Application of Two Phase (Liquid/Gas) Xenon Gamma-Camera for the Detection of Special Nuclear Material and PET Medical Imaging PDF Download
Are you looking for read ebook online? Search for your book and save it on your Kindle device, PC, phones or tablets. Download Application of Two Phase (Liquid/Gas) Xenon Gamma-Camera for the Detection of Special Nuclear Material and PET Medical Imaging PDF full book. Access full book title Application of Two Phase (Liquid/Gas) Xenon Gamma-Camera for the Detection of Special Nuclear Material and PET Medical Imaging by . Download full books in PDF and EPUB format.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
The McKinsey group at Yale has been awarded a grant from DTRA for the building of a Liquid Xenon Gamma Ray Color Camera (LXe-GRCC), which combines state-of-the-art detection of LXe scintillation light and time projection chamber (TPC) charge readout. The DTRA application requires a movable detector and hence only a single phase (liquid) xenon detector can be considered in this case. We propose to extend the DTRA project to applications that allow a two phase (liquid/gas) xenon TPC. This entails additional (yet minimal) hardware and extension of the research effort funded by DTRA. The two phase detector will have better energy and angular resolution. Such detectors will be useful for PET medical imaging and detection of special nuclear material in stationary applications (e.g. port of entry). The expertise of the UConn group in gas phase TPCs will enhance the capabilities of the Yale group and the synergy between the two groups will be very beneficial for this research project as well as the education and research projects of the two universities. The LXe technology to be used in this project has matured rapidly over the past few years, developed for use in detectors for nuclear physics and astrophysics. This technology may now be applied in a straightforward way to the imaging of gamma rays. According to detailed Monte Carlo simulations recently performed at Yale University, energy resolution of 1% and angular resolution of 3 degrees may be obtained for 1.0 MeV gamma rays, using existing technology. With further research and development, energy resolution of 0.5% and angular resolution of 1.3 degrees will be possible at 1.0 MeV. Because liquid xenon is a high density, high Z material, it is highly efficient for scattering and capturing gamma rays. In addition, this technology scales elegantly to large detector areas, with several square meter apertures possible. The Yale research group is highly experienced in the development and use of noble liquid detectors for astrophysics, most recently in the XENON10 experiment. The existing facilities at Yale are fully adequate for the completion of this project. The facilities of the UConn group at the LNS at Avery Point include a (clean) lab for detector development and this group recently delivered an Optical Readout TPC (O-TPC) for research in Nuclear Astrophysics at the TUNL in Duke University. The machine shop at UConn will be used (free of charge) for producing the extra hardware needed for this project including grids and frames.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
The McKinsey group at Yale has been awarded a grant from DTRA for the building of a Liquid Xenon Gamma Ray Color Camera (LXe-GRCC), which combines state-of-the-art detection of LXe scintillation light and time projection chamber (TPC) charge readout. The DTRA application requires a movable detector and hence only a single phase (liquid) xenon detector can be considered in this case. We propose to extend the DTRA project to applications that allow a two phase (liquid/gas) xenon TPC. This entails additional (yet minimal) hardware and extension of the research effort funded by DTRA. The two phase detector will have better energy and angular resolution. Such detectors will be useful for PET medical imaging and detection of special nuclear material in stationary applications (e.g. port of entry). The expertise of the UConn group in gas phase TPCs will enhance the capabilities of the Yale group and the synergy between the two groups will be very beneficial for this research project as well as the education and research projects of the two universities. The LXe technology to be used in this project has matured rapidly over the past few years, developed for use in detectors for nuclear physics and astrophysics. This technology may now be applied in a straightforward way to the imaging of gamma rays. According to detailed Monte Carlo simulations recently performed at Yale University, energy resolution of 1% and angular resolution of 3 degrees may be obtained for 1.0 MeV gamma rays, using existing technology. With further research and development, energy resolution of 0.5% and angular resolution of 1.3 degrees will be possible at 1.0 MeV. Because liquid xenon is a high density, high Z material, it is highly efficient for scattering and capturing gamma rays. In addition, this technology scales elegantly to large detector areas, with several square meter apertures possible. The Yale research group is highly experienced in the development and use of noble liquid detectors for astrophysics, most recently in the XENON10 experiment. The existing facilities at Yale are fully adequate for the completion of this project. The facilities of the UConn group at the LNS at Avery Point include a (clean) lab for detector development and this group recently delivered an Optical Readout TPC (O-TPC) for research in Nuclear Astrophysics at the TUNL in Duke University. The machine shop at UConn will be used (free of charge) for producing the extra hardware needed for this project including grids and frames.
