Author: Noor Mohammed BueasaPublisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 50
Book Description
The Adaptation of Loanwords in Classical Arabic
Author: Noor Mohammed BueasaThe Morphology of Loanwords in Urdu
Author: Riaz Ahmed MangrioPublisher: Cambridge Scholars Publishing
ISBN: 1443896632
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 185
Book Description
Although a major language in itself, Urdu has borrowed words from three major languages of the world, namely Persian, Arabic and English, with various loan morphological and phonological features. There have been very few studies on this phenomenon, and many features are still unexplored. This study focuses on loanword morphology, and looks at the nature of loanwords borrowed from these three languages. The book begins by examining the morphological adaptation of loanwords. Secondly, parallels and differences are explored between the relatively recent adaptation of English loans and the older adaptation of words from Arabic and Persian. The descriptive content of the book – covering as it does not only English loanwords, but those from Arabic and Persian as well, in addition to examining native Urdu structures – is refreshingly broad. The study itself is primarily descriptive, carefully teasing apart the sometimes complex interactions between syntax, semantics and linguistic function relative to loanword adaptation. However, even beyond the question of loanword adaptation, there is much to recommend itself descriptively here, with regard to the morphological structures of Urdu, including endocentric, exocentric, copulative, postpositional and verbal compounds. In addition to such derivational processes, this study also considers various inflectional issues, such as gender, number and case morphology, the pluralisation of English nominal loans, and the adaptation of English verbs through the use of Urdu dummy verbs. The book offers a good foundation for a more in-depth examination of the data against current morphological theory. Taken as a whole, it not only presents a large quantity of interesting data in pursuing the immediate question of loanword adaptation in Urdu, but also provides a fruitful starting point for a wealth of further investigations into Urdu and into loanword adaptation more generally.
Arabic Adaptation of Loanwords
Author: Abdullah Y. AlzaaqPublisher:
ISBN: 9781369512045
Category : Arabic language
Languages : en
Pages : 76
Book Description
Abstract: The current study investigates loanword adaptations in the Arabic language. It supports the perceptual approximation stance asserting that the adaptation process is based on acoustic similarities rather than segment preservation by drawing evidence from two phenomena found in loanword adaptations. The first phenomenon is the pharyngealization phenomenon in which some loanwords adapted into Arabic are adapted with emphatic pharyngealized consonants, while the second phenomenon is vowel epenthesis. The claim presented in this study suggests that the pharyngealization phenomenon occurs due to the back vowel found in the source language in which it is associated with emphatic pharyngealized consonants in Arabic. Hence, the perception of the source language phoneme as an allophonic variant of an Arabic phoneme led to the pharyngealization phenomenon. The study also claims that the site in which a vowel is inserted to treat forbidden structures is governed by the nature of the cluster to increase the acoustic similarities between the input and the output. Fifty-five Najdi Arabic monolinguals and 55 Najdi Arabic-English bilinguals were recruited. The participants were given English nonce words containing /s/ and /t/ followed by the English back vowel /?/ which is also an allophonic variant of the Arabic phoneme /a/. They were also given English nonce words containing illegal initial consonant clusters in Najdi Arabic. The findings revealed that Najdi Arabic monolinguals adapted the consonant /s/ with pharyngealization more than the Najdi Arabic bilinguals; however, they did not show significant pharyngealization adaptation for /t/. Regarding vowel epenthesis, the study showed that vowel insertion was systematically governed by the nature of the cluster. However, they findings were not very clear regarding initial tri-consonant clusters.
Loanwords in the World's Languages
Author: Martin HaspelmathPublisher: Walter de Gruyter
ISBN: 3110218437
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 1104
Book Description
"This landmark publication in comparative linguistics is the first comprehensive work to address the general issue of what kinds of words tend to be borrowed from other languages. The authors have assembled a unique database of over 70,000 words from 40 languages from around the world, 18,000 of which are loanwords. This database allows the authors to make empirically founded generalizations about general tendencies of word exchange among languages." --Book Jacket.
