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Author: Stephen H. Jaditz Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 193
Book Description
The existence of particle dark matter provides a consistent framework for understanding many astronomical observations. The rotation curves of galaxies and galaxyclusters, for example, indicate the majority of mass in these structures is unseen. The existence of weakly-interacting massive particles (WIMPs) was proposed in the early 1980s to account for the anomalous rotation curves and provide a mechanism for producing the cold dark matter relic density, which along with dark energy is thought to dominate the current energy density of our universe. Efforts to observe the rare interaction of WIMPs with normal matter have continued since their proposal, and so far have set limits on the WIMP-nucleon interaction cross-section extending to 1 x 10-9 pb. Contemporary experiments seek to observe ~ one WIMP-nucleus scatter per year per 100 kg of detector mass. These experiments must be conducted deep underground with stringent cleanliness requirements. The MiniCLEAN dark matter experiment is a single-phase liquid argon scintillation detector which uses the wavelength-shifting fluor tetraphenyl butadiene and cryogenic photomultiplier tubes for light detection. The active spherical region of the detector contains 500 kg of liquid argon at temperature 87 K. Background events which could mimic a WIMP signal are mitigated through pulse-shape discrimination and position reconstruction. At an intermediate stage of ongoing detector assembly 2 km underground at SNOLAB in Ontario, the complete instrumented inner vessel was commissioned by collecting photomultiplier waveform data for periods when the vessel was evacuated and when filled with warm argon gas. Alpha decay events from radon progeny on the wavelength-shifting surface occur in this data at a measured rate of 19.0 ± 0.4 /h/m2 MiniCLEAN's projected sensitivity to spin-independent WIMP-nucleon scattering, derived from simulation of this surface rate, is [sigma]SI
Author: Stephen H. Jaditz Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 193
Book Description
The existence of particle dark matter provides a consistent framework for understanding many astronomical observations. The rotation curves of galaxies and galaxyclusters, for example, indicate the majority of mass in these structures is unseen. The existence of weakly-interacting massive particles (WIMPs) was proposed in the early 1980s to account for the anomalous rotation curves and provide a mechanism for producing the cold dark matter relic density, which along with dark energy is thought to dominate the current energy density of our universe. Efforts to observe the rare interaction of WIMPs with normal matter have continued since their proposal, and so far have set limits on the WIMP-nucleon interaction cross-section extending to 1 x 10-9 pb. Contemporary experiments seek to observe ~ one WIMP-nucleus scatter per year per 100 kg of detector mass. These experiments must be conducted deep underground with stringent cleanliness requirements. The MiniCLEAN dark matter experiment is a single-phase liquid argon scintillation detector which uses the wavelength-shifting fluor tetraphenyl butadiene and cryogenic photomultiplier tubes for light detection. The active spherical region of the detector contains 500 kg of liquid argon at temperature 87 K. Background events which could mimic a WIMP signal are mitigated through pulse-shape discrimination and position reconstruction. At an intermediate stage of ongoing detector assembly 2 km underground at SNOLAB in Ontario, the complete instrumented inner vessel was commissioned by collecting photomultiplier waveform data for periods when the vessel was evacuated and when filled with warm argon gas. Alpha decay events from radon progeny on the wavelength-shifting surface occur in this data at a measured rate of 19.0 ± 0.4 /h/m2 MiniCLEAN's projected sensitivity to spin-independent WIMP-nucleon scattering, derived from simulation of this surface rate, is [sigma]SI
Author: Bárbara Rosario Montes Núñez Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Dark Matter is a collisionless and non-luminous kind of matter, whose existence is inferred through its gravitational e ects at the galactic, cluster and large scales in the Universe. From the analysis of the PLANCK latest data, Dark Matter accounts for the 26.6% of the composition of the energy density of the Universe, while ordinary matter only represents 4.9% [1]. Revealing the nature of Dark Matter has become one of the most challenging problems in modern physics. A possible explanation comes from particle physics in the form of Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs), a particularly interesting class of new particle that can naturally account for the measured abundance of Dark Matter. WIMPs would be produced thermally in the early Universe and, since they interact only weakly, their annihilation rate would become insigni cant as the Universe expands, thus freezing out with a relic abundance. Supersymmetry, an extension of the Standard Model of particle physics, foresees interesting possible WIMP candidates in the form of the Lightest Supersymmetric Particle (LSP), which is neutral, stable and massive. A great experimental e ort has been undertaken in the last years to detect Dark Matter in underground and space-based detectors or produce it in accelerators. This Thesis is focused on the analysis of the rst underground run and background studies of the Argon Dark Matter (ArDM) experiment, which aims to detect WIMPs via the nuclear recoils produced by their elastic scattering o argon nuclei. The detector is a ton-scale double-phase (liquid-gas) TPC, which is currently installed at the Canfranc Underground Laboratory (LSC) under the Pyrenees in Spain and it is the rst ton-scale argon detector for Dark Matter to take data underground...
