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Author: Publisher: Academic Press ISBN: 0128154705 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 332
Book Description
Animal Models for Examining Social Influences on Drug Addiction, Volume 140 in the International Review of Neurobiology series, provides insights on social factors that mediate drug addiction. This book discusses current research and projects, with specific chapters focusing on Social Influences on Nicotine-related Behaviors in Rodents, Models of Alcohol Intake in Social Contexts, Social Factors in Ethanol Sensitization, Social Modulation of Heroin Intake, Amphetamines and Social Aspects of Addiction, Amphetamines and Social Aspects of Addiction, Social Models of Cannabis Use, Oxytocin and Rodent Models of Addiction, Social Place Preference and Reward, Social Defeat Stress, and more. Covers the often neglected topic of social factors that mediate drug addiction and its consequences Presents research studies using animal models of addiction that are often ignored Aims to highlight the importance of using paradigms that incorporate social aspects into preclinical addiction studies
Author: Publisher: Academic Press ISBN: 0128154705 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 332
Book Description
Animal Models for Examining Social Influences on Drug Addiction, Volume 140 in the International Review of Neurobiology series, provides insights on social factors that mediate drug addiction. This book discusses current research and projects, with specific chapters focusing on Social Influences on Nicotine-related Behaviors in Rodents, Models of Alcohol Intake in Social Contexts, Social Factors in Ethanol Sensitization, Social Modulation of Heroin Intake, Amphetamines and Social Aspects of Addiction, Amphetamines and Social Aspects of Addiction, Social Models of Cannabis Use, Oxytocin and Rodent Models of Addiction, Social Place Preference and Reward, Social Defeat Stress, and more. Covers the often neglected topic of social factors that mediate drug addiction and its consequences Presents research studies using animal models of addiction that are often ignored Aims to highlight the importance of using paradigms that incorporate social aspects into preclinical addiction studies
Author: Alan A. Boulton Publisher: Humana ISBN: 9781489940247 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 436
Book Description
to the Animal Models Volumes This volume describes animal models of drug addiction. Because of increasing public concern over the ethical treatment of animals in research, we felt it incumbent upon us to include this general preface in order to indicate why we think further research using animals is necessary. Animals should only be used when suitable alternatives are not available, and humans can only be experimented upon in severely proscribed circumstances. Alternative procedures using cell or tissue culture are inadequate in any models requiring assessments of behavioral change or of complex in vivo p- cesses. However, when the distress, discomfort, or pain to the animals outweighs the anticipated gains for human welfare, the research is not ethical and should not be carried out. It is imperative that each individual researcher examine his/ her own research from a critical moral standpoint before eng- ing in it, and take into consideration the animals’ welfare as well as the anticipated gains. Furthermore, once a decision to p- ceed with research is made, it is the researcher’s responsibility to ensure that the animals’ welfare is of prime concern in terms of appropriate housing, feeding, and maximum reduction of any uncomfortable or distressing effects of the experimental conditions.
Author: Catherine M. Davis Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters ISBN: 0128072180 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 68
Book Description
Preclinical animal research has contributed greatly to our understanding of numerous human disease states and will continue to provide a method for investigating the various biochemical events, physiological processes, and behavioral implications of various diseases. For substance abuse and dependence, this research has enabled scientists to gain a greater understanding of the neurochemical events involved in the brain's response to drugs, both licit and illicit, and to provide a means by which to design and test novel pharmaco-therapeutic interventions. To enable these discoveries, scientists have developed numerous animal models that attempt to replicate human drug addiction. The current review explores two popular Pavlovian conditioning procedures, conditioned place preference and conditioned taste aversion, which are used to investigate the rewarding and aversive effects (respectively) of drugs of abuse. For each procedure, a brief history of the field is followed by the advantages of the procedures and a step-by-step explanation of each procedure's conditioning protocol.
Author: Denise Bystryn Kandel Publisher: Cambridge University Press ISBN: 9780521789691 Category : Psychology Languages : en Pages : 404
Book Description
(Publisher-supplied data) This book represents the first systematic discussion of the Gateway Hypothesis, a developmental hypothesis formulated to model how adolescents initiate and progress in the use of various drugs. In the United States, this progression proceeds from the use of tobacco or alcohol to the use of marijuana and other illicit drugs. This volume presents a critical overview of what is currently known about the Gateway Hypothesis. The authors of the chapters explore the hypothesis from various perspectives ranging from developmental social psychology to prevention and intervention science, animal models, neurobiology and analytical methodology. This volume is original and unique in its purview, covering a broad view of the Gateway Hypothesis. The juxtaposition of epidemiological, intervention, animal and neurobiological studies represents a new stage in the evolution of drug research, in which epidemiology and biology inform one another in the understanding of drug abuse.