Author: Junwei Du Publisher: Springer Nature ISBN: 303130666X Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 248
Book Description
This book will provide readers with a good overview of some of the most recent advances in the field of detector technology for gamma-ray imaging, especially as it pertains to new applications. There will be a good mixture of general chapters in both technology and applications in medical imaging and industrial testing. The book will have an in-depth review of the research topics from world-leading specialists in the field. The conversion of the gamma-ray signal into analog/digital value will be covered in some chapters. Some would also provide a review of CMOS chips for gamma-ray image sensors.
Author: Alan C. Perkins Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 1315353172 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 318
Book Description
Gamma cameras are traditionally large devices that are situated in nuclear medicine departments, but recent advances in detector design have enabled the production of compact gamma cameras that allow nuclear imaging at the patient bedside and in the operating theatre. Gamma Cameras for Interventional and Intraoperative Imaging is the first book to cover this new area of imaging, and provides a unique insight into the experimental and clinical use of small field of view gamma cameras in hospitals. This book explores advances in the design and operation of compact gamma cameras and conducts a thorough review of current SFOV systems, before exploring the clinical applications of the technology. It is an essential reference for surgeons, operating theatre staff, clinical scientists (medical physicists), technologists, nuclear physicians and radiologists whose patients could benefit from this technology.
Author: Mirela Frandes Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 109
Book Description
A novel technique for radiotherapy - hadron therapy - irradiates tumors using a beam of protons or carbon ions. Hadron therapy is an effective technique for cancer treatment, since it enables accurate dose deposition due to the existence of a Bragg peak at the end of particles range. Precise knowledge of the fall-off position of the dose with millimeters accuracy is critical since hadron therapy proved its efficiency in case of tumors which are deep-seated, close to vital organs, or radio-resistant. A major challenge for hadron therapy is the quality assurance of dose delivery during irradiation. Current systems applying positron emission tomography (PET) technologies exploit gamma rays from the annihilation of positrons emitted during the beta decay of radioactive isotopes. However, the generated PET images allow only post-therapy information about the deposed dose. In addition, they are not in direct coincidence with the Bragg peak. A solution is to image the complete spectrum of the emitted gamma rays, including nuclear gamma rays emitted by inelastic interactions of hadrons to generated nuclei. This emission is isotropic, and has a spectrum ranging from 100 keV up to 20 MeV. However, the measurement of these energetic gamma rays from nuclear reactions exceeds the capability of all existing medical imaging systems. An advanced Compton scattering detection method with electron tracking capability is proposed, and modeled to reconstruct the high-energy gamma-ray events. This Compton detection technique was initially developed to observe gamma rays for astrophysical purposes. A device illustrating the method was designed and adapted to Hadron Therapy Imaging (HTI). It consists of two main sub-systems: a tracker where Compton recoiled electrons are measured, and a calorimeter where the scattered gamma rays are absorbed via the photoelectric effect. Considering a hadron therapy scenario, the analysis of generated data was performed, passing trough the complete detection chain from Monte Carlo simulations to reconstruction of individual events, and finally to image reconstruction. A list-mode Maximum-Likelihood Expectation-Maximization (MLEM) algorithm was adopted to perform image reconstruction in conjunction with the imaging response, which has to depict the complex behavior of the detector. Modeling the imaging response requires complex calculations, considering the incident angle, all measured energies, the Compton scatter angle in the first interaction, the direction of scattered electron (when measured). In the simplest form, each event response is described by Compton cone profiles. The shapes of the profiles are approximated by 1D Gaussian distributions. A strong correlation was observed between pattern of the reconstructed high-energy gamma events, and location of the Bragg peak. The performance of the imaging technique illustrated by the HTI is a function of the detector performance in terms of detection efficiency, spatial and energy resolution, acquisition time, and the algorithms used to reconstruct the gamma-ray activity. Thus beside optimizations of the imaging system, the applied imaging algorithm has a high influence on the final reconstructed images. The HTI reconstructed images are corrupted by noise due to the low photon counts recorded, the uncertainties induced by finite energy resolution, Doppler broadening, the limited model used to estimate the imaging response, and the artifacts generated when iterating the MLEM algorithm. This noise is spatially varying and signal-dependent, representing a major obstacle for information extraction. Thus image de-noising techniques were investigated. AWavelet based multi-resolution strategy of list-mode MLEMRegularization (WREM) was developed to reconstruct Compton images. At each iteration, a threshold-based processing step was integrated. The noise variance was estimated at each scale of the wavelet decomposition as the median value of the coefficients from the high-frequency sub-bands. This approach allowed to obtain a stable behavior of the iterative algorithm, presenting lower mean-squared error, and improved contrast recovery ratio.