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 9
Book Description
The direct search for dark matter is entering a period of increased sensitivity to the hypothetical Weakly Interacting Massive Particle (WIMP). One such technology that is being examined is a scintillation only noble liquid experiment, MiniCLEAN. MiniCLEAN utilizes over 500 kg of liquid cryogen to detect nuclear recoils from WIMP dark matter and serves as a demonstration for a future detector of order 50 to 100 tonnes. The liquid cryogen is interchangeable between argon and neon to study the A2 dependence of the potential signal and examine backgrounds. MiniCLEAN utilizes a unique modular design with spherical geometry to maximize the light yield using cold photomultiplier tubes in a single-phase detector. Pulse shape discrimination techniques are used to separate nuclear recoil signals from electron recoil backgrounds. MiniCLEAN will be spiked with additional 39Ar to demonstrate the effective reach of the pulse shape discrimination capability. Assembly of the experiment is underway at SNOLAB and an update on the project is given.
Author: Daniel E. Gastler Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 326
Book Description
Abstract: Within our current understanding of the makeup of the universe, dark matter makes up 25% of the total energy and over 80% of the matter in the universe. Little is known about the makeup of dark matter, but its existence has been indirectly measured using the rotation curves of galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and the Cosmic Microwave Background. To gain a greater understanding of this component of the universe, direct detection of dark matter is a major objective in particle astrophysics. One popular candidate for dark matter is the weakly interacting massive particle, or WIMP. The allowed rate of interaction between a WIMP and normal matter is extremely low, requiring new detection technologies with greater sensitivity to be explored. Though several experiments have already been conducted, no direct detection experiment has unambiguously identified a dark matter signal. This work explores the use of noble liquids, in a single liquid phase design, to detect single scatters of dark matter particles. The goal of current experiments is to investigate matter-dark-matter interaction cross-sections down to 10–45cm2. With that in mind, the MiniCLEAN detector has been designed with a 500 kg liquid argon detector volume and will be viewed by a spherical tt configuration of 92 photo-multiplier tubes. In order to determine the ability for single phase noble liquid to detect nuclear recoils from dark matter, several R&D experiments have been performed. These experiments undertook the measurement of how dark-matter-like nuclear recoils and background-like electronic recoils behave in liquid argon. In addition to reviewing the measurements of pulse shape discrimination and other noble liquid properties, my measurement of the scintillation efficiency is described. The scintillation efficiency characterizes the differing energy responses for nuclear and electron recoils. This was the first measurement of the scintillation efficiency in liquid argon for nuclear recoils over a wide energy range. Additionally, this work covers the design and testing of the front-end electronics and data acquisition software I developed for the MiniCLEAN experiment. This system has been designed to record and process thousands of physics events per second and has been tested using novel simulators, that I developed, that approximately represent the expected PMT signals of the MiniCLEAN detector.
Author: Benjamin R. Schlitzer Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
The nature of dark matter remains one of the most significant open questions in modern physics, despite the large body of astrophysical and cosmological evidence supporting its existence. The Weakly Interacting Massive Particle (WIMP) is a well-motivated candidate particle with mass in the range 1 GeV/c2 - 100 TeV/c2 and coupling to Standard Model matter at or below the weak scale. If WIMPs do exist, they should occasionally interact with baryonic particles and leave behind a small amount of energy. DarkSide is a phased experimental program which aims to detect the interaction of a WIMP with a liquid argon target in a dual-phase time projection chamber (TPC). In order to make a WIMP discovery, an accurate understanding of the signal region is required. To this end, small-scale experiments which measure the detector response to a recoiling argon nucleus (NR) or scattering with atomic electrons (ER) are critical in establishing results of the large-scale direct detection experiments. The Argon Response to Ionization and Scintillation (ARIS) experiment was designed to characterize liquid argon's response to both NR and ER events at low recoil energies using a small dual-phase TPC. This work presents a complete chronology of the ARIS experiment and analysis of the collected data. A detailed description of the design of the ARIS TPC and related subsystems is given, as well as an account of the commissioning and calibration performed at the University of California, Los Angeles. The inverse-kinematics neutron source LICORNE was used at the Institute De Physique Nucléaire Orsay to bombard the ARIS TPC with collimated low energy neutrons. Neutron detectors surrounding the TPC were used to tag events which scattered in the TPC at selected angles, and the resulting data were used to characterize both NR and ER events at tightly constrained recoil energies. A description of the low-level reconstruction and data selection cuts is given, as well as corrections made due to trigger efficiency and vertical position in the TPC. ER data were analyzed to provide an improved measurement of the linearity of LAr light yield for incident [gamma]/[beta] particles with energies below 511 keV. ARIS measured a constant light yield to within 1.6% in the [41.5, 511] keV recoil energy range. The linearity of the ER scintillation response measured by ARIS has also been used to derive the spectral shape of forbidden 39Ar [beta] decay, which is a background intrinsic to liquid argon. The NR data were analyzed to measure the relative scintillation efficiency for recoils between [7.1, 117.8] keV, and were in good agreement with the previous SCENE results at low recoil energy. The DarkSide collaboration has used ARIS results to precisely model the response of nuclear recoils in liquid argon in both field-on and field-off configurations. In addition to the characterization of argon response, this work presents an optimization of the electric fields used to drift ionization electrons in DarkSide TPCs. The relevant electrostatics models used by COMSOL simulation software to approximate electric field behavior are described, as well as a technique developed to quantify field uniformity in the TPC. Then, the uniformity of the electric field is optimized for several possible TPC design changes, including the fiducial radius, the first shaping ring voltage, and the cross-sectional geometry of shaping rings. This work was supervised by Dr. Emilija Pantic, and was completed in collaboration with both members of the DarkSide collaboration as well as scientists at the University of California, Davis.