Author: Institute of Medicine Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309055334 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 330
Book Description
Drug abuse persists as one of the most costly and contentious problems on the nation's agenda. Pathways of Addiction meets the need for a clear and thoughtful national research agenda that will yield the greatest benefit from today's limited resources. The committee makes its recommendations within the public health framework and incorporates diverse fields of inquiry and a range of policy positions. It examines both the demand and supply aspects of drug abuse. Pathways of Addiction offers a fact-filled, highly readable examination of drug abuse issues in the United States, describing findings and outlining research needs in the areas of behavioral and neurobiological foundations of drug abuse. The book covers the epidemiology and etiology of drug abuse and discusses several of its most troubling health and social consequences, including HIV, violence, and harm to children. Pathways of Addiction looks at the efficacy of different prevention interventions and the many advances that have been made in treatment research in the past 20 years. The book also examines drug treatment in the criminal justice setting and the effectiveness of drug treatment under managed care. The committee advocates systematic study of the laws by which the nation attempts to control drug use and identifies the research questions most germane to public policy. Pathways of Addiction provides a strategic outline for wise investment of the nation's research resources in drug abuse. This comprehensive and accessible volume will have widespread relevanceâ€"to policymakers, researchers, research administrators, foundation decisionmakers, healthcare professionals, faculty and students, and concerned individuals.
Author: Christopher Jenney Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Drug addiction has become a social epidemic. Approximately 15% of humans who try alcohol or cocaine become addicted (J. C. W. Anthony, Lynn A.; Kessler, Ronald C., 1994), and 50% of those who try heroin become dependent (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration., 2012). The cost of substance abuse in the US is estimated to exceed $700 billion annually (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2015). While the initial decision to take a drug is usually voluntary, with continued use, brain changes impair a persons ability to resist drugs. Use evolves to abuse, which evolves to compulsive use, often with multiple periods of abstention and relapse. Addiction is characterized as a chronic brain disease of relapse and use despite harmful consequences (Leshner, 1997; National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2012; Roberts, Morgan, & Liu, 2007; Volkow, Koob, & McLellan, 2016).Addiction can be studied in the laboratory using animal models designed to reproduce characteristics of the human addiction process including behaviors such as craving, loss of control, and relapse. To this end, drug self-administration models are very useful. Limited access models allow for 1-2 h access to drug/day. This model can be used to examine the initiation phase of drug-taking (i.e., acquisition), and is also useful in identifying factors that contribute to vulnerability to the reinforcing effects of drugs (Campbell & Carroll, 2000). Limited access to drug, however, fails to recapitulate a key feature of addiction, escalation. In humans, drug-taking is generally found to increase over time. An alternative model, the extended access model (allowing for 6 h or more access to drug/day) reproduces the transition from controlled to compulsive use known as escalation (Roberts et al., 2007). In this case, however, overall drug exposure differs between those who escalate and those who do not. A third model, the intermittent access model, supports identical drug-taking, but still allows for behavioral stratification of subjects into those exhibiting low and high addiction-like behaviors for drug. Specifically, the intermittent access model ranks animals by individual differences in drug-seeking behavior, willingness to work for drug, and persistence in responding for drug, all criteria for the diagnosis of substance use disorder from the then current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) (American Psychiatric Association, 2000).In a final model under consideration here, rats suppress intake of a palatable taste cue, such as saccharin, when paired with a drug of abuse, such as morphine or cocaine. Avoidance of the drug-paired cue was originally interpreted as a conditioned taste aversion (Nachman, 1970). In 1997, we proposed a new interpretation (Grigson, 1997), referred to as reward comparison. This interpretation posits that avoidance is due to devaluation of the otherwise palatable saccharin cue in anticipation of the availability of the rewarding properties of the drug of abuse. Additional studies revealed large individual differences whereby some rats, referred to as large suppressers, exhibited greater avoidance of the drug-paired cue than did others, referred to as small suppressers (Gomez, Leo, & Grigson, 2000).Published data show that greater avoidance of the drug-paired cue at test is associated with greater drug-seeking and drug-taking (Grigson & Twining, 2002b; Imperio & Grigson, 2015; Twining, Bolan, & Grigson, 2009). Moreover, these individual differences in avoidance of the drug-paired taste cue emerge very early in training, within 3-5 trials. It is not clear, however, whether addiction-like behaviors also occur early. In general, addiction is thought to take a long time (Deroche-Gamonet, Belin, & Piazza, 2004) and/or a great deal drug exposure (Ahmed & Koob, 1998) to develop. After the Introduction in Chapter 1, Chapter 2 tests whether addiction develops early over a short 5-day study where brief access to the saccharin cue predicts 6 h access to heroin. Chapter 3 describes a study testing whether early avoidance of the drug-paired cue will predict escalation of heroin self-administration using the extended access paradigm. Chapter 4 uses the intermittent access model to test whether early avoidance of the drug-paired cue will predict individual differences in the expression of addiction-like behaviors in the intermittent access model. Chapter 5 presents data from 3 taste-drug pairing trials to stratify rats into large and small suppresser groups, and then examines their neuronal tissue for differences which could help explain early individual vulnerability to addiction-like behavior for heroin. Chapter 6 will review and discuss the findings of the present chapters and summarize conclusions from the collected data.