Author: Jesse Isaac Angle Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
ABSTRACT: The XENON Dark Matter Experiment, deployed at the Gran Sasso National Laboratory in Italy on March 2006, is a liquid noble gas detector designed to directly detect dark matter. The detector uses a dual-phase (gas/liquid) Xenon target to search for nuclear recoils associated with nucleus-WIMP interactions. Due to the high sensitivity needed in such an experiment, it is vital to not only reduce the background but to also understand the remaining background so as to aid in the understanding of the data as well as to facilitate upgrades beyond the early Research and Development phases. Many of the components of the XENON10 detector have been screened using a High Purity Germanium Detector known as the GATOR detector. Full analysis of the screening data requires Monte Carlo simulations of the GATOR detector and the sample. Results from this screening will be presented. Using the information obtained from the screening operation, Monte Carlo simulations of the XENON10 electron recoil background will be examined and compared to the actual detector data. The success of this simulation to data comparison indicates that we have a good understanding of the XENON10 gamma background and will be able to make more informed decisions regarding the next stage of detector development. This type of analysis has aided in the selection and design of many of the materials and components being incorporated into the new XENON100 detector, the next generation detector which will be capable of improving the limit set by XENON10 by at least an order of magnitude.
Author: Estanislao Aguayo Publisher: Universal-Publishers ISBN: 1581123671 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 279
Book Description
Gamma ray detection techniques for radioisotope imaging purposes are quickly evolving. Monte Carlo simulations show the possibility of achieving an outstanding image spatial resolution in the images obtained with techniques using electronic collimation. The great advantage of using electronic collimation is the increased efficiency of the gamma camera with respect to the usage of the mechanical collimation technique. These new imaging techniques require radiation detectors with very specific features, such as low noise, desired stooping power and compactness. In this thesis project, an apparatus for detection of a Compton deposition of gamma rays, capable of differentiating the position of interaction of the gamma ray in the active volume of the detector, has been developed. The design and manufacture of such an apparatus implies the selection and characterization of the radiation sensitive material and its calibration, as well as its associated electronics, in order to achieve the critical requirements to be used as part of the electronic collimated gamma camera. Along with the detector development, the electronic collimation requires a very specific control system. The required logic system that makes possible the usage of the apparatus as part of the the electronic collimation set-up, has also been developed as part of this thesis work. This electronic system is meant to work in coordination with other sensors, and its final output is to give exact information of the photon-electron interaction points, in order for an image to be deduced. The result of this thesis work is a radiation detector ready to be used as the tracker component in the application of the electronic collimation technique. Its control system allows it to be used to build a Compton camera by simply removing the mechanical collimator of a regular gamma-camera, and arranging both detectors in the desired radioisotope imaging electronic collimation scenario.
Author: Laura Harkness-Brennan Publisher: Morgan & Claypool Publishers ISBN: 1643270346 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 95
Book Description
The complexity and vulnerability of the human body has driven the development of a diverse range of diagnostic and therapeutic techniques in modern medicine. The Nuclear Medicine procedures of Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) and Radionuclide Therapy are well-established in clinical practice and are founded upon the principles of radiation physics. This book will offer an insight into the physics of nuclear medicine by explaining the principles of radioactivity, how radionuclides are produced and administered as radiopharmaceuticals to the body and how radiation can be detected and used to produce images for diagnosis. The treatment of diseases such as thyroid cancer, hyperthyroidism and lymphoma by radionuclide therapy will also be explored.
Author: 
Author: 
Author: Junwei Du
Author: Alan C. Perkins
Author: Mirela Frandes
Author: Gerald J. Hine
Author: Gerald John Hine
Author: Jesse Isaac Angle
Author: Estanislao Aguayo
Author: Laura Harkness-Brennan
Author: Ewan Eadie