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Author: Salah Ahmed Mohamed Elmoselhy Elmaghazy Publisher: ISBN: Category : Motor vehicles Languages : en Pages : 514
Book Description
Climate change due to greenhouse gas emissions led to new vehicle emissions standards which in turn led to a call for vehicle technologies to meet these standards. Modeling of vehicle fuel consumption and emissions emerged as an effective tool to help developing and assessing such technologies. Although vehicle analytical models are favourable in many cases due to describing the physical phenomena associated with vehicle operation based on the principles of physics and with explainable mathematical trends and with extendable modeling to other vehicle types, no analytical model has been developed and experimentally validated as yet of diesel fuel consumption and exhaust emissions rate. The present study analytically models diesel fuel consumption rate microscopically for the accelerating, cruising and decelerating modes of driving a vehicle and models diesel regulated emissions rate for the cruising mode of driving a vehicle. In order to make these models, an analytical model of the following subsystems has been made: (i) intake manifold taking the flexibility of crankshaft and air density into account, (ii) supercharging diesel centrifugal compressor, (iii) multi-cylinder supercharged diesel engine, (iv) diesel fuel system and engine power, (vi) exhaust system and the percentage of unburned fuel. Sensitivity analysis has been conducted for simplifying the models in order to fit the INTEGRATION software and traffic simulator. The models have been validated experimentally against field data. For the rate of diesel fuel mass flow, the average percentage of deviation was 1.8% for all standard cycles outperforming widely recognized models such as the CMEM and VT-Micro. The simulated results have been analyzed statistically for the rate of diesel fuel mass flow with coefficient of determination and relative error of 96% and 1.2%, respectively. The average percentage of deviation of 7% 1.7%, 1.9%, 2%, and 10.6% for the diesel engine power, CO emission, NOx emission, HC emission, and percentage of unburned fuel respectively, for all Freeway cycles outperforming widely recognized models such as the CMEM and VT-Micro. The simulated results have been analyzed statistically as well with coefficient of determination of 73%, 99%, 99%, 83%, and 70% respectively. The corresponding relative error has been 7%, 3%, 1.7%, 2%, and 10.6% respectively. Moreover, the developed analytical models of the intake manifold gas speed dynamics, in-cylinder gas speed dynamics, supercharging compressor power, supercharging compressor mechanical efficiency, and supercharged air density have been experimentally validated using case studies with an average of deviation from field data of 12.6%, 11%, 3%, 8%, and 3.7%, respectively. The simulated results have been analyzed statistically as well with relative error of 12.6%, 11%, 3%, 8%, and 3.7%, respectively. In addition to devising two new classifications, which are the formulation approach-based modelling and main input variable-based modelling, the models developed in this study are (a) widely valid models which are not restricted to a specific dataset, (b) an effective tool to quickly judge whether the related experimental measurements make sense or not, (c) show which chemical reaction within the powertrain kinetically influences significantly emissions rate. Keywords: Vehicle Fuel Consumption; Vehicle Regulated Emissions; Modeling; Diesel Powertrain.
Author: Salah Ahmed Mohamed Elmoselhy Elmaghazy Publisher: ISBN: Category : Motor vehicles Languages : en Pages : 514
Book Description
Climate change due to greenhouse gas emissions led to new vehicle emissions standards which in turn led to a call for vehicle technologies to meet these standards. Modeling of vehicle fuel consumption and emissions emerged as an effective tool to help developing and assessing such technologies. Although vehicle analytical models are favourable in many cases due to describing the physical phenomena associated with vehicle operation based on the principles of physics and with explainable mathematical trends and with extendable modeling to other vehicle types, no analytical model has been developed and experimentally validated as yet of diesel fuel consumption and exhaust emissions rate. The present study analytically models diesel fuel consumption rate microscopically for the accelerating, cruising and decelerating modes of driving a vehicle and models diesel regulated emissions rate for the cruising mode of driving a vehicle. In order to make these models, an analytical model of the following subsystems has been made: (i) intake manifold taking the flexibility of crankshaft and air density into account, (ii) supercharging diesel centrifugal compressor, (iii) multi-cylinder supercharged diesel engine, (iv) diesel fuel system and engine power, (vi) exhaust system and the percentage of unburned fuel. Sensitivity analysis has been conducted for simplifying the models in order to fit the INTEGRATION software and traffic simulator. The models have been validated experimentally against field data. For the rate of diesel fuel mass flow, the average percentage of deviation was 1.8% for all standard cycles outperforming widely recognized models such as the CMEM and VT-Micro. The simulated results have been analyzed statistically for the rate of diesel fuel mass flow with coefficient of determination and relative error of 96% and 1.2%, respectively. The average percentage of deviation of 7% 1.7%, 1.9%, 2%, and 10.6% for the diesel engine power, CO emission, NOx emission, HC emission, and percentage of unburned fuel respectively, for all Freeway cycles outperforming widely recognized models such as the CMEM and VT-Micro. The simulated results have been analyzed statistically as well with coefficient of determination of 73%, 99%, 99%, 83%, and 70% respectively. The corresponding relative error has been 7%, 3%, 1.7%, 2%, and 10.6% respectively. Moreover, the developed analytical models of the intake manifold gas speed dynamics, in-cylinder gas speed dynamics, supercharging compressor power, supercharging compressor mechanical efficiency, and supercharged air density have been experimentally validated using case studies with an average of deviation from field data of 12.6%, 11%, 3%, 8%, and 3.7%, respectively. The simulated results have been analyzed statistically as well with relative error of 12.6%, 11%, 3%, 8%, and 3.7%, respectively. In addition to devising two new classifications, which are the formulation approach-based modelling and main input variable-based modelling, the models developed in this study are (a) widely valid models which are not restricted to a specific dataset, (b) an effective tool to quickly judge whether the related experimental measurements make sense or not, (c) show which chemical reaction within the powertrain kinetically influences significantly emissions rate. Keywords: Vehicle Fuel Consumption; Vehicle Regulated Emissions; Modeling; Diesel Powertrain.