Phonological Adaptation of English Loanwords in Ammani Arabic
Author: M. N. Abu GubaPhonological Adaptation of English Loanwords Into Qassimi Arabic
Author: Metab Mohammad A. AlhoodyPublisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
On the How, What, and why of the Adaptation of French Loanwords in Algerian Arabic
Author: Tarek ZiadnaPublisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 259
Book Description
This study uses data gathered from four separate data reservoirs (viz. my native-speaker knowledge of an AA dialect, established literature, social media and the internet, and informal conversations with speakers of AA in Algeria in summer 2017) to serve as a basis to describe how French loanwords are adapted, both phonologically and morphologically, when they enter AA. To describe these adaptations, I will shed light over the course of this study on the following linguistic processes: first, how French sounds, consonants and vowels, are adapted when they enter AA; secondly how French loanwords that violate phonotactic constraints imposed by AA are adapted; thirdly, how French noun loans are inflected with regard to the categories of number, gender, and definiteness; and finally how French verb loans are typically integrated into AA. In terms of phonological adaptation, there is one view, namely that posited by the phonological standpoint, which claims that the source language phonemes are mapped onto their equivalent phonemes in the recipient language, thereby ignoring the allophonic, phonetic details extant in the source language. Conversely, the phonetic view of loanword adaptation claims that adaptations are based on the phonetic proximity between that of the sounds of the source language and that of the sounds present in the recipient language. In this study, evidence generated by this author's study of AA is presented so as to show that both factors interact to determine the optimal output of the adaptation of a loanword from French and that it is hard, if not impossible, to single out one or other specific factor being responsible for the adaptation. In addition to the aforementioned phonetic and phonological factors, the morphology of the recipient language also plays a role in loanword adaptation in that some loanwords are mapped onto AA patterns, where the stem consonants in the prototype are abstracted and mapped onto a native pattern, whereas the vowels in the prototype are completely ignored. In addition to linguistic factors, this study ascertained a factor overlooked in previous studies on loanword adaptation. The research of this study revealed a previously overlooked non-linguistic factor that plays an important role in loanword adaptation: specifically that of gender. One case in point is the adaptation of the French rhotic /r/, which indexes gender in AA. Socially male speakers map it onto the closest phoneme in AA, whereas socially female speakers map it onto the acoustically closest sound. In terms of morphological adaptation, this author's analysis revealed that most noun loans form their plural in -āt /-aːt/ and names of professions ending in -ī /-iː/ form their plural in -ya /-ja/. Past and present participles form their plural in -īn /-iːn/.Most noun loans maintain the gender they have in the source language and have the AA feminine marker -a /-a/ suffixed at their end if they are feminine. However, if a noun loan ends in -ment /-mɑ̃/ or -a /-a/, the AA recipient language speakers ignore its original gender and assign it a feminine gender by analogy with the AA feminine marker -a. Assigning gender on the basis of the stem-final vowel is an area where morphology and phonetics overlap. Most nouns are made definite by prefixing the AA definite marker l- /l-/, which assimilates to stem-initial consonant if it is a coronal. French verb loans, on the other hand, are assimilated by suffixing the AA weak-verb ending -ā /-aː/ at their end. Knowledge gained from this study can be used to develop materials to teach AA, as well as to familiarize a wider English language audience with the nuances of spoken AA, in addition to demonstrating the typologies and evolving nature of loanword adaptation and assimilation in AA.iii This is important to researchers, language learners and linguists, given that there persists a dearth of linguistic studies of AA outside of the few studies written in French and Arabic.
Mutual Linguistic Borrowing between English and Arabic
Author: Ahmed Abdullah AlhussamiPublisher: Cambridge Scholars Publishing
ISBN: 1527555690
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 229
Book Description
This book focuses on the lexical borrowing between English and Arabic, and offers historical background regarding the contact between these two languages. It sheds light on why and how both languages have come in contact, showing how the hegemony of the English language can be clearly seen in its impact on Arabic. Simultaneously, the text describes the role that Arabic played in shaping and enriching English in its early phase.
English Loanword Phonology in Arabic
Author: Mohammed Qasem RuthanPublisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
There has been an increase in interest among researchers in the study of loanword phonology, but only limited studies have been carried out on the phonology of English loanwords in Arabic. Thus, there is a need for more linguistic studies to shed light on the borrowing of English loanwords into Arabic. A significant issue that has been the subject of an ongoing debate is whether adaptation processes are part of perception or production. This study investigated the phonology of English loanwords in Arabic. In the process, it discussed the phonetic and phonemic approaches that have been controversial in loanword adaptation. The study questioned whether the absence of phonemes in the Arabic phonemic inventory equivalent to certain English target phonemes affected EFL and ESL learners' pronunciation of English loanwords differently. It also examined whether they substituted phonemes, and if so, whether the two groups of speakers used the same phonemes for substitution or used different ones. A list of 29 loanwords was compiled and used to examine the productions of 15 EFL learners from Salman University and 15 ESL learners from the Center for English as a Second Language in Southern Illinois University. Examining the effects of the Arabic Ll on the production of loanwords via transfer, approximation, the Markedness Differential Hypothesis, and Optimality Theory showed that these English loanwords had undergone certain phonological modifications. Both EFL and ESL learners reflected native Arabic phonological processes, while only ESL learners reflected universal patterns, such as VOT approximation, that followed neither the phonological system of Arabic nor that of English. Consequently, the findings of the study contribute to a better understanding of how both phonology and phonetics are related to English loanwords in Arabic. Further research is suggested to investigate different aspects of loanword phonology, such as the effects of orthography.
A Reference Grammar of Modern Standard Arabic
Author: Karin C. RydingPublisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 113944333X
Category : Foreign Language Study
Languages : en
Pages : 734
Book Description
A Reference Grammar of Modern Standard Arabic is a comprehensive handbook on the structure of Arabic. Keeping technical terminology to a minimum, it provides a detailed yet accessible overview of Modern Standard Arabic in which the essential aspects of its phonology, morphology and syntax can be readily looked up and understood. Accompanied by extensive carefully-chosen examples, it will prove invaluable as a practical guide for supporting students' textbooks, classroom work or self-study, and will also be a useful resource for scholars and professionals wishing to develop an understanding of the key features of the language. Grammar notes are numbered for ease of reference, and a section is included on how to use an Arabic dictionary, as well as helpful glossaries of Arabic and English linguistic terms and a useful bibliography. Clearly structured and systematically organised, this book is set to become the standard guide to the grammar of contemporary Arabic.