Author: Elena Aprile Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 3527609636 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 362
Book Description
This book discusses the physical properties of noble fluids, operational principles of detectors based on these media, and the best technical solutions to the design of these detectors. Essential attention is given to detector technology: purification methods and monitoring of purity, information readout methods, electronics, detection of hard ultra-violet light emission, selection of materials, cryogenics etc. The book is mostly addressed to physicists and graduate students involved in the preparation of fundamental next generation experiments, nuclear engineers developing instrumentation for national nuclear security and for monitoring nuclear materials.
Author: Maurizio Spurio Publisher: Springer ISBN: 3319968548 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 603
Book Description
"I have taught from and enjoyed the first edition of the book. The selection of topics is the best I've seen. Maurizio Spurio gives very clear presentations using a generous amount of observational data. " James Matthews (Louisiana State University) This is the second edition of an introduction to “multi-messenger” astrophysics. It covers the many different aspects connecting particle physics with astrophysics and cosmology and introduces high-energy astrophysics using different probes: the electromagnetic radiation, with techniques developed by traditional astronomy; charged cosmic rays, gamma-rays and neutrinos, with methods developed in high-energy laboratories; and gravitational waves, recently observed using laser interferometers. The book offers a comprehensive and systematic approach to the theoretical background and the experimental aspects of the study of the high-energy universe. The breakthrough discovery of gravitational waves motivated this new edition of the book, to offer a more global and multimessenger vision of high-energy astrophysics. This second edition is updated and enriched with substantial new materials also deriving from the results obtained at the LIGO/Virgo observatories. For the first time it is now possible to draw the connection between gravitational waves, traditional astronomical observations and other probes (in particular, gamma-rays and neutrinos). The book draws on the extensive courses of Professor Maurizio Spurio at the University of Bologna and it is aimed at graduate students and post-graduate researchers with a basic understanding of particle and nuclear physics. It will also be of interest to particle physicists working in accelerator/collider physics who are keen to understand the mechanisms of the largest accelerators in the Universe.
Author: National Research Council Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 030917113X Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 222
Book Description
Advances made by physicists in understanding matter, space, and time and by astronomers in understanding the universe as a whole have closely intertwined the question being asked about the universe at its two extremesâ€"the very large and the very small. This report identifies 11 key questions that have a good chance to be answered in the next decade. It urges that a new research strategy be created that brings to bear the techniques of both astronomy and sub-atomic physics in a cross-disciplinary way to address these questions. The report presents seven recommendations to facilitate the necessary research and development coordination. These recommendations identify key priorities for future scientific projects critical for realizing these scientific opportunities.
Author: F. Ferroni Publisher: IOS Press ISBN: 1607504502 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 493
Book Description
This volume offers a valuable insight into various aspects of the ongoing work directed at measuring neutrino mass. It took twenty years to refute the assertions of Bethe and Peierls that neutrinos were not observable, but it has since been realised that much can be learnt from these particles. The moral is, as Fiorini argues here, that the study of neutrinos was and remains demanding but rewarding. Subjects addressed in this volume include; clarifying the meaning of the Klapdor-Kleingrothaus results, probing the Majorana nature of neutrinos, observing lepton number violating effects for the first time, studying the end point of the spectrum in the search for neutrino masses and speculating whether it is possible to measure neutrino masses in cosmology. Lectures are enriched with rich historical overviews and valuable introductory material. Attention is also given to theoretical topics such as the evolution of the concept of mass in particle physics, a status report on neutrino oscillations and current discussion on neutrino masses. The reader is further reminded that neutrino masses may also have some bearing on the very origin of the matter among us, and have many deep links with other important lines of current physics research.
Author: Stephen H. Jaditz
Author: Stephen H. Jaditz
Author: Bárbara Rosario Montes Núñez
Author: 
Author: Daniel E. Gastler
Author: Benjamin R. Schlitzer
Author: Miguel Ángel Vargas
Author: Elena Aprile
Author: Maurizio Spurio
Author: National Research Council
Author: F. Ferroni