Author: Waleed Fekry Faris Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 9781498721950 Category : Nature Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Since a reduction in fuel consumption will lead to reduction in vehicle emissions, automobile manufacturers are currently under pressure to produce more environmentally friendly vehicles. Vehicle fuel consumption and emission models are currently the primary tools for evaluating the regional impacts of transportation projects and for developing and evaluating new powertrains and new hardware in the field of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). This book presents instantaneous and gear-shifting-based analytical models of fuel consumption and regulated exhaust emissions directly account for the individual vehicle characteristics and for the forces acting on the vehicle.
Author: National Research Council Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309159474 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 251
Book Description
Technologies and Approaches to Reducing the Fuel Consumption of Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles evaluates various technologies and methods that could improve the fuel economy of medium- and heavy-duty vehicles, such as tractor-trailers, transit buses, and work trucks. The book also recommends approaches that federal agencies could use to regulate these vehicles' fuel consumption. Currently there are no fuel consumption standards for such vehicles, which account for about 26 percent of the transportation fuel used in the U.S. The miles-per-gallon measure used to regulate the fuel economy of passenger cars. is not appropriate for medium- and heavy-duty vehicles, which are designed above all to carry loads efficiently. Instead, any regulation of medium- and heavy-duty vehicles should use a metric that reflects the efficiency with which a vehicle moves goods or passengers, such as gallons per ton-mile, a unit that reflects the amount of fuel a vehicle would use to carry a ton of goods one mile. This is called load-specific fuel consumption (LSFC). The book estimates the improvements that various technologies could achieve over the next decade in seven vehicle types. For example, using advanced diesel engines in tractor-trailers could lower their fuel consumption by up to 20 percent by 2020, and improved aerodynamics could yield an 11 percent reduction. Hybrid powertrains could lower the fuel consumption of vehicles that stop frequently, such as garbage trucks and transit buses, by as much 35 percent in the same time frame.
Author: National Research Council Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309216389 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 373
Book Description
Various combinations of commercially available technologies could greatly reduce fuel consumption in passenger cars, sport-utility vehicles, minivans, and other light-duty vehicles without compromising vehicle performance or safety. Assessment of Technologies for Improving Light Duty Vehicle Fuel Economy estimates the potential fuel savings and costs to consumers of available technology combinations for three types of engines: spark-ignition gasoline, compression-ignition diesel, and hybrid. According to its estimates, adopting the full combination of improved technologies in medium and large cars and pickup trucks with spark-ignition engines could reduce fuel consumption by 29 percent at an additional cost of $2,200 to the consumer. Replacing spark-ignition engines with diesel engines and components would yield fuel savings of about 37 percent at an added cost of approximately $5,900 per vehicle, and replacing spark-ignition engines with hybrid engines and components would reduce fuel consumption by 43 percent at an increase of $6,000 per vehicle. The book focuses on fuel consumption-the amount of fuel consumed in a given driving distance-because energy savings are directly related to the amount of fuel used. In contrast, fuel economy measures how far a vehicle will travel with a gallon of fuel. Because fuel consumption data indicate money saved on fuel purchases and reductions in carbon dioxide emissions, the book finds that vehicle stickers should provide consumers with fuel consumption data in addition to fuel economy information.
