an essential reference for international lawyers, mediators and government officials as the Convention proves itself in the coming years.
Publisher: Kluwer Law International B.V.
ISBN: 9403528230
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 432
Book Description
The Singapore Convention on Mediation is just beginning its life as an international legal instrument. How is it likely to fare? In the second edition of this comprehensive, article-by-article commentary, the authors provide a robust report on the features of the Convention and their implications, with an analysis of potential controversies and authoritative clarifications of particular provisions. The book’s meticulous examination considers these issues and topics: international mediated settlement agreements as a new type of legal instrument in international law; types of settlement agreements that fall within the scope of the Convention; how the Convention’s enforcement mechanism works; the meaning of ‘international’ and the absence of a seat of mediation; the Convention’s approach to recognition and enforcement of international mediated settlement agreements; the grounds for refusal to grant relief under the Convention; mediator misconduct as a ground for refusal to grant relief; the role of confidentiality in granting relief for international mediated settlement agreements; the impact of the Convention on private international law; the relationship of the Singapore Convention to other international instruments such as the UN Model Law on International Commercial Mediation and the New York Convention on Arbitration; possibilities for Contracting States to declare reservations; court decisions from around the globe on the recognition and enforceability of international mediated settlement agreements; and domestic mediation legislation including domestic laws that implement the Singapore Convention. This book takes a giant step towards relieving the inherent uncertainty associated with how this newly constituted instrument may operate, and how States may become ‘Convention ready’. It is an essential reference for international lawyers, mediators and government officials as the Convention proves itself in the coming years.
The UNCITRAL Model Law and Asian Arbitration Laws
Author: Gary F. Bell
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1107183979
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 461
Book Description
Explores how the text and principles of the UNCITRAL Model Arbitration Law are implemented, or not, in key Asian jurisdictions.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1107183979
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 461
Book Description
Explores how the text and principles of the UNCITRAL Model Arbitration Law are implemented, or not, in key Asian jurisdictions.
The International Arbitration Rulebook
Author: Arif Hyder Ali
Publisher: Kluwer Law International B.V.
ISBN: 904118919X
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 617
Book Description
The numerous arbitral regimes around the world differ in subtle yet complex ways. These variations can have a profound effect on the procedural rights and obligations of the parties. Broadly speaking, the choice of regime will impact the way in which an arbitration is conducted; its duration and expense; the outcome of the dispute; and the ultimate enforceability of the award. To inform the parties’ choice, this book is the first to deal specifically and in depth with a broad range of institutional and ad hoc arbitration rules on a comparative basis. It provides a practical guide to the rules in one book—a one-stop shop—from a distinctly “rule” and “guide” point of view. This book has its genesis in the authors’ experience as practitioners and educators in international commercial and investor-state arbitration—and as advisers to, and trainers for, arbitral institutions, arbitrators, judges and government officials around the world. This comprehensive, descriptive and analytical “road map” covers the broad range of issues addressed in nine representative major sets of arbitration rules. The authors detail the distinct ways in which rules governing such important issues as the following may differ among the various arbitral regimes: the governance structure and role of the administering institutions in the arbitration, including case management and administrative support; the critical and recommended issues to be established in the agreement to arbitrate, such as the place of arbitration and the governing law among others; the requirements and best practices for starting the arbitration on the right foot; the procedures for selecting, appointing and challenging arbitrators; the impact of the initial procedural conference on the proceedings; the rules on presenting the case in chief: written submissions, documentary evidence, witness and expert testimony and more; the costs and fees of leading institutions; the procedures and standards for award scrutiny and enforceability; and a range of special and innovative procedures such as expedited proceedings, interim relief and consolidation of proceedings. The comparative analysis is organized around the chronological phases of an international arbitration and supported by rule comparison tables and clear explanations of each step of the process. With this eminently practical book, contract negotiators, counsel and arbitrators can confidently navigate any international arbitration. Thorough coverage of the applicable rules and guidelines enables parties and/or the tribunal to design bespoke arbitration procedures based upon the various rules of leading regimes. Arbitral institutions can survey the different approaches and identify emerging best practices in the design and drafting of arbitral regimes. All in all, this volume is a useful guide and comprehensive framework of rules for both arbitration practitioners and users of arbitration services, as well as for students and teachers of international arbitration.
Publisher: Kluwer Law International B.V.
ISBN: 904118919X
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 617
Book Description
The numerous arbitral regimes around the world differ in subtle yet complex ways. These variations can have a profound effect on the procedural rights and obligations of the parties. Broadly speaking, the choice of regime will impact the way in which an arbitration is conducted; its duration and expense; the outcome of the dispute; and the ultimate enforceability of the award. To inform the parties’ choice, this book is the first to deal specifically and in depth with a broad range of institutional and ad hoc arbitration rules on a comparative basis. It provides a practical guide to the rules in one book—a one-stop shop—from a distinctly “rule” and “guide” point of view. This book has its genesis in the authors’ experience as practitioners and educators in international commercial and investor-state arbitration—and as advisers to, and trainers for, arbitral institutions, arbitrators, judges and government officials around the world. This comprehensive, descriptive and analytical “road map” covers the broad range of issues addressed in nine representative major sets of arbitration rules. The authors detail the distinct ways in which rules governing such important issues as the following may differ among the various arbitral regimes: the governance structure and role of the administering institutions in the arbitration, including case management and administrative support; the critical and recommended issues to be established in the agreement to arbitrate, such as the place of arbitration and the governing law among others; the requirements and best practices for starting the arbitration on the right foot; the procedures for selecting, appointing and challenging arbitrators; the impact of the initial procedural conference on the proceedings; the rules on presenting the case in chief: written submissions, documentary evidence, witness and expert testimony and more; the costs and fees of leading institutions; the procedures and standards for award scrutiny and enforceability; and a range of special and innovative procedures such as expedited proceedings, interim relief and consolidation of proceedings. The comparative analysis is organized around the chronological phases of an international arbitration and supported by rule comparison tables and clear explanations of each step of the process. With this eminently practical book, contract negotiators, counsel and arbitrators can confidently navigate any international arbitration. Thorough coverage of the applicable rules and guidelines enables parties and/or the tribunal to design bespoke arbitration procedures based upon the various rules of leading regimes. Arbitral institutions can survey the different approaches and identify emerging best practices in the design and drafting of arbitral regimes. All in all, this volume is a useful guide and comprehensive framework of rules for both arbitration practitioners and users of arbitration services, as well as for students and teachers of international arbitration.