Author: Mary C. Olmstead Publisher: Humana Press ISBN: 9781607619338 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 484
Book Description
Our understanding of addiction and how it is treated has advanced remarkably over the past decades, and much of the progress is related directly to animal research. This is true for both the behavioural aspects of drug use as well as the biological underpinnings of the disorder. In Animal Models of Drug Addiction, experts in the field provide an up-to-date review of complex behavioural paradigms that model different stages of this disorder and explain how each test is used to effectively replicate the progression of drug addiction. This detailed and practical book begins with the most common laboratory measures of addiction in animals, including intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS), drug self-administration, place conditioning, and sensitization. Later chapters describe how these paradigms are used to model the progression of drug addiction, providing insight into the clinical symptomatology of addiction from acquisition of drug use through compulsive drug taking to withdrawal and relapse. Written for the popular Neuromethods series, the contributions offer both methodological detail and a theoretical perspective, appealing to readers familiar with preclinical research on drug addiction as well as those who are newcomers to the field. Cutting-edge and authoritative, Animal Models of Drug Addiction will serve as a basis for future vital research that links the bench to the bedside in the crucial treatment of drug addiction.
Author: Mary Torregrossa Publisher: Academic Press ISBN: 0128123311 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 308
Book Description
Neural Mechanisms of Addiction is the only book available that synthesizes the latest research in the field into a single, accessible resource covering all aspects of how addiction develops and persists in the brain. The book summarizes our most recent understanding on the neural mechanisms underlying addiction. It also examines numerous biobehavioral aspects of addiction disorders, such as reinforcement learning, reward, cognitive dysfunction, stress, and sleep and circadian rhythms that are not covered in any other publication. Readers with find the most up-to-date information on which to build a foundation for their future research in this expanding field. Combining chapters from leading researchers and thought leaders, this book is an indispensable guide for students and investigators engaged in addiction research. - Transcends multiple neural, neurochemical and behavioral domains - Summarizes advances in the field of addiction research since the advent of optogenetics - Discusses the most current, leading theories of addiction, including molecular mechanisms and dopamine mechanisms
Author: Jerry J. Buccafusco Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 1420041819 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 341
Book Description
Using the most well-studied behavioral analyses of animal subjects to promote a better understanding of the effects of disease and the effects of new therapeutic treatments on human cognition, Methods of Behavior Analysis in Neuroscience provides a reference manual for molecular and cellular research scientists in both academia and the pharmaceutic
Author: Joanna R. Quinn Publisher: University of Pennsylvania Press ISBN: 0812253167 Category : Political Science Languages : en Pages : 236
Book Description
In helping deeply divided societies come to terms with a troubled past, transitional justice often fails to produce the intended results. Thin Sympathy argues that the acquisition of a basic understanding of what has taken place in the past will enable the development of a more durable transitional justice process.
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Author: Alan A. Boulton
Author: Catherine M. Davis
Author: Denise Bystryn Kandel
Author: Institute of Medicine
Author: Christopher Jenney
Author: Mary C. Olmstead
Author: Mary Torregrossa
Author: Jerry J. Buccafusco
Author: Joanna R. Quinn