Author: National Research Council Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309070880 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 257
Book Description
The Mobile Source Emissions Factor (MOBILE) model is a computer model developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for estimating emissions from on-road motor vehicles. MOBILE is used in air-quality planning and regulation for estimating emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) and for predicting the effects of emissions-reduction programs. Because of its important role in air-quality management, the accuracy of MOBILE is critical. Possible consequences of inaccurately characterizing motor-vehicle emissions include the implementation of insufficient controls that endanger the environment and public health or the implementation of ineffective policies that impose excessive control costs. Billions of dollars per year in transportation funding are linked to air-quality attainment plans, which rely on estimates of mobile-source emissions. Transportation infrastructure decisions are also affected by emissions estimates from MOBILE. In response to a request from Congress, the National Research Council established the Committee to Review EPA's Mobile Source Emissions Factor (MOBILE) Model in October 1998. The committee was charged to evaluate MOBILE and to develop recommendations for improving the model.
Author: National Research Council Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309373913 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 812
Book Description
The light-duty vehicle fleet is expected to undergo substantial technological changes over the next several decades. New powertrain designs, alternative fuels, advanced materials and significant changes to the vehicle body are being driven by increasingly stringent fuel economy and greenhouse gas emission standards. By the end of the next decade, cars and light-duty trucks will be more fuel efficient, weigh less, emit less air pollutants, have more safety features, and will be more expensive to purchase relative to current vehicles. Though the gasoline-powered spark ignition engine will continue to be the dominant powertrain configuration even through 2030, such vehicles will be equipped with advanced technologies, materials, electronics and controls, and aerodynamics. And by 2030, the deployment of alternative methods to propel and fuel vehicles and alternative modes of transportation, including autonomous vehicles, will be well underway. What are these new technologies - how will they work, and will some technologies be more effective than others? Written to inform The United States Department of Transportation's National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission standards, this new report from the National Research Council is a technical evaluation of costs, benefits, and implementation issues of fuel reduction technologies for next-generation light-duty vehicles. Cost, Effectiveness, and Deployment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light-Duty Vehicles estimates the cost, potential efficiency improvements, and barriers to commercial deployment of technologies that might be employed from 2020 to 2030. This report describes these promising technologies and makes recommendations for their inclusion on the list of technologies applicable for the 2017-2025 CAFE standards.
Author: Susan Fleming Publisher: DIANE Publishing ISBN: 1437931693 Category : Political Science Languages : en Pages : 64
Book Description
In May 2009, the U.S. announced plans to increase the Nat. Highway Traffic Safety Admin. (NHTSA) corp. average fuel econ. (CAFE) standards and establish the EPA greenhouse gas emissions standards for vehicles. NHTSA redesigned CAFE standards for light trucks for model years 2008-11. Experts raised questions about the rigor of the computer modeling NHTSA used to develop these standards. This report reviewed: (1) the design of NHTSA and EPA's standards; (2) how they are collaborating to set these standards; (3) improvements compared to a previous rulemaking NHTSA made to the modeling; and (4) the extent to which NHTSA analyzed the effects of past light truck standards and the accuracy of data used to set them. Charts and tables.
Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309496381 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 399
Book Description
Medium- and heavy-duty trucks, motor coaches, and transit buses - collectively, "medium- and heavy-duty vehicles", or MHDVs - are used in every sector of the economy. The fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of MHDVs have become a focus of legislative and regulatory action in the past few years. This study is a follow-on to the National Research Council's 2010 report, Technologies and Approaches to Reducing the Fuel Consumption of Medium-and Heavy-Duty Vehicles. That report provided a series of findings and recommendations on the development of regulations for reducing fuel consumption of MHDVs. On September 15, 2011, NHTSA and EPA finalized joint Phase I rules to establish a comprehensive Heavy-Duty National Program to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and fuel consumption for on-road medium- and heavy-duty vehicles. As NHTSA and EPA began working on a second round of standards, the National Academies issued another report, Reducing the Fuel Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles, Phase Two: First Report, providing recommendations for the Phase II standards. This third and final report focuses on a possible third phase of regulations to be promulgated by these agencies in the next decade.
Author: Paul Kunselman Publisher: ISBN: Category : Air Languages : en Pages : 188
Book Description
A mathematical model of an automobile's emission rate is described. This model can be used to calculate the amounts of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and oxides of nitrogen emitted by individual vehicles or groups of vehicles which are driven over arbitrary driving sequences. The model requires as input the amounts of the three pollutants emitted by individual automobiles over short duration driving sequences (modes) and therefore, the model is intended to be used to predict emissions from vehicles being operated within the ranges of speed and acceleration covered in the input emission data.
Author: Salah Ahmed Mohamed Elmoselhy Elmaghazy
Author: Salah Ahmed Mohamed Elmoselhy Elmaghazy
Author: Waleed Fekry Faris
Author: National Research Council
Author: National Research Council
Author: National Research Council
Author: National Research Council
Author: Susan Fleming
Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Author: Paul Kunselman